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FRPC Advantages
FRPCs are non-metallic. Therefore, they are resistant
to corrosion.
They have high strength to weight ratio. Therefore,
for the same strength FRPC is considerably lighter.
This eliminates requirements of heavy construction
equipment and supporting structures.
FRPCs are available in rolls of very long length.
Therefore, they need very few joints avoiding laps
and splices, its transportation is also very easy.
They have a short curing time therefore the
application takes a shorter time. This reduces the
project duration and down time of the structure to a
great extent.
Application of FRPC does not require bulky and dusty
Fig 1 Fibre composite materials
FRPC material
(a)
Glass fibre
Resins
Fig 5 Axial stress Resin
versusimpregnation
axial strain foriscircular
column
necessary
to obtain good mechanical
with different levels of confinement
resin must wet the fibre thoroughly and there should not be
any dry pockets. The viscosity of the resin, therefore, is a
trade off between these two contradicting requirements. The
resin is usually a two-part one. The mixing of the parts must
be thorough. The resin should not entrap air during mixing.
Therefore, the speed of the stirrer and the duration stirring
are extremely important parameters. The mixed epoxy resin
is applied on to the concrete surface that is to be wrapped.
There are two methods of laying dry lay up and wet
lay up. In the dry lay up the dry fibre sheet is applied on the
concrete surface freshly coated with epoxy resin. In the wet
lay up the fibre sheet is wetted with epoxy resin before
wrapping. Although wet lay up ensures a better wetting it is
Fig 7 Details of FRP wrapping
not always convenient to use wet lay up, especially in the hot
climate of Gujarat. Therefore, dry lay up has been used in the
present work. The sheet should not be slack at the time of
epoxy concrete
wrapping and care must be taken to maintain the intended
fibre direction. The sheet is rolled by serrated Teflon rollers,
Fig 8(c), so that the resin oozes out through the sheet and
wrapping.
wets the sheet properly. Rolling must always be in the direction
of fibre. The lapped ends must be pressed thoroughly to
One must remember
the FRPC
very thin.
avoid that
any defect
in layer
bond. is
Spreading
some extra resin on the
Therefore, it is extremely important
to prepare a smooth concave
surface of concrete before the
wrapping is begun. The FRPC
becomes ineffective if it leaves the
surface of concrete. Care must be
taken to avoid wrinkles, voids and
sheet deformation. Moreover,
sharp edges and corners are
potential zones of fibre breakage
due to stress concentration.
Therefore, all projections are
removed and all corners are
rounded off. A corner radius of 25
mm is found sufficient to avoid
stress concentration, Fig 7.
Flexural strengthening
Flexural strengthening of beams and slabs is necessary when
the tension steel has yielded or it has deteriorated due to
corrosion. Flexural members that are found to have
inadequate reinforcement can also be strengthened by this
method. In order to improve the flexural capacity of beams
and slabs continuous fibre sheets or plates are bonded to its
tension and compression faces, Fig 9(a). This is the simplest
method of improving flexural capacity of a structural member.
However, the stiffness of the FRPC is of great importance in
this case. The allowable transverse deflection of the flexural
members is very small. As a result, we need a stiff FRPC
Fig 9 Shear strengthening
layer for effective improvement of the flexural capacity. The
bond between concrete and FRPC is also of immense
importance here. Therefore, the adhesive must be chosen
lap area is a good idea. The wrapping must be completed
with great care.
within the pot life period of the resin that is usually 20 to 30
minutes. Therefore,The
it method
is advisable
to mix small
quantities
of
of application
of the
FRPC in flexural
resin at a time.strengthening,
A thin coat ofhowever,
resin isisapplied
after
the in case of
the same
as that
wrapping
is over. After the
resin
is
completely
cured
(usually
24
wrapping. The only difficulty one faces inhours)
flexural
the wrap is inspected
to
rule
out
any
defect.
A
micaceous
strengthening is that often the application is overhead. To
polyoxide topcoat
is applied
on the wrapped
surface
protect
retain
the displacement
of FRPC
due totogravitational
forces a
the resin from deterioration
from
exposure
to
ultraviolet
thixotropic adhesive is often used. However, in case of Gujarat
rays. The wrapped
is shown
thecolumn
same glue
that in
is Fig
used8(d).
in wrapping has been used in
flexural strengthening. The application of FRPC also impedes
Strengthening of beams
moisture ingress and further corrosion of steel.
Due to the forces of earthquake the beams may weaken in
Shear due
strengthening
shear, bending or they may have crushing in concrete
to
lack of confinement.
Beams
require
separate
treatments
for
In earthquake-affected structures shear cracks are often
strengthening the
above aspects.
While
treatment
observed
at the ends
of the
beams
and sometimes, at several
required to improve
confinement
is
largely
the
same, The
as that
places through out the span of beam.
shear capacities of
in columns the flexural
and
shear
strengthening
require
the beams can be improved by placing FRPC on the webs of
separate discussion.
the beams. The wrapping techniques same as that given for
columns is employed to strengthen the beam. Wherever
possible the beam is wrapped on all four sides. Along with
improving the shear capacity it improves the confinement of
concrete. That, in turn, delays the failure of concrete. For Tbeams where full wrap is not possible due to obstruction
from slab, U-wraps
(a)(b) are provided, Fig 9(b). The method of
application of shear wraps is identical to that as column wraps.
7.GIBSON, R.
material
the behaviour and properties
ofF.aPrinciples
new set of
of composite
materials
such mechanics. McGraw Hill
International edition, Engineering mechanics series, 1994.
as glass, carbon and Kevlar fibres and thermosets such as
epoxy, polyvinyl and8.______
polyester
resins.
In this
it
Proceedings
of the
fourthconnection,
international symposium
on fibre
reinforcedpolymer reinforcement for reinforced concrete structures, ACI
must be mentioned that
the
technique
demands
a
different
International,
SP 188-74, 1999.
set of skills than that available with most rehabilitation
9.NANNI,
A., BAKIS,
C. E. and BOOTHBY,
T.E. Test methods
contractors. Therefore,
services
of specialised
applicators
may for FRP
concretesystems subjected to mechanical load: State of the review, Journal
be warranted for theReinforced
technique. The exact analysis of concrete
Plastics and Composites, 14, 1995, pp. 525-558.
members with FRP is computationally involved and not
10.______ Ductile
detailing
of reinforced
concrete structures
warranted for a designer9,
10. It
is important
to develop
simple subjected to seismic
forces Indian standard code
design methods that are compatible with the existing Indian of practice, IS 3920:1993,
codes of practices. Efforts are underway at this Institute andIndian StandardInstitution,
New Delhi.
11.MUKHERJEE, A., BOOTHBY, T. E., BAKIS, C. E., MAITRA,
S. R. and JOSHI, M. V.
will be reported soon.
Mechanical behaviour of FRP wrapped concrete I. Axisymmetric cylinders,
Paper communicated to Journal of Composites in Construction, ASCE.
involved
in rehabilitation
6.MUKHERJEE A. Repair and rehabilitation ofactively
structuresStrategies
with non- work in Gujarat
after the earthquake.
metallic fibres. Proceedings of the 1st National workshop on ageing and
restoration of structures, IIT Kharagpur, 2001,13, pp. 1-12.
of