Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
MAR/APR 2014
TIONS
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DEEP FOUNDATIONS
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CONTENTS FEATURES
DEEP FOUNDATIONS
The Magazine of the Deep
Foundations Institute (DFI) is
published bimonthly by DFI.
Other Trustees
Patrick Bermingham
David Borger
Gianfranco Di Cicco
Khaldoun Fahoum
Rudolph P. Frizzi
Frank Haehnig
Bernard H. Hertlein
Gerry Houlahan
James O. Johnson
Douglas Keller
Samuel J. Kosa
K.S. Rama Krishna
Marine Lasne
J. Erik Loehr
Raymond J. Poletto
Michael H. Wysockey
RICAN P
ME
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J&
RICAN P
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UIPMEN
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CONTENTS FEATURES
PRESIDENTS MESSAGE
Departments
Brain Isherwood, MICE, FCSCE, P.Eng.; Tara Brown, P.Geo.; and Jenny Earle, EIT
85 Seepage Control,
Cutoff Walls Manual:
A Progress Report
David B. Paul
The U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers is working on a
manual about seepage control
and cutoff walls, with input
from DFI. This preview of the
contents includes a summary of
the Corps history with cutoff
walls and the engineering
thinking involved in their
design.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS MAR/APR 2014 5
Productivity.
Watson Philosophy:
While it is true that making hole basically translates to making money,
it is the overall time on the job that translates into profitability.
From the moment a rig leaves the yard, the clock is ticking on your profits. Watson rigs
not only excel at the drilling itself, but are specifically designed to reduce the time spent
outside the hole.
The 4400 targets big diameter rock drilling, but minimal setup and cycle times are two keys to its success:
Remote controls and hydraulic pins keep setup/teardown to under an hour.
Continuous Torque rotary and variable speed hoist reduce cycle time.
New interchangeable low headroom option and superior mobility make short work of rugged powerline jobs.
PRESIDENTS
MESSAGE
last 40 years
out in engineering
careers.
When you buy a LDril from Bay Shore Systems, youve made an investment
that will keep paying you over and over again. That's because, regardless of
whether you choose LDril, TR Series or LAD Series, Bay Shore rigs keep
working over and over again.
Bay Shore equipment is built with solid engineering that utilizes
easy-to-find parts and rugged construction. Plus, Bay Shore customer
service is committed to keep you drilling with 98% on-time parts
delivery and experienced service technicians who will come to your
jobsite. Its no wonder that Bay Shore customers say things like this:
Bay Shore has by far the best service in the industry and has been
a real breath of fresh air compared to other like companies.
Ray Sander, Xcel Energy
So, if youre getting more downtime than drill time from your current
equipment, its time to make a move. Call Bay Shore Systems today.
Visit: www.bayshoresystems.com
Call: 888.569.3745
LDril DH60
Theresa Rappaport
Executive Director
trappaport@dfi.org
Having a global
organization provides
members, no matter
communicate with
each other.
Invitation to Speakers
Deep Foundations for Slope Stabilization and Excavation Support: TBD August/September 2014, Pittsburgh, PA
DFIs Deep Foundations for Landslides/Slope Stabilization and
Tiebacks and Soil Nailing Committees are organizing a two-day
event featuring presentations on current technologies, as well as
key design concepts and case histories that illustrate effective
application of deep foundations for stabilization of slopes and
excavation support.
Presentation proposals on the following topics are being
requested: Case Studies, History/Theoretical Background, Quality
Control and Inspection, Long-term Maintenance, Innovative
Applications and Techniques and Practice-Oriented Research.
ConstLumMatDFIAd092313:Layout 1
9/24/13
4:09 PM
Page 1
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COVER STORY
AUTHOR
The project also called for a 780 ft (237 m) long steel platform to
gain access to the spillway anchors. The Stratus Group designed the
platform to support two 85 ton (80 tonne) crawler cranes and as
many as five drill rigs that were the equivalent to a design load of
3.5 ton per sq ft (335 kN per sq m). Once the final platform design
was approved, fabrication of roughly 3 million lbs (1,360 tonnes)
of structural steel began. Braymans in-house fabrication shop, in
conjunction with Dura-Bond Industries and Advantage Steel,
collaborated to fabricate and install the platform in less than five
months. Flexibility in the platform design allowed for sections of
the platform to be lowered as much as 16 ft (4.9 m) to provide
access to anchors at lower elevations along the spillway face. In
addition to the main spillway platform, Stratus Group, Brayman,
Dura-Bond and Advantage designed, fabricated and installed six
other unique platforms to facilitate anchor construction on various
areas of the dam.
Directional Drilling
Workers used a small hydraulic crawler drill to directionally drill a
5.75 in (14.6 cm) pilot hole. The first step in setting up the
directional drill was to place the independent drill stand to support
the optical instrument. With the stand in place, the optical
instrument was located in-line with the theoretical drill line. The
drill was then set at the appropriate angle and azimuth along the
drill line between the optical instrument and a survey nail located at
the entry point on the concrete. As the hole advanced, the operator
was able to watch in real time the theoretical drill line versus the
actual drill line. The theoretical drill line was shown as a crosshair
on the operators computer screen.
Deviation from the crosshair can be
corrected by stopping the rotation of the
drill string and chiseling, or steering the
slant face bit back into the theoretical drill
line. The target has an extra LED light that
aligns with the slant face of the bit allowing
the operator to know its orientation at all
times. For quality control purposes,
optical three-dimensional observations
are made at intervals as the hole
progresses. The optical shots are more
accurate than the instrument surveys;
however, since they are taken before the
final drill operation has been completed,
they do not meet the contract specifications, but are used as reference in the
final verification survey.
two downhole surveys for each hole; the first survey was run after
directional drilling was complete. The second survey ran on
completion of the final reaming of the hole. The surveys were
performed with the instrument centralized inside the drill rods. For
each survey, data obtained at 10 ft (3 m)
intervals and the average from the survey,
going into and out of the hole, was used.
The project team compiled all the survey
data to make a final survey report.
The following two plots are typical of
what would be found in the final alignment survey report. The first plot depicts
the upstream deviation (Figure 1). Three
sets of survey data are shown for evaluation. The three-dimensional tolerance
cone is shown in two-dimensions for a
perspective reference. The data confirms
that the reaming passes followed the pilot
hole and the accuracy of the downhole
instrument compared well to the optical
directional survey shots. The second plot
depicts the dam axis deviations (Figure 2).
unique hole outside of the pilot hole prior to the pilot hole size
changes being made. Material changes were made to the directional
drill tooling to withstand the wear of hammer drilling in hard rock.
This ranged from metallurgy changes in the tooling manufacturing
to O-ring upgrades to keep rod seals lasting longer. Each part of the
drilling system became a potential source of error or problems in
the drilling process. Through experience, the drillers developed
sensitivity to detect problems early and fix them quickly.
Anchors installed and ready for stressing
The same sets of data are shown as in the upstream deviation graph.
Similarly, the deviations measured by the different sets of survey
data overlay closely.
The scale of the graph is notable. The vertical axis of each graph
is elevation with a 200 ft (61 m) range. The horizontal axis
represents the deviation in inches with a range of 4 in (10 cm). If the
graphs were shown on a 1:1 scale the deviation would not be visible
for evaluation.
For evaluation, the final survey for the hole shown in these
examples has a deviation of less than 1 in (2.4 cm) until a depth of
206 ft (62.7 m) and a maximum deviation of roughly 2 in (5 cm) to
the west at the bottom of the survey along the dam axis.
Perpendicular to the dam, the maximum deviation is 4 in (10 cm)
near the top of the hole and 4.5 in (11.4 cm) at the bottom of the
hole. The deviation for the total hole shown based on the last survey
reading is 4.5 in (11.4 cm). The tolerance at the bottom of the
survey is 1:608 compared to the required 1:150.
Of the 216 anchors, only 2% were out of tolerance at the bottom
of the hole. However, these anchors were within tolerance at 100 ft
(30.5 m). The anchors went out of tolerance beyond the depth of
any obstructions and were accepted in this manner. At 100 ft (30.5 m),
all of the anchors were within tolerance with the majority more
than triple the required tolerance. Distinguishing a varying
tolerance acceptance criteria based on known obstructions could
allow stricter tolerances in critical zones while allowing larger
tolerances in less critical zones. This offset can lead to a time savings
in the drilling process and thus reduce the expectation of having to
repeat work due to out-of-tolerance drilling.
Brayman modified the directional drill system throughout the
Bluestone Dam Safety Assurance project. The diameter of the
directional drill tooling was reduced to balance stiffness to keep the
hole aligned, with flexibility to steer and correct the hole when it
deviates from the target alignment. The directional drill pilot hole
size increased early in the project to allow design changes to the
reaming bits. Multiple reaming bits fractured while others drilled a
14 DEEP FOUNDATIONS MAR/APR 2014
The sensitivity of the survey instrument and the effects of the sun
had to be monitored closely since the instrument was mounted on a
steel frame. Throughout the day, the lattice of the stand would
expand and contract moving the optical instrument with the camera.
This had the effect of moving the directional drill target that
appeared on the drillers screen. Since this was a slow change, it
would appear to the driller that the hole was moving off target. To
prevent this problem, the surveyor would block sunlight from the
stand when possible, along with back sighting and adjusting the instrument more frequently when the weather conditions warranted it.
Most of the holes on the project have three sets of survey data:
the optical data, the directional downhole instrument survey and
the final downhole instrument survey. The ability to capture the
optical data was not understood at the time the specifications were
written or when the initial construction plans were established. As
the data became available, it became evident that the optical data
was the most reliable and accurate survey information. Thus, after
completing the directional drill hole, the USACE decided the
downhole survey with the Reflex Instrument was not required.
With proper design of the reaming bits and observing drill
penetration rates, the reaming process was guaranteed to follow the
pilot hole. Consequently, the downhole instrument survey could be
eliminated or reduced to a small percentage of verification tests.
The directional drilling system developed by Brayman at the
Bluestone Dam is ideal for drilling straight holes where accuracy is
vital to the object being anchored. It has been adapted for very
extreme rock drilling. Drilling through obstructions is difficult, but
can be accomplished with this system. The bit locating system is
not affected by embedded steel in the concrete and the location of
the bit is known to a high degree of accuracy in real time.
Summary
Working alongside the USACE, Brayman successfully installed the
largest rock anchors in the United States by way of directional
drilling. These anchors will effectively stabilize the dam under the
new flood protection design and prevent failure. The completion of
the first 216 anchors plays an integral part in the on-going
rehabilitation efforts at Bluestone Dam. Phase 2B was completed in
December 2011, and Brayman is now working on Phase 3.
Section of platform lowered for second row of anchors
Lead Systems
Impact Hammers
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Hard Rock Drill Bits
Custom Foundation Equipment
Site Support
Project Planning
Ground Improvement
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PROBLEM; DETERMINE BEST AND MOST ECONOMICAL HOT ROLLED SHEET PILE
WALL SOLUTION FOR CLIENTS PROJECT.
q
TIEBACK
SAND
= 120lb/ft
c = 0
= 40
SHEET PILE
SAND
sat = 129.4lb/ft
c = 0
= 40
DREDGE LINE
DESIGN PARAMETERS
ANCHORED WALL: \/
UNI. SURCHARGE (q) = 300 psf
DEFLECTION: < 1 in
RESULTS FROM SOFTWARE ANALYSIS
SHEET PILE LENGTH (L) = 40ft
ANCHOR FORCE (F) = 6 kips/ft
MAX MOMENT (Mmax) = 84 kip-ft/ft
STEP 1) FIND MIN. SECTION MODULUS (Sx) REQUIRED FROM THE Mmax.
USACE Design of Sheet Pile Walls EM 1994; 50% safety factor for allowable bending stress (Fa)
(Fa = .50 x
ksi for steel grade)
Sx = Mmax / Fa
NOTE: JD FIELDS EXCLUSIVELY SUPPLIES HOESCH 700mm SERIES IN MIN 60ksi YTM GR 60!
Determine (Sx) for Fa = 60 ksi
SECTION
WEIGHT
GRADE
Sx
AZ 26-700
28.37 lb/ft
50 ksi
48.4 in/ft
PZC 26
31.8 lb/ft
50 ksi
48.4 in/ft
PZ 35
35.0 lb/ft
50 ksi
48.5 in/ft
(H 1907)
23.3 lb/ft
60 ksi
34.7 in/ft *
SPECIFY HOESCH!
JD Fields & Company Inc. I 55 Waugh Drive I Suite 1250 I Houston, TX 77007 I 855- GRADE 60 I www.jdfields.com
City-by-City
City-by-City, the companions program, is an opportunity for
spouses, family and friends of conference attendees to experience
the great sights of Atlanta. Diane Bittner, wife of DFI President
Robert Bittner, has volunteered to work with DFI event
coordinator, Lauren Nance, 2014 Companions Program Chair
Megan Fitzgerald (HIIG Construction) and Pete Rose (ECA) to
ensure the group has a great time onsite and as they tour the city.
Exhibit space and underwriting opportunities are still available
for this exciting conference. Go to www.deepfoundations2014.org
to register online.
THE NEW
CASAGRANDE USA, Inc. 93 Stickles Pond Road - Newton, NJ 07860 Tel. 973-579-1906
www.casagrande-usa.com
TIONS
DA
I
DFI
ITUTE
ST
EP FO
U
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COOPERATING ALLIANCE
Social Program
Krakw is one of the most culturally and politically significant cities
in Poland. The companions and social programs will showcase
some of Krakws most interesting sites. On Thursday, June 12,
companions will visit the nearby Auschwitz concentration camp.
On Friday, June 13, the delegates and companions will take a
walking tour of the Krakw historic city center brimming with
cafs, shops and pubs. The traditional ISM awards dinner will
follow the walking tour. All delegates and companions are also
invited to tour the Wieliczka Salt Mine, one of the oldest salt mines
in the world. The mines attractions include dozens of statues, three
chapels and an entire cathedral carved from rock salt.
According to the holiday review site Zoover, Krakw is the best
European city trip in 2014. The complete review is at http://weblog.
zoover.com/press_release/krakow-best-european-city-trip-2014.
Sponsorship Opportunities
Titan Polska is the host sponsor for the event. Several other categories of sponsorship are available. For sponsorship details contact
Jan Hall at ADSC (jhall@adsc-iafd.com).
Registration will be open in March on the ADSC website at
www.adsc-iafd.com. For details, contact Dan MacLean, of Con-Tech
Systems, technical program chair, at dan@contechsystems.com or
Mary Ellen Bruce, ISM technical lead at DFI, at mebruce@dfi.org.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS MAR/APR 2014 33
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STEP UP
TO THE
FUTURE
sales@comacchio-industries.it
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Ph: 314.895.4600
Ph: 707.746.7820
REGIONAL
REPORT
Projects
Nakheel, the real estate development firm behind Dubais Palm
Jumeirah Island project, recently closed the bidding process for
major foundation works in the proposed $680 million Nakheel
Mall, which will be constructed on the so-called trunk section of
the island. The project includes 4.5 million sq ft (418,000 sq m),
supported by drilled shafts. One of the main challenges is the
construction, waterproofing and protection of three basement
floors, which will be fully submerged in a highly corrosive marine
environment. The project is scheduled to go on a fast track, with a
projected completion date of December 2016.
The Saudi Railways Organization confirmed that the Saudi
Railway Master Plan (SRMP) is on schedule. The project entails
more than $17 billion in infrastructure investments through the
year 2025, with the goal to connect the kingdoms main cities
through a high-speed rail network. Among the early phases of the
project are the Dammam-Jubail Rail Link and the Mecca-Medina
Education Activities
Expo 2020 Dubai
In early December 2013, the International Bureau of Expositions
formally announced that Dubai will host the World Expo in 2020,
paving the way for a number of large-scale construction projects
that will break records in terms of size and budget. A new urban
center will be developed over 1,100 acres (4.5 sq km) at the
southwestern suburb of Jebel-Ali to accommodate the exposition,
and will connect to key locations in the city through an intricate
transportation network. In parallel, the government of Dubai
unveiled a master plan for six other large-scale developments to be
completed over the next 10 years.
1. The Mohammad Bin Rashid City is a mixed-use development
with over 100 hotels, a large shopping mall, an art gallery and a
theme park. The geotechnical site investigation works for a
number of projects within the city have already taken place, and
the initial foundation designs for several residential and hotel
structures are completed. We expect several foundation tenders
to start circulating for new projects soon.
2. The Dubai Water Canal is a $7 billion mega-project that will
expand the artificial waterway network across the city, and
includes a number of transportation infrastructure works to be
completed by 2017. A key challenge will be the construction of
a 300 ft (91 m) span bridge over the canal, along the citys
existing 12-lane expressway.
This report from the DFI Middle East Chapter was written by Professor Alaa Ashmawy, P.E., dean of engineering, American University of Dubai
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Trust Board
Welcomes New
Treasurer
Dan Brown joined
the DFI Educational
Trust Board as treasurer effective January
Dan Brown,
Treasurer
1, 2014. Professor
Brown is also treasurer of DFIs Board of
Trustees. He is one of Americas leading
July 21
The Annual Golf Outing Fundraiser
at Chartiers Country Club in
Pittsburgh, PA
August
The Ben C. Gerwick Award for
Innovation in the Design and
Construction of Marine
Foundations in conjunction with the
Marine Foundations Seminar
Tarrytown, NY
October 23
October 27
November
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48 DEEP FOUNDATIONS MAR/APR 2014
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She is passionate,
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sustainability.
Implementing Sustainability
Another colleague, Didier Verrouil,
executive vice president, Eurofrance, North
America, United Kingdom, Soletanche
Bachy, says Lasne likes interacting with her
colleagues and sharing ideas, points of view
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54 DEEP
FOUNDATIONS
MAR/APR
2014
AUTHORS
Soil Mixing in
Contaminated Soils
FEATURE ARTICLE
Soil mixing at an MGP site in northern N.Y.
Ken Andromalos, P.E., vice president, and Daniel Ruffing, EIT, project manager, Geo-Solutions
Containment Walls
Soil mixed walls to contain contaminated
soil and prevent lateral migration of
contaminated groundwater are installed
using the same equipment and techniques
that are used in geotechnical applications.
However, these walls are installed to be
non-structural by design. Instead of
56 DEEP FOUNDATIONS MAR/APR 2014
In-situ Treatment
In-situ treatment (IST) refers to processes
that use reagents to purposely alter harmful
contaminants in place. In some cases, IST
converts contaminants into inert
compounds, and in other cases into less
harmful compounds. IST is generally
performed using one of two chemical
processes, chemical oxidation or chemical
reduction, referred to as in-situ chemical
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B U I L D I N G F O U N DATI O N S S I N C E 1 91 8
PITTSBURGH
PO Box 306
Coraopolis, PA 15108
P 412.264.4480
F 412.264.1158
PHILADELPHIA
PO Box 837
Aldan, PA 19018
P 610.626.2200
F 610.626.2245
WASHINGTON, D.C.
6300 Foxley Road
Upper Marlboro, MD 20772
P 301.599.1300
F 301.599.1597
TORONTO
166 Bentworth Ave
Toronto, Ontario M6A 1P7
P 416.787.4259
F 416.787.4362
FEATURE
ARTICLE
AUTHORS
Site Conditions
Ten inclinometers
Kessi E. Zicko, P.E., and Paul J. Lewis, P.E., Gannett Fleming, Inc. and
Robert E. Johnson, P.E., Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
Figure 2. Geophysical MASW subsurface profile along Old S.R. 15 at toe of embankment
Soil Resistance
Results
Where:
Fh = lateral load per unit length of embankment required by slope stability analysis
s = center-to-center pile spacing
r = number of rows of piles
l = distance from ground surface to failure
plane
Pile Properties
The engineers conducted lateral pile
analyses using numerous pile configurations, center-to-center spacings, and
sizes to determine the most economical
design. Steel HP12X53 piles driven at 6 ft
(1.8 m) centers and in three to four rows,
depending on location along the slide area,
were the most cost-effective option.
Engineers modeled corrosion by reducing all pile surfaces by 1/16 in (1.6 mm)
and then basing the width, area and
moment of inertia on the reduced pile sections. The top of the piles behaved in a free
head condition in the lateral pile analyses.
Variable
Station 1300+00
Station 1303+00
Fh
50 kips/ft
729 kN/m
75 kips/ft
1,094 kN/m
6 ft
1.8 m
6 ft
1.8 m
3 rows
3 rows
4 rows
4 rows
25 ft
7.6 m
35 ft
10.7 m
667 lbs/in
1,168 N/cm
536 lbs/in
939 N/cm
Calculated Ph
Variable
Station 1300+00
Station 1303+00
MMAX
696 kipin
79 kNm
1,744 kipin
197 kNm
VMAX
-10 kips
-44 kN
41 kips
182 kN
Summary
Engineers designed steel piles to stabilize a
highway embankment slope in northern
Pennsylvania. They conducted slope stability
modeling to determine the lateral pile load
required to obtain a factor of safety of 1.3,
which was triangularly distributed from the
top of the piles to the failure plane for the
LRFD lateral pile design. To account for
installing piles within a landslide, the lateral
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Diaphragm Walls
Slurry Cutoff Walls
Ground Improvements
Drilled Shafts
KIEWIT.COM/FOUNDATIONS
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES
TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES MANAGER MARY ELLEN BRUCE
Committee Liaisons
DFI Technical
Committee Chairs
Augered Cast-in-Place Pile
Mike Moran, Cajun Deep Foundations, LLC
mikem@cajunusa.com
Drilled Shafts
Paul Axtell, Dan Brown and Associates
paxtell@danbrownandassociates.com
Driven Pile
Andrew Verity, Gerdau
andrew.verity@gerdau.com
Ground Improvement
Marty Taube, Menard
mtaube@menardusa.com
Kwabena Ofori-Awuah
KCI Technologies, Inc.
Kwabena.Ofori-Awuah@kci.com
Marine Foundations
Rick Ellman
Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers
rellman@mrce.com
Micropiles
Jonathan Bennett
Brayman Construction Corporation
j_bennett@brayman.com
Slurry Walls
Nicolas Willig, Case Foundations
nawillig@casefoundation.com
Soil Mixing
Dennis Boehm, Hayward Baker, Inc.
dwboehm@haywardbaker.com
Sustainability
Marine Lasne, Soletanche Freyssinet
marine.lasne@sf-group.com
Fishing Tools
Overburden Systems
Percussion Hammers
and Bits
Drop-Off Bits
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FEATURE ARTICLE
AUTHORS
Brian Isherwood, MICE, FCSCE, P.Eng.; Tara Brown, P.Geo.; and Jenny Earle, EIT, all of Isherwood Associates;
and Paul Kreycir, CET, Anchor Shoring & Caissons Ltd.
Shoring System
Anchor Shoring chose double piles at 3.2 m
(10.5 ft) centers along Adelaide and Simcoe
Streets, installed in 915 mm (36 in)
diameter holes. Along University Avenue,
the use of single piles at 3.0 m (9.8 ft)
centers allowed tiebacks to be skewed
where needed to avoid obstructions, such
Inclinometer 5 results
FLAC Modeling
Two-dimensional Fast Lagrangian Analysis
of Continua (FLAC) modeling was
completed for the proposed shoring and
construction sequence at one location in
the center of the east wall. For each stage,
the model provided soil and structure
behavior: soil stress and strain, structural
displacements, axial, shear and moment
forces. Soil parameters were derived from
the geotechnical investigation conducted
by Terraprobe Ltd. The geometry was
based on a 7 m (23 ft) clearance between
the excavation and the subway tunnel.
The baseline analysis was conducted
with a lateral rock stress of 3.8 MPa
(40 tons/sf) and a rock bulk modulus of
3.8 MPa (40 tons/sf). Two parametric
studies were also conducted, using rock
bulk moduli of 2.9 MPa (30 tons/sf) and
7.7 MPa (80 tons/sf). The maximum movements predicted for the 2D displacement at
the center of the excavated face ranged
between 9 and 32 mm (0.35 and 1.26 in).
Isherwood standard practice is to
attach inclinometer casings to soldier piles
at representative locations and targets near
The inclinometer and pile target monitoring indicated that overburden excavation
down to the rock surface resulted in shoring
wall movements in the expected 15 mm
(0.59 in) range, and that excavation of the
unsupported rock face below resulted in a
further 10 to 13 mm (0.39 to 0.51 in), bringing the overburden and shoring with it.
The three extensometers gave very similar
results, indicating lateral movement of the
rock just below the subway of 10 to 12 mm
(0.39 to 0.47 in) at the excavation face and
at the 5 m (16.4 ft) node, reducing to 7 to 8 mm
(0.28 to 0.31 in) at the 10 m node (32.8 ft),
3 mm (0.12 in) at the 15.0 m node (49.2 ft),
2 mm (0.08 in) at the 20 m (65.6 ft) node,
and less than 1 mm (0.04 in) at the remaining nodes. A comparison with the FLAC
predictions indicates the displacement at
the near edge of the subway of 7 to 9 mm
(0.28 to 0.35 in) was significantly smaller
than the prediction of 12 mm (0.47 in).
However, the extensometers indicated the
rock movement did not extend back to the
far side of the subway, so differential displacement across the width of the subway
structure of 7 to 9 mm (0.28 to 0.35 in)
appeared to be larger than the FLAC
prediction of 5 mm (0.20 in).
Monitoring at TTC:
A section of FLAC analysis
and actual readings
Conclusions
The design-build excavation shoring
scheme by Isherwood and Anchor Shoring
succeeding in addressing the serious risks
associated with the project. By communicating all potential risks to the owner and
reducing the basement footprint, with no
impact to the future foundations or parking
capacity, the team limited the risk to the
subway significantly. Using external rather
than internal bracing improved constructability of the shoring system, excavation,
and underground forming.
Another pillar of Isherwoods effective
risk management was the comprehensive
The authors acknowledge the contributions of the following contributors: Professor K.Y. Lo for review of rock behavior; Renata Li and Keith Stott, Shangri-La, for
objectivity and support; Marcelo Chuaqui, Monir Precision Monitoring for all monitoring and tunnel survey work; Paul Kreycir, Anchor Shoring, for comradeship and
all the great projects he introduced to Isherwood. Kreycir died in February 2011.
80 DEEP FOUNDATIONS MAR/APR 2014
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FEATURE
ARTICLE
AUTHOR
David B. Paul, Risk Management Center, Lead Engineer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Lakewood, Colo.
Cutoff Walls
The critical design criteria for cutoff barrier
walls are: deformability, permeability and
permanence. The design of a cutoff wall is a
soil-structure interaction problem, and the
most important issue is to select the proper
modulus of deformation of the wall. The
forces on the wall are different depending
on whether the wall has been constructed
prior to embankment fill or constructed
through the core of an existing dam. When
the embankment is constructed and the
foundation loaded, the alluvial material
will undergo deformations, both in vertical
and horizontal directions. When the
reservoir is filled, the wall has to carry an
extra hydrostatic load. The wall should
have a modulus such that it can follow
these deformations without cracking. If the
wall is too rigid to follow the soil when it
Figure 2. Estimated percentage of failure modes by type for USACE levee inventory
Data Management
In recent cutoff wall projects, collection,
storage and presentation of geo-referenced
data in GIS (Geographic Information
System) databases advanced significantly.
For Wolf Creek Dam, the Wolf Creek
Information Management System was
developed by Treviicos, Geosyntec and
USACE. The system contains topographic,
geologic, instrumentation, grouting and
cutoff wall QA/QC data, and allows for
rapid and accurate verification of depth
and overlap elements as well as creating a
detailed as-built record. The USACE
Nashville District and Dam Safety Program
is using the system for the postimplementation evaluation for changing
the DSAC rating. A similar system is in use
at Center Hill Dam, where it allows realtime data uploads from the equipment and
is tied to the dam instrumentation system
that issues alarms to the contractor and
USACE if a threshold value is exceeded
during construction.
Figure 3. Walter F. George Dam secant wall elements being drilled through casing
from the water side of the dam
Conclusions
Cutoff walls are one of the most effective
engineering solutions for mitigating
seepage and piping failure modes for dams
and levees. Equipment and construction
techniques have been developed and field
tested that show that a uniform cutoff wall
can be constructed to depths in excess of
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DEEP FOUNDATIONS MAR/APR 2014 95
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