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P61: 10-22

P62: 23-37
P63: 1-6

10. An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Having the same number of
protons and electrons in an atom would give it a neutral charge. An atom having more
protons than electrons would result in a positive charge. An atom having more
electrons than protons would make it negative.
11. The electrons of K went away to another atom, making a new ion, leaving K a
positive charge, or K+.
12. An atom needs a certain number of electrons to fill its outer energy level. Filling
up the outer energy levels of all atoms would make all of them happy. For example,
Carbon needs four and Oxygen needs two. Therefore, Carbon shares two electrons for
each oxygen atom, fulfilling two oxygen atom’s outer level. Each oxygen atom shares
two electrons for carbon, fulfilling its outer level. The covalent bond is made.
13. The water molecule consists of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms covalently
bonded. The oxygen has too many protons so it tends to attract more electrons
hanging around it than the two hydrogen atoms do. Therefore, the oxygen has a
slightly negative charge, and the hydrogen atoms have slightly positive charges,
which leads to hydrogen bonds.
14. The solvent is the substance that is present at a greater amount than the solute and
dissolves the solute in it.
15. The pH level is the solution’s acidity. The more hydrogen ions in a solution, the
more acidic it is. The fewer hydrogen ions in a solution, the more basic it is.
16. Carbon atomic structure gave it unique bonding properties. It can forms covalent
bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Therefore, it can
make a lot of molecules.
17. Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They
include sugar, glycogen, cellulose, glucose, sucrose, and starches. Protein is a
polymer made of monomers called amino acids. Amino acids contain carbon, oxygen,
hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Nucleic acid is a polymer that are made up of
monomers called nucleotides, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base.
18. A protein’s structure depends on its amino acid. Some amino acids containing
sulfur would make covalent bonds, forcing the proteins to bend into a certain shape.
Others would form hydrogen bonds, which also help the protein to form shape. The
shape decides the function of a protein. A tiny mistake in the shape would completely
ruin the protein and malfunction.
19. The components of a chemical reaction are reactants, products, bond energy,
activation energy, and sometimes catalysts.
20. An exothermic reaction releases more energy than it absorbs. An endothermic
reaction absorbs more energy than it releases.
21. A catalyst decreases the activation energy for a chemical reaction, therefore
increase the reaction rate.
22. Enzymes in living things lower the activation energy and help chemical reactions.
It’s involved in almost every process in organisms. Enzymes change the amount of
time for equilibrium to be reached.
1B 4A
2D 5D
3D 6C

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