Introduction

It is known from previous exercises and examination that the carrier seems to
occupy about two-thirds of the total power, thus leaving a third to the sidebands.
However, we are aware that the sidebands are the ones that carry the information.
This would mean that the carrier is wasting power and it would be better transmit
the intelligence in the sidebands.
In previous discussions, the carrier is either suppressed or reduced to attend
to this matter. It has been explained that the DSBFC is the one that still contains the
sideband and is wasting two-thirds of the total power. Also, the DSBSC is where the
carriers are already suppressed to save power while using both of the sidebands. In
a SSBFC, only one sideband is used while retaining the carrier. Finally, in SSBSC, the
carrier is suppressed while using only one sideband.

AM Independent Sideband
Definition:
In Independent Sideband
(ISB) modulation, the carrier and
a sideband is suppressed from
the signal pretty much like the
SSBSC only that the suppressed
signal can also be replaced by a
different
sideband
from
a
different input signal of the same
carrier. The manner is adding two
single sideband (SSB) channels
carrying different intelligences to
form two sidebands around a
suppressed carrier.
As can be seen in the
figure above, each balanced
modulator gets modulating
signal from the separate audio
amplifier whereas the carrier
signal is fed from common
crystal
oscillator.
The
carrier
is
suppressed
in the balanced modulator. The
filters
connected at the outputs of
balanced modulators remove
unwanted sideband, as in all
other SSB systems.
The difference here is that
while one filter suppresses
the lower sideband, the other
suppresses the upper sideband. The
output of both the balanced modulators are then combined in the adder with the
-26dB carrier to get two independent sidebands with reduced carrier. The up

conversion is achieved by balanced mixer and high frequency crystal oscillators. For
high frequency transmission additional mixer stage may be required to up convert
frequency, up to the transmission frequency as shown in the figure. The resulting
FR ISB signal is then amplified by the linear power amplifiers before transmission.
[1]
Advantages:

Uses only one transmitter in sending two different channels

Disadvantages:

Difficult to demodulate

Applications:

Telegraphy - a system of telecommunications involving any process

providing reproduction at a distance of written, printed, or pictorial
matter[2]
Telephony
a
system
of
telecommunications
in
which telephonic equipment is employed in the transmission of speech
or other sound between points, with or without the use of wires.[3]

AM Vestigial Sideband
Definition and Application:
From the word vestige, which means a trace of something that is
disappearing or no longer existing [4], Vestigial Sideband (VSB) is a type of
amplitude
modulation technique that encodes data by varying the
amplitude of a single carrier frequency. In VSB, the
transmission is similar to SSB wherein one of the
sidebands are removed however, the removed sideband is not
actually
completely removed but is rather filtered to do away with
unwanted frequencies.[6]
present

To get a better grip of this explanation, it would be better if we

the most widely used application of this technique and
explain the process. Television broadcasting is the
primary application of VSB.

(Referring to the figure on the

next page) A TV signal consists of
the picture (video) signal and the

audio
signal
both
having
different carrier
frequencies. The audio carrier is
frequency modulated whereas the picture carrier is amplitude modulated. The video
information typically contains frequencies as high as 4.2 MHz. A fully amplitude
modulated television single would then occupy 4.2x2= 8.4 MHz. Bearing in mind
filter characteristics, a transmitted bandwidth of 9 MHz would be the minimum
required. This is excessive amount of bandwidth. To reduce the bandwidth to the 6
MHz maximum allowed by FCC for TV signal, a portion of the lower sideband of the
TV signal is suppressed leaving only a small vestige of the lower sideband, carrier
and upper sideband. The portion of the lower sideband and the carrier signal
improves the response of filters near the edges of the flat pass band. As shown in
the figure above, video signal is below 1.25MHz of the lower sideband (the first
0.75<Hz of it undiminished), is transmitted. This saves around 3MHz of frequency
spectrum for every TV channel. The video signal from the upper sideband is
completely transmitted. [5]
Furthermore, there are VSB is still subcategorized depending on the required
need of, say reception, on a certain location. The following are among this
categorization:

Enhanced VSB (E-VSB) Used for improving reception where the

signals are weaker, including fringe reception areas or on portable
devices such as handled televisions or mobile phones.

Advanced VSB (A-VSB) modification of the 8VSB used for

transmission of digital television.
2-level VSB (2VSB) capable of transmitting one bit at a time.
4-level VSB (4VSB) capable of transmitting two bits at a time.
8-level VSB (8VSB) capable of transmitting three bits at a time.
16-level VSB (16VSB) capable of transmitting four bits at a time.
32-level VSB (32VSB) capable of transmitting twice five bits at a time.

Advantages:

VSB enables TV signal transmission to conform to the requirements of

authorities if there are any as stated above.
Relaxed Filter design

Disadvantages:

Traded bandwidth is 25% to 33% greater than SSB

Demodulation system is still complex

Conclusion
There are different techniques that can be used in order to transmit the
necessary information from the source to the receiver. Among these methods are
ISB and VSB. Below is an illustration that can help us remember the difference
between these methods for us to be able to learn when to use one and when not to.

References
[1] Analog Communication by Uday A. Bakshi
[2] http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/telegraphy
[3] http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/telephony?s=t
[4]https://www.google.com.ph/webhp?sourceid=chromeinstant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF8#q=vestige%20meaning
[5]Communication Engineering by A.P. Godse and U.A. Bakshi
[6] http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/vestigial-sideband-VSB
Remarks
This is a paper is to be used as a supplement for the report to be presented by the
following:
Dumagpi, Joanna Kazzandra
Fortuna, Sean Adam
Sombrio, Aaron Christian
`

Rafaela, Cristine Joy

Castillo, Clark Edgar Jones
Gailanan, Dionisio III

Assignments:
Dumagpi Intro and conclusion ug assist pod
Sean Definition sa VSB

Denden Applications sa VSB

Kring Application sa ISB
Clark Advantage ug disadvantages sa VSB
Aaron Definition sa ISB
Ako na mag explain sa mga block diagrams
If naa moy dili masabtan sa akoang draft kay pangutana lang OL ko whole night
salamat guys

Wala koy mahanap na summary sa advantages ug

disadvantages ng ISB please help me with this kapoy
naman gud basa. Hahaha. Kailangan pa man gud basahon
unya ikaw pa magsummarize sa adv ud disadv thanks
daan
Ako na maghimog powerpoint sabta lang gyud ninyo
inyong ireport