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Seismic retrofitting technique

using fibre composites

Abhijit Mukherjee and Mangesh VAbhijit Mukherjee and


Mangesh VAbhijit Mukherjee and Mangesh VAbhijit
Mukherjee and Mangesh VAbhijit Mukherjee and Mangesh
V. Joshi. Joshi. Joshi. Joshi. Joshi
material
around
the vulnerable
sections. These methods
This paper discusses
a novel
technique
of
includestructures
section enlargement,
polymer modified
concrete
rehabilitation
of earthquake-affected
and retrofitting
of
and earthquakes
polymer grouting.
Thefibre
methods that involve
structures against filling
possible
using
concrete in strengthening are time consuming, dusty and
composites. This technique has been successfully
laborious. They require a long time to implement, and
applied in the earthquake-affected Gujarat; it
therefore, a longer period of evacuation. They also increase
introduces
high strength non-metallic
fibres
with In
polymeric
the dead load
on thealong
structure.
some cases, especially in
resins in repair. As
non-metallic
fibres
are
hitherto
bridges, external post tensioning, bonded steel plates and
unused in structural
repairs
in have
India
a used2,3.
brief account
steel
jacketing
been
These techniques often apply
on
these materials hassteel
beenreinforcements
included. Design
methods,
field
that remain
exposed
to environmental
attack.
Therefore,
they
are
vulnerable
to
application techniques and its suitability have also corrosion that limits
their lives. Moreover, the quality of the strengthening depends
been
discussed.
heavily upon the skill of the personnel. It is difficult to
strengthen complex areas such as beam-column connections
The Gujarat earthquake on January 26, 2001 has caused
using these methods.
widespread damage of structures and a substantial portion
of them require extensiveA structural
rehabilitation.
recent development
in fibreThe
reinforced composites
structural rehabilitation
community
is
in
search
of
techniques
(FRC) can solve many of these problems4, 5. These materials
that are reliable, fast,
effective
andwith
easyhigh
to implement.
In
are cost
extremely
strong
ultimate strain.
They are
addition, the earthquake
has
exposed
the
vulnerability
of
chemically inert and corrosion resistant. Moreover, they are
the existing structures,
especially
in high
intensityeasy
earthquake
veryConcrete
light and
that
facilitates
implementation
at site
Conventional
methods
Fibre
reinforced
composites
December
*successfully
The
Indian
Journal1
regions.
require
majority
buildings.
beyond
neither
discusses
that
seismic
method
the
The
attempt
world1.
conventional
hashas
cosmetic
retrofitting
strengthen
qualification
to
A2001
of
been
abeen
large
Existing
compensate
novel
these
treatment
in
number
strengthening
rehabilitation
structures
use
the
practices
composite.
while
to
down
FRCs
with
and
relatively
the
glass
polyethylene
the
of
in
structure
of
avoid
RC
the
present
other
lost
of
time
have
less
fibres
implemented
unaffected
fibres
buildings
is
the
materials
of
future
methods
strength
two
of
supporting
The
seismically
reinforced
new
structure.
repair
nor
and
context,
reinforce
the
reinforce
are
componentsmatrix
light,
resin
to
extend
retrofitting
loss
structures
in
affected
used
for
in
used
the
of
byGujarat
coheres
rehabilitation
of
structures.
thermosetting
flexible
RC
buildings
concrete
adding
concrete
as
it.
active
Such
its
cure
the
property.
structures
matrix,
structure.
The
life.
matrix
methods
in
region.
very
and
more
technique
regions
and
result
(RC)
the
users
go
and
gives
This
quickly.
These
while
Astrong
and
little
region
resins
and
The
vast
fibre,
As
aof
paper
lend
shape
methods
brief
aramid,
these
such
been
composite
This
like
Fig
strength
to
description
combination
materials
given
16,7.
leads
are
epoxy
carbon
the cleaner
material.
object,
below.
to
In
to
orand
the
are
shorter
has
is a

FRPC Advantages
FRPCs are non-metallic. Therefore, they are resistant
to corrosion.
They have high strength to weight ratio. Therefore,
for the same strength FRPC is considerably lighter.
This eliminates requirements of heavy construction
equipment and supporting structures.
FRPCs are available in rolls of very long length.
Therefore, they need very few joints avoiding laps
and splices, its transportation is also very easy.
They have a short curing time therefore the
application takes a shorter time. This reduces the
project duration and down time of the structure to a
great extent.
Application of FRPC does not require bulky and dusty
Fig 1 Fibre composite materials

materials in a large quantity therefore, the site remains


tidier.
Unlike conventional materials, composites are not
FRPCs haveare
high
ultimateonstrain
therefore they offer
homogeneous. Their properties
dependent
position
ductility
to
the
structure,
and
they are suitable for
and angle under consideration. Generally, composites are
earthquake
elastic up to failure and exhibit no yield
point or resistant
region of applications.
plasticity. The properties
are high
dependent
on resistance
fibre and matrix,
They have
fatigue
so they do not
their relative quantitydegrade
and orientation
of
fibre.
If
all
which easily alleviates thethe
requirement of
fibres
are aligned in one direction then the composite becomes
very maintenance.
frequent
stiff and strong in that direction but it will have low strength
They have low thermal conductivity.
and low modulus in the transverse direction.
They are bad conductors of electricity and are nonDue to their malleability, fibre reinforced plastics are easy
magnetic.
to fabricate. Recent development in this field has indicated
that they can be used
Due
as to
highly
theirefficient
lightweight
construction
prefabricated
materials
components
in various civil engineering
activities.
reinforced
they can
be easily Fibre
transported.
Theyplastic
encourage
composites (FRPC) have prefabricated
already been successfully
construction;used
reduce
in site erection,
industries like aerospace, labour
automobile
cost and
and shipbuilding.
capital investment requirement.
Recently, civil engineers and construction industry have
begun to realise that these materials have potential to provide
remedies for many problemsproduced
associated
with the deterioration
by pultrusion
in factories with high
and strengthening of infrastructure.
Effective
use
of However,
these
reliability of performance.
the shape of
materials could significantly
increase
the
life
of
structures,
the FRPC element must be known at the time of its
minimising the maintenanceproduction.
requirements.
It is unsuitable when the FRPC element
needs to be bent at site.
PlatesPlatesPlatesPlatesPlates
:These
are
:These
pre-cured
are also
FRPC
produced
membersin factory by
FRPCs offer manyBarsBarsBarsBarsBars
advantages over
other
materials
used
FRPCs
inconcrete
structural
application
Fig
2
Applications
of
FRPC
The
Indian
Concrete
Journal
* December
in
Fig
can
forms
paper
applications
This
resistant
following
used
construction
In
2form
be
mainly
both
shows
the
non-prestressed
seen
to
constructions
discussion
is
forms.
in
different
that
increase
most
ofnewand
FRPCs
composite
construction
interesting
pultrusion,
sections,
rehabilitation8
is
the
applications
repair
applications
restricted
of
Fig
reinforcements
bending
materials
Gujarat.
Fig
3(b).
and
inand
3(a).
the
retrofitting
and
These
to
repairs.
of
FRPCs
(see
context
are
shear
non-prestressed
FRPCs
These
with
bars
box).
used
can
capacity
However,
in
sections
of
little
be
can
of
in
structures9.
earthquakeused
structures.
abevariety
fear
of
used
in
in
arethis
the
of
asofIt
corrosion
near
surface
as 20012

structure the ground motion generates shear forces and


bending moments in the structural framework. In earthquake
resistant design it is important ensure ductility in the
structure, that is, the structure should be able to deform
without causing failure. The bending moments and shear
forces are maximum at the joints. Therefore, the joints need
to be ductile to efficiently dissipate the earthquake forces.
Most failures in earthquake-affected structures are observed
at the joints. Moreover, due to the existing construction
practice, a construction joint is placed in the column very
close to the beam-column joint, Fig 4(a). This leads to shear
or bending failure at or very close to the joint. The onset of
high bending moments may cause yielding or buckling of
the steel reinforcements. The high compressive stress in
concrete may also cause crushing of concrete. If the concrete
lacks confinement the joint may disintegrate and the concrete
may spall, Fig 4(b) and (c). All these create a hinge at the
joint
and if the number of hinges is more than the maximum
allowed to maintain the stability of the structure the entire
structure may collapse. If the shear reinforcement in the beam
is insufficient there may be diagonal cracks near the joints,
Fig 4(d). This may also lead to failure. Bond failure is also
observed in case lap splices are too close to the joints.
Indian codes suggest methods that attempt to delay all
these failures through a sound reinforcement detailing10.
However, in many structures these details have not been
followed due to perceived difficulties at site. In most of the
structures in Gujarat lack of confinement and shear cracks

tension reinforcement in beams and slabs to replace


the steel bars.
SheetsSheetsSheetsSheetsSheets :These are uncured fibre tapes
with unidirectional
fibres or bi-directional woven roving, Fig 3(c). The
main
advantage
of
this
form
is
that
it
can
be
in crack
Structural
due
to
earthquake
concrete
Fig
(c)
4 (a)
Spalling
Failure
ofat
concrete
construction
(d)
Diagonal
joint
(b)
Crushing
of
December
2001
*damages
The
Indian
Concrete
Journal3
(a)(b)
(c)(d)
grids,
this
An
horizontal
earthquake
There
paper.
cells
are
any
in
members.
wrapping
confinement
strength
The
Gujarat.
and
wrapping
and
aFRP
form
generates
vertical
few
honeycombs.
sheets
at
The
around
is
other
site.
around
not
and
main
ground
direction.
have
less
shear
concrete
as
application
Therefore,
deteriorated
reliable
These
been
popular
motion
strength.
used
sections
are
Due
as
both
forms
they
beyond
to
most
of
the
However,
concrete
the
sheets
in
are
to
of
widely
plates
the
inertia
increase
FRPC
most
is
scope
their
in
and
such
suitable
inoflaid
the
of
the
asshear
bars.

than carbon fibre. Therefore, glass fibre has been used in


rehabilitation and retrofitting of structures in Gujarat.
The resin must be able to hold all the fibres together. It is
also important that the resin maintains a bond between the
concrete and the FRP. The details of materials for this work
are presented below.

FRPC material
(a)

Glass fibre

E-glass fibre sheets that have minimum tensile strength of


1700 MPa and average elastic modulus of 75000 MPa with
density 900 gm/m2 are used. Sheets of width 250 mm and
500 mm and a length of 50 m were found to be convenient to
use and they also resulted in very little wastage.

Resins
Fig 5 Axial stress Resin
versusimpregnation
axial strain foriscircular
column
necessary
to obtain good mechanical
with different levels of confinement

properties for glass fibre. For standard fibre wrapping, resin


at construction
site under
ordinary
have been found is
to impregnated
be most common
causes of failure.
A
(b)
temperature
and pressure.
One of
the important
rehabilitation and
retrofitting
strategy must
alleviate
these properties
regarding
the
workability
of
resin
is
optimum
viscosity that
deficiencies from the structures.
simultaneously enables good impregnation into the fibres
and keeps
fibres in place.
viscosity of around (1000 cps)
Rehabilitation
and the
retrofitting
withA FRPC
was found to be suitable.
The two main advantages of FRPC in earthquake resistant
applications are its high strength and Preparation
high ultimate strain.
of substrate
Due to its high strain at failure FRPC wrapped columns exhibit
The procedure
fibre
wrappingDue
is to
shown
high level of confinement
and of
shear
strength.
its in, Fig 6. Before
application
of be
wrap
the substrate
has to of
be prepared. In case
corrosion resistance
FRPC can
applied
on the surface
of damaged
members
theits
first
step is to due
rebuild the damaged
the structure without
worrying
about
deterioration
member.
The
steps
in
rebuilding
to environmental attack. As FRPC sheets are malleable they are consist of:
can be wrapped around the joints very easily. An exhaustive

test programme has been undertaken at the Indian Institute
surface
of Technology (IIT), Bombay to
(c) evaluate the efficacy of FRPC
in structural strengthening,
with collaboration from the

Fig
3 (a) Pre-cured
plate (b)
(c) Research
Glass
Pennsylvania
StateCFRPC
University
andGFRPC
Cold rebar
Regions
grouts
fibre roll
and Engineering Laboratory, USA11,12. A detailed account of
the research is beyond the scope of the present paper.
However, the strengthening achieved using FRPC wrap is
highlighted here. Fig 5 presents a typical axial stress versus
strain curve of cylindrical specimens wrapped with FRPC of
varying number of layers. It may be noted that with one
layer
of
FRPC
wrap
the
ultimate
strength
ofwrap.
the
specimens
Fig
Flow
diagram
for
wrapping
procedure
The
Indian
Concrete
Journal
* December 20014
increased
increase
The
wrap.
of
is
earthquake
strain
considerably
ultimate
behaviour
resistant
encountered.
insensitive
the
It
ultimate
This
may
but
structure
up
strain
by
structures.
of
applications
be
feature
resistance
low
toMoreover,
aglass
lower
strain
noted
to
factor
8stiffness
are
also
times
the
stiffness
is
fibre
that
increased
desirable.
aof
increases.
number
particularly
Due
when
as
glass
thin
the
2.5.
is
poses
to
earthquake
8ultimate
desirable.
of
wrap
higher
than
fibre
by
The
layers
little
The
layers
66that
ultimate
the
times
attractive
unfavourable
is
ultimate
of
forces
strain
carbon
adversity
much
of
offers
Glass
the
with
strength
less
wrap
are
of
strain
fibres
high
one
for
the
Therefore,
creep
in
seldom
expensive
were
layer
earthquakeultimate
earthquakespecimens
went
the
and
that
used.
of
ductility
higher
on
have
for
to

resin must wet the fibre thoroughly and there should not be
any dry pockets. The viscosity of the resin, therefore, is a
trade off between these two contradicting requirements. The
resin is usually a two-part one. The mixing of the parts must
be thorough. The resin should not entrap air during mixing.
Therefore, the speed of the stirrer and the duration stirring
are extremely important parameters. The mixed epoxy resin
is applied on to the concrete surface that is to be wrapped.
There are two methods of laying dry lay up and wet
lay up. In the dry lay up the dry fibre sheet is applied on the
concrete surface freshly coated with epoxy resin. In the wet
lay up the fibre sheet is wetted with epoxy resin before
wrapping. Although wet lay up ensures a better wetting it is
Fig 7 Details of FRP wrapping
not always convenient to use wet lay up, especially in the hot
climate of Gujarat. Therefore, dry lay up has been used in the
present work. The sheet should not be slack at the time of

epoxy concrete
wrapping and care must be taken to maintain the intended
fibre direction. The sheet is rolled by serrated Teflon rollers,

Fig 8(c), so that the resin oozes out through the sheet and
wrapping.
wets the sheet properly. Rolling must always be in the direction
of fibre. The lapped ends must be pressed thoroughly to
One must remember
the FRPC
very thin.
avoid that
any defect
in layer
bond. is
Spreading
some extra resin on the
Therefore, it is extremely important
to prepare a smooth concave
surface of concrete before the
wrapping is begun. The FRPC
becomes ineffective if it leaves the
surface of concrete. Care must be
taken to avoid wrinkles, voids and
sheet deformation. Moreover,
sharp edges and corners are
potential zones of fibre breakage
due to stress concentration.
Therefore, all projections are
removed and all corners are
rounded off. A corner radius of 25
mm is found sufficient to avoid
stress concentration, Fig 7.

Fibre sheet wrapping


After preparation of the surface a
low viscosity primer is applied on
the concrete surface to improve
December
2001
*important
The
Indian
Concrete
Journal5
bond
concrete,
cut
allowance
must
sheets.
test
precision
construction.
are
make
the
applications.
viscous
in
place.
It
right
to
rolled
between
be
results
them
is
required
given
enough
The
very
that
epoxy
On
Fig
for
easy
on
lap
the
in
8(a).
while
aThe
the
for
can
to
resin
circular
laboratory
length
sizes,
other
fibre
cut
length
resin
hold
wrapping.
be
cutting
Fibre
for
maintained
fibre
hand,
sheet
the
Fig
is
must
to
spindle
ofsheets
wrapping
decided
fibres
and
8(b).
choose
lap
the
sheets
the
and
be joint
in
are
to
Anon

Flexural strengthening
Flexural strengthening of beams and slabs is necessary when
the tension steel has yielded or it has deteriorated due to
corrosion. Flexural members that are found to have
inadequate reinforcement can also be strengthened by this
method. In order to improve the flexural capacity of beams
and slabs continuous fibre sheets or plates are bonded to its
tension and compression faces, Fig 9(a). This is the simplest
method of improving flexural capacity of a structural member.
However, the stiffness of the FRPC is of great importance in
this case. The allowable transverse deflection of the flexural
members is very small. As a result, we need a stiff FRPC
Fig 9 Shear strengthening
layer for effective improvement of the flexural capacity. The
bond between concrete and FRPC is also of immense
importance here. Therefore, the adhesive must be chosen
lap area is a good idea. The wrapping must be completed
with great care.
within the pot life period of the resin that is usually 20 to 30
minutes. Therefore,The
it method
is advisable
to mix small
quantities
of
of application
of the
FRPC in flexural
resin at a time.strengthening,
A thin coat ofhowever,
resin isisapplied
after
the in case of
the same
as that
wrapping
is over. After the
resin
is
completely
cured
(usually
24
wrapping. The only difficulty one faces inhours)
flexural
the wrap is inspected
to
rule
out
any
defect.
A
micaceous
strengthening is that often the application is overhead. To
polyoxide topcoat
is applied
on the wrapped
surface
protect
retain
the displacement
of FRPC
due totogravitational
forces a
the resin from deterioration
from
exposure
to
ultraviolet
thixotropic adhesive is often used. However, in case of Gujarat
rays. The wrapped
is shown
thecolumn
same glue
that in
is Fig
used8(d).
in wrapping has been used in
flexural strengthening. The application of FRPC also impedes
Strengthening of beams
moisture ingress and further corrosion of steel.
Due to the forces of earthquake the beams may weaken in
Shear due
strengthening
shear, bending or they may have crushing in concrete
to
lack of confinement.
Beams
require
separate
treatments
for
In earthquake-affected structures shear cracks are often
strengthening the
above aspects.
While
treatment
observed
at the ends
of the
beams
and sometimes, at several
required to improve
confinement
is
largely
the
same, The
as that
places through out the span of beam.
shear capacities of
in columns the flexural
and
shear
strengthening
require
the beams can be improved by placing FRPC on the webs of
separate discussion.
the beams. The wrapping techniques same as that given for
columns is employed to strengthen the beam. Wherever
possible the beam is wrapped on all four sides. Along with
improving the shear capacity it improves the confinement of
concrete. That, in turn, delays the failure of concrete. For Tbeams where full wrap is not possible due to obstruction
from slab, U-wraps
(a)(b) are provided, Fig 9(b). The method of
application of shear wraps is identical to that as column wraps.

Strengthening of beam-column joints


In
earthquake-affected
structures
most
of
the
failures
are10.
Concluding
remarks
Fig 8 (a)connections
Fig
Surface
10 Strengthening
preparation
by
procedure
grinding
in
(b)
beam-column
Cutting
of
GFRP
ofof
GFRP
sheet
sheet
(d)
Wrapped
(c)
Application
column
The
Indian
Concrete
Journal
*retrofitting
December
20016
(c)(d)
of
methods
column
In
method
been
successfully
structures
found
Therefore,
method
the
this
extremely
at
three
is
connections.
is
paper
is
ofthe
fast
developed
to
repair.
with
in
a primary
applied
beam-column
combination
abe
Gujarat.
emerging
encouraging13.
novel
emphasis
used.
The
The
types
and
in
technique
Using
durability
The
and
step-by-step
rehabilitation
employed
on
junctions
of
technique
replacing
earthquake
all
FRPC
failures
The
for
the
to
sheets
tests
method
that
repair
above
strengthened
procedure
requires
the
discussed
is
of
on
are
ahas
conventional
described.
earthquake-affected
strengthening
simple
and
the
combinations
been
in
understanding
is
technique
earlier.
the
beamand
explained
Fig
The
fast
have
of

7.GIBSON, R.
material
the behaviour and properties
ofF.aPrinciples
new set of
of composite
materials
such mechanics. McGraw Hill
International edition, Engineering mechanics series, 1994.
as glass, carbon and Kevlar fibres and thermosets such as
epoxy, polyvinyl and8.______
polyester
resins.
In this
it
Proceedings
of the
fourthconnection,
international symposium
on fibre
reinforcedpolymer reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures, ACI
must be mentioned that
the
technique
demands
a
different
International,
SP 188-74, 1999.
set of skills than that available with most rehabilitation
9.NANNI,
A., BAKIS,
C. E. and BOOTHBY,
T.E. Test methods
contractors. Therefore,
services
of specialised
applicators
may for FRP
concretesystems subjected to mechanical load: State of the review, Journal
be warranted for theReinforced
technique. The exact analysis of concrete
Plastics and Composites, 14, 1995, pp. 525-558.
members with FRP is computationally involved and not
10.______ Ductile
detailing
of reinforced
concrete structures
warranted for a designer9,
10. It
is important
to develop
simple subjected to seismic
forces Indian standard code
design methods that are compatible with the existing Indian of practice, IS 3920:1993,
codes of practices. Efforts are underway at this Institute andIndian StandardInstitution,
New Delhi.
11.MUKHERJEE, A., BOOTHBY, T. E., BAKIS, C. E., MAITRA,
S. R. and JOSHI, M. V.
will be reported soon.
Mechanical behaviour of FRP wrapped concrete I. Axisymmetric cylinders,
Paper communicated to Journal of Composites in Construction, ASCE.

Acknowledgement12.MUKHERJEE, A., BOOTHBY, T. E., BAKIS, C. E., MAITRA, S. R. and JOSHI, M. V.


behaviourthe
of FRP
wrapped concrete I. Complicating effects,
The authors would like Mechanical
to acknowledge
encouragement
Paper
communicated
to
Journal
of Composites in Construction, ASCE.
received by them from Mr U. S. Awasthi, managing director,
Indian Farmers Fertilisers
Co.
13.BAKIS,Cooperative
C. E., BOOTHBY,
T. in
E., carrying
MUKHERJEE, out
A. and MOSTOLLER J. D. Evaluation
concrete
beams
reinforced
with
internal
GFRP
bars: A long-term durability
the field work.
study, Paper communicated to The Second International Conference on
Durability of Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Construction,
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of

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