Universal Periodic Review

Stakeholder Report: 23rd Session, Lebanon

The Right to Privacy

in Lebanon

Submitted by Privacy International, Social Media Exchange and

the Association for Progressive Communication

TheRi
ghtt
oPr
i
vacyi
nLebanon
St
ak
ehol
derRepor
t
Uni
v
er
sal
Per
i
odi
cRevi
ew
23rd Sessi
on-Lebanon

Submi
t
t
ed byPr
i
vacyI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
,Soci
alMedi
a Exchange and
t
heAssoci
at
i
onf
orPr
ogr
essi
veCommuni
cat
i
on
Mar
ch2015

I
nt
r
oduct
i
on
1.Thi
sst
akehol
derr
epor
ti
sasubmi
ss
i
onbyPr
i
vacyI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
,Soci
alMedi
aExchangeand
Associ
at
i
on f
orPr
ogr
essi
ve Communi
cat
i
on.Pr
i
vacy I
nt
er
nat
i
onal(
PI
)i
san i
nt
er
nat
i
onal
humanr
i
ght
sor
gani
sat
i
ont
hatwor
kst
oadvanceandpr
omot
et
her
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacyar
oundt
he
wor
l
d.TheSoci
alMedi
aExchange(
SMEX)i
sar
egi
st
er
edLebanesenonpr
ofitt
hatconduct
s
t
r
ai
ni
ng,r
esear
ch,andadvocacyons
t
r
at
egi
ccommuni
cat
i
onsandhumanr
i
ght
si
nt
hedi
gi
t
al
er
a.The Associ
at
i
onf
orPr
ogr
essi
veCommuni
cat
i
on(
APC)i
sani
nt
er
nat
i
onalor
gani
z
at
i
on
and net
wor
kwi
t
hECOSOC St
at
us
.I
t
smi
ssi
oni
st
o empowerand suppor
tor
gani
z
at
i
ons,
soci
almovement
sandi
ndi
vi
dual
si
nandt
hr
ought
heuseofi
nf
or
mat
i
onandcommuni
cat
i
on
t
echnol
ogi
es.
2.T
oget
herPI
,SMEXandAPC wi
sht
obr
i
ngt
hei
rconcer
nsaboutt
hepr
ot
ect
i
onandpr
omot
i
on
oft
he r
i
ghtt
o pr
i
vacyi
n Lebanon bef
or
et
he Human Ri
ght
sCounci
lf
orconsi
der
at
i
on i
n
Lebanon
supcomi
ngr
evi
ew.

Ther
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacy
3.Pr
i
vacy i
sa f
undament
alhuman r
i
ght
,enshr
i
ned i
n numer
ous i
nt
er
nat
i
onalhuman r
i
ght
s
1
i
nst
r
ument
s. I
ti
scent
r
alt
ot
he pr
ot
ect
i
on ofhuman di
gni
t
yand f
or
mst
he basi
sofany
democr
at
i
c soci
et
y
.I
tal
so suppor
t
s and r
ei
nf
or
ces ot
herr
i
ght
s,such as f
r
eedom of
expr
essi
on,i
nf
or
mat
i
onandassoci
at
i
on.Ther
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacyembodi
est
hepr
esumpt
i
ont
hat
i
ndi
vi
dual
s shoul
d have an ar
ea ofaut
onomous devel
opment
,i
nt
er
act
i
on and l
i
ber
t
y
,a
pr
i
vat
espher
ewi
t
horwi
t
houti
nt
er
act
i
onwi
t
hot
her
s,f
r
eef
r
om ar
bi
t
r
ar
ySt
at
ei
nt
er
vent
i
on
2
andf
r
om excessi
veunsol
i
ci
t
edi
nt
er
vent
i
onbyot
heruni
nvi
t
edi
ndi
vi
dual
s.
4.Act
i
vi
t
i
est
hatr
est
r
i
ctt
her
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacy
,suchassur
vei
l
l
anceandcensor
shi
p,canonl
ybe
j
ust
i
fied when t
hey ar
e pr
escr
i
bed by l
aw,necessar
yt
o achi
eve a l
egi
t
i
mat
e ai
m,and
3
pr
opor
t
i
onat
et
ot
heai
m pur
sued.
5.As i
nnovat
i
ons i
ni
nf
or
mat
i
on t
echnol
ogy have enabl
ed pr
evi
ousl
y uni
magi
ned f
or
ms of
col
l
ect
i
ng,st
or
i
ngandshar
i
ngper
sonaldat
a,t
her
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacyhasevol
vedt
oencapsul
at
e
4
St
at
e obl
i
gat
i
ons r
el
at
ed t
ot
he pr
ot
ect
i
on ofper
sonaldat
a. A numberofi
nt
er
nat
i
onal

2
3

Uni
ver
sal
Decl
ar
at
i
onofHumanRi
ght
sAr
t
i
cl
e12,Uni
t
edNat
i
onsConvent
i
ononMi
gr
antWor
ker
sAr
t
i
cl
e14,UN Convent
i
onof
t
hePr
ot
ect
i
onoft
heChi
l
dAr
t
i
cl
e16,I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
CovenantonCi
vi
l
andPol
i
t
i
cal
Ri
ght
s,I
nt
er
nat
i
onal
CovenantonCi
vi
l
and
Pol
i
t
i
cal
Ri
ght
sAr
t
i
cl
e17;r
egi
onal
convent
i
onsi
ncl
udi
ngAr
t
i
cl
e10oft
heAf
r
i
canChar
t
eront
heRi
ght
sandWel
f
ar
eoft
heChi
l
d,
Ar
t
i
cl
e11oft
heAmer
i
canConvent
i
ononHumanRi
ght
s,Ar
t
i
cl
e4oft
heAf
r
i
canUni
onPr
i
nci
pl
esonFr
eedom ofExpr
essi
on,
Ar
t
i
cl
e5oft
heAmer
i
canDecl
ar
at
i
onoft
heRi
ght
sandDut
i
esofMan,Ar
t
i
cl
e21oft
heAr
abChar
t
eronHumanRi
ght
s,and
Ar
t
i
cl
e8oft
heEur
opeanConvent
i
onf
ort
hePr
ot
ect
i
onofHumanRi
ght
sandFundament
al
Fr
eedoms;J
ohannesbur
gPr
i
nci
pl
es
onNat
i
onal
Secur
i
t
y
,Fr
eeExpr
essi
onandAccesst
oI
nf
or
mat
i
on,CamdenPr
i
nci
pl
esonFr
eedom ofExpr
essi
onandEqual
i
t
y
.

Mar
t
i
nSchei
ni
n,Repor
toft
heSpeci
alRappor
t
euront
hepr
omot
i
onandpr
ot
ect
i
onofhumanr
i
ght
sand
f
undament
alf
r
eedomswhi
l
ecount
er
i
ngt
er
r
or
i
sm,2009,A/
HRC/
17/
34.
Uni
ver
sal
Decl
ar
at
i
onofHumanRi
ght
sAr
t
i
cl
e29;Gener
al
CommentNo.27,Adopt
edbyTheHumanRi
ght
sCommi
t
t
eeUnder
Ar
t
i
cl
e40,Par
agr
aph4,OfTheI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
CovenantOnCi
vi
l
AndPol
i
t
i
cal
Ri
ght
s,CCPR/
C/
21/
Rev
.
1/
Add.
9,November2,
1999;seeal
soMar
t
i
nSchei
ni
n,Repor
toft
heSpeci
al
Rappor
t
euront
hepr
omot
i
onandpr
ot
ect
i
onofhumanr
i
ght
sand
f
undament
al
f
r
eedomswhi
l
ecount
er
i
ngt
er
r
or
i
sm,
2009,A/
HRC/
17/
34.
HumanRi
ght
sCommi
t
t
eegener
al
commentNo.16(
1988)ont
her
i
ghtt
or
espectofpr
i
vacy
,f
ami
l
y
,homeandcor
r
espondence,
andpr
ot
ect
i
onofhonourandr
eput
at
i
on(
ar
t
.17)
.

5
i
nst
r
ument
s enshr
i
ne dat
a pr
ot
ect
i
on pr
i
nci
pl
es,
and many domest
i
cl
egi
sl
at
ur
es have
6
i
ncor
por
at
edsuchpr
i
nci
pl
esi
nt
onat
i
onal
l
aw.

Fol
l
ow upt
ot
hepr
evi
ousUPR
6.Ther
ewasnoment
i
onoft
her
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacyanddat
apr
ot
ect
i
onei
t
heri
nt
heNat
i
onalRepor
t
submi
t
t
edbyLebanonori
nt
her
epor
toft
heWor
ki
ngGr
oup.
7.However
, at t
he l
ast r
evi
ew, Ar
meni
a submi
t
t
ed a r
ecommendat
i
on t
o Lebanon on
guar
ant
eei
ng f
r
eedom of expr
ess
i
on whi
ch r
ead,
Cont
i
nue t
o guar
ant
ee f
r
eedom of
expr
essi
on7cr
eat
i
ngaddi
t
i
onalcondi
t
i
onsf
ori
t
sf
ul
fil
ment
.
8
Domest
i
cl
awsandr
egul
at
i
onsr
el
at
edt
opr
i
vacy
8.Ar
t
i
cl
e14oft
heLebaneseConst
i
t
ut
i
ondoesensur
et
hei
nvi
ol
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hehome:
Theci
t
i
z
en'
spl
aceofr
esi
dencei
si
nvi
ol
abl
e.No onemayent
eri
texcepti
nt
he
ci
r
cumst
ancesandmanner
spr
escr
i
bedbyLaw.

9.Ar
t
i
cl
es8and 13oft
heConst
i
t
ut
i
oni
ndi
r
ect
l
ypr
ot
ectt
her
i
ghtt
o pr
i
vacy9 wi
t
ht
hef
or
mer
guar
ant
eei
ngi
ndi
vi
duall
i
ber
t
yandt
hel
at
t
erf
r
eedom ofexpr
essi
on.I
thadbeeni
nt
er
pr
et
ed
t
hatt
hesel
awsi
ncl
udet
hesecr
ecyofal
lmeansofcommuni
cat
i
ons,bot
hmai
landt
el
ephone
10
cal
l
s.
10.
TheLaw No.140r
el
at
edt
ot
hepr
ot
ect
i
onofsecr
ecyofcommuni
cat
i
onscar
r
i
edoutbyal
l
means ofcommuni
cat
i
on,st
i
pul
at
es t
hatt
he r
i
ghtt
o secr
ecy ofcommuni
cat
i
ons
,bot
h
i
nt
er
naland ext
er
nal
,by al
lmeans wi
r
ed orwi
r
el
ess (
l
andl
i
nes and mobi
l
e ofal
lt
ypes
i
ncl
udi
ng mobi
l
et
el
ephone,f
ax,el
ect
r
oni
cmai
l
s)i
sguar
ant
eed and pr
ot
ect
ed byl
aw and
cannotbesubj
ect
edt
oanyf
or
msoft
appi
ng,sur
vei
l
l
ance,i
nt
er
cept
i
onorvi
ol
at
i
onexcepti
n
t
hecases,andbyt
hemeansandpr
ocedur
es,pr
escr
i
bedbyl
aw.Ar
t
i
cl
e98oft
heLebanese
CodeofCi
vi
l
Pr
ocedur
esr
egul
at
est
her
egi
meappl
i
cabl
et
osear
chandsei
z
ur
es.
11.
Whi
l
stt
her
ei
sno dat
apr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
amewor
ki
npl
ace,var
i
ousl
awspr
ot
ectper
sonaldat
a
i
ncl
udi
ng,Ar
t
i
cl
e2oft
heBanki
ngSecr
ecyLaw ofSept
ember3,1956(
t
heBanki
ngSecr
ecy
Law)
,andt
hepenalcodeunderAr
t
i
cl
e579,580and581r
el
at
i
ngt
ot
hevi
ol
at
i
onofsecr
et
s,
Ar
t
i
cl
e7oft
heCodeofMedi
calEt
hi
cs(
Law no.288ofFebr
uar
y22,1994)pr
ot
ect
st
he
confident
i
al
i
t
y ofphysi
ci
an and pat
i
ent
sr
el
at
i
onshi
ps,and Ar
t
i
cl
es 51 and 58 oft
he
ConsumerPr
ot
ect
i
onCode(
Law no.659of4Febr
uar
y2005)sayst
hatsuppl
i
er
smustnot
di
scl
osedat
awi
t
houtt
heconsentoft
heconsumer
.
5

Seet
heCounci
l
ofEur
opeConvent
i
onf
ort
hePr
ot
ect
i
onofI
ndi
vi
dual
swi
t
hr
egar
dt
oAut
omat
i
cPr
ocessi
ngofPer
sonal
Dat
a
(
No.108)
,1981;t
heOr
gani
z
at
i
onf
orEconomi
cCooper
at
i
onandDevel
opmentGui
del
i
nesont
hePr
ot
ect
i
onofPr
i
vacyand
Tr
ansbor
derDat
aFl
owsofPer
sonal
Dat
a(
1980)
;andt
heGui
del
i
nesf
ort
her
egul
at
i
onofcomput
er
i
z
edper
sonal
dat
afil
es
(
Gener
al
Assembl
yr
esol
ut
i
on45/
95andE/
CN.
4/
1990/
72)
AsofDecember2013,101count
r
i
eshadenact
eddat
apr
ot
ect
i
onl
egi
sl
at
i
on:Davi
dBani
sar
,Nat
i
onal
Compr
ehensi
veDat
a
Pr
ot
ect
i
on/
Pr
i
vacyLawsandBi
l
l
s2014Map(
J
anuar
y28,2014)
.Avai
l
abl
eatSSRN:ht
t
p:
/
/
ssr
n.
com/
abst
r
act
=1951416or
ht
t
p:
/
/
dx.
doi
.
or
g/
10.
2139/
ssr
n.
1951416

A/
HRC/
16/
18,Repor
toft
heWor
ki
ngGr
oupont
heUni
ver
sal
Per
i
odi
cRevi
ew,Lebanon,HumanRi
ght
sCounci
l
,Si
xt
eent
h
sessi
on,Agendai
t
em 6.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
p:
/
/
dacces
sddsny.
un.
or
g/
doc/
UNDOC/
GEN/
G11/
102/
11/
PDF/
G1110211.
pdf
?
OpenEl
ement
8 Asnot
edbyFr
ankLaRue,Ther
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacyi
sof
t
enunder
st
oodasanessent
i
al
r
equi
r
ementf
ort
her
eal
i
z
at
i
onoft
her
i
ghtt
of
9 Speci
al
T
r
i
bunal
ofLebanon,CaseNo.STL1101/
T/
TC,par
a.29.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
st
l
t
sl
.
or
g/
en/
t
hecases/
st
l
1101/
mai
n/
fil
i
ngs/
r
epl
i
esandr
esponses/
def
encet
eamcounsel
/
f
1857
10Hi
i
L,TheRul
eofLaw i
nLebanon:Pr
ospect
sandChal
l
enges,Hi
l
l
Rul
eofLaw Qui
ckScanSer
i
es,Apr
i
l
2012,pp.18.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
hi
i
l
.
or
g/
dat
a/
/
medi
a/
Qui
ckscan_Lebanon_160812_di
gi
t
aal
_def
.
pdf

I
nt
er
nat
i
onalobl
i
gat
i
onsr
el
at
edt
opr
i
vacy
12.
Lebanoni
sasi
gnat
or
yt
ot
heUni
ver
salDecl
ar
at
i
onofHumanRi
ght
s(

UDHR
)
,f
orwhi
chi
t
wason t
he dr
af
t
i
ng Commi
t
t
ee,and hasr
at
i
fied t
he I
nt
er
nat
i
onalCovenanton Ci
vi
land
Pol
i
t
i
calRi
ght
s(

I
CCPR
)
.Ar
t
i
cl
e17oft
heI
CCPR,whi
chr
ei
nf
or
cesAr
t
i
cl
e12oft
heUDHR,
pr
ovi
dest
hatnooneshal
lbesubj
ect
edt
oar
bi
t
r
ar
yorunl
awf
uli
nt
er
f
er
encewi
t
hhi
spr
i
vacy
,
f
ami
l
y
,homeorcor
r
espondence,nort
ounl
awf
ulat
t
acksonhi
shonourandr
eput
at
i
on.The
Human Ri
ght
s Commi
t
t
ee has not
ed t
hatst
at
es par
t
i
es t
ot
he I
CCPR have a posi
t
i
ve
obl
i
gat
i
ont
oadoptl
egi
sl
at
i
veandot
hermeasur
est
ogi
veef
f
ectt
ot
hepr
ohi
bi
t
i
onagai
nst
suchi
nt
er
f
er
encesandat
t
acksaswel
last
ot
hepr
ot
ect
i
onoft
hi
sr
i
ght[
pr
i
vacy]
.
11
13.
Thepr
eambl
eoft
heLebaneseConst
i
t
ut
i
onst
at
es:

Lebanoni
sal
soaf
oundi
ngandact
i
vememberoft
heUni
t
edNat
i
onsOr
gani
z
at
i
onand
abi
desbyi
t
scovenant
sand byt
he Uni
ver
salDecl
ar
at
i
on ofHuman Ri
ght
s.The
Gover
nmentshal
lembodyt
hesepr
i
nci
pl
esi
nal
lfiel
dsandar
easwi
t
houtexcept
i
on.

14.
I
n addi
t
i
on,t
he Appeal
s Chamber
'
s12 j
ur
i
spr
udence af
fir
ms t
hatt
he r
i
ghtt
o pr
i
vacy
,as
pr
ovi
dedf
ori
nt
heUDHRandt
heI
CCPR,hasconst
i
t
ut
i
onal
val
ueunderLebanesel
aw.
15.
The I
nt
er
nat
i
onalPr
i
nci
pl
es on t
he Appl
i
cat
i
on of Human Ri
ght
st
o Communi
cat
i
ons
Sur
vei
l
l
ance13 ar
enotl
egal
l
ybi
ndi
ngbutpr
ovi
decl
ar
i
t
yast
ohow i
nt
er
nat
i
onalhumanr
i
ght
s
l
aw appl
i
esi
nt
hecur
r
entdi
gi
t
al
envi
r
onment
.I
nor
dert
omeett
hei
ri
nt
er
nat
i
onal
humanr
i
ght
s
obl
i
gat
i
onst
ouphol
dt
hef
undament
al
r
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacy
,St
at
esmustcompl
ywi
t
ht
hepr
i
nci
pl
es
t
hese pr
i
nci
pl
es set out i
ncl
udi
ng: l
egal
i
t
y
,l
egi
t
i
mat
e ai
m, necessi
t
y
, adequacy
,
pr
opor
t
i
onal
i
t
y
,compet
entj
udi
ci
alaut
hor
i
t
y
,due pr
ocess,usernot
i
ficat
i
on,t
r
anspar
ency
,
publ
i
c over
si
ght
,i
nt
egr
i
t
y ofcommuni
cat
i
ons and syst
ems,saf
eguar
ds f
ori
nt
er
nat
i
onal
cooper
at
i
on,saf
eguar
dsagai
nsti
l
l
egi
t
i
mat
eaccessandr
i
ghtt
oef
f
ect
i
ver
emedy
.
16.
By cosponsor
i
ng bot
h UN Gener
alAssembl
y on t
he r
i
ghtt
o pr
i
vacy i
nt
he di
gi
t
alage,
A/
RES/
68/
167adopt
ed i
nDecember2013and A/
RES/
69/
166adopt
ed i
nDecember2014,
Lebanon r
eaf
fir
med i
t
s commi
t
mentt
o pr
omot
i
ng,r
espect
i
ng and ensur
i
ng t
he r
i
ghtt
o
pr
i
vacyasahumanr
i
ght
.

Ar
easofConcer
n
I
.Lackofconst
i
t
ut
i
onalpr
ot
ect
i
onoft
her
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacy
17.
TheConst
i
t
ut
i
oni
nLebanondoesnotexpl
i
ci
t
l
ypr
ot
ectt
her
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacy
.TheConst
i
t
ut
i
on
onl
ypr
ot
ect
st
hei
nvi
ol
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hehome,butf
ai
l
st
opr
ot
ectt
hesecr
ecyofcommuni
cat
i
ons.
18.
Gi
vent
hei
nf
or
mat
i
onpr
ovi
dedbel
ow ont
heext
ensi
vepower
soft
heLebanesegover
nment
t
o conduct sur
vei
l
l
ance of communi
cat
i
ons,t
hi
s Const
i
t
ut
i
onalover
si
ght i
s wor
r
yi
ng,
especi
al
l
yi
nl
i
ghtoft
hel
ackofot
herr
obustpr
i
vacysaf
eguar
dsel
sewher
eunderLebanese
l
aw.
11 Gener
al
CommentNo.16(
1988)
,par
a.1
12 SeeCH/
AC/
2011101,Deci
si
ononpar
t
i
al
appeal
byMrEl
SayyedofPr
eTr
i
al
J
udge'
sdeci
si
onof12May2011,19J
ul
y2011,
par
a.60andf
oot
not
e102;LebaneseConst
i
t
ut
i
onal
Counci
l
,deci
si
onno.2/
2001,10May200I
,publ
i
shedi
nAl
maj
l
essal
doust
our
i
(
20012005)[
Const
i
t
ut
i
onal
Counci
l
r
evi
ew (
20012005)
]
,par
a.61.
13 See:ht
t
ps:
/
/
necessar
yandpr
opor
t
i
onat
e.
or
g/

I
I
.Communi
cat
i
onsur
vei
l
l
ance
19.
Lebanon was t
he fir
stAr
ab count
r
yt
oi
nt
r
oduce,i
n 1999,a l
egalf
r
amewor
kf
ort
he
i
nt
er
cept
i
onofcommuni
cat
i
ons,al
t
hought
hel
aw wasnotadopt
edbyt
heCabi
netunt
i
l
2009.
20.
Thefir
stpr
ovi
si
onoft
heT
el
ecommuni
cat
i
onI
nt
er
cept
i
onActof27Oct
ober1999(
t
her
eaf
t
er
r
ef
er
enced asLaw 99/
140)est
abl
i
shest
hepr
i
nci
pl
eaccor
di
ng t
o whi
cht
her
i
ghtt
o make
confident
i
ali
nt
er
nalorext
er
nalcal
l
s by usi
ng t
el
ecommuni
cat
i
ons means (
such as fixed
t
el
ephones,mobi
l
edevi
cesofanyt
ypewhat
soeveri
ncl
udi
ngcel
l
ul
arphones,f
ax,emai
l
)i
s
pr
ot
ect
ed by t
he l
aw and i
s nott
o be subj
ectt
o any f
or
m ofwi
r
et
appi
ng,moni
t
or
i
ng,
i
nt
er
cept
i
onordi
scl
osur
e.
21.
Law 99/
140r
est
r
i
ct
sanybr
eachofsecr
ecyandl
i
mi
t
si
nt
er
f
er
enceswi
t
hpr
i
vacyt
ocas
esof
ext
r
emeur
gencyanduponobt
ai
ni
ngaj
udi
ci
al
oradmi
ni
st
r
at
i
veor
der
.
22.
Thej
udi
ci
alaut
hor
i
sat
i
onpr
ocess,asout
l
i
nedi
nAr
t
i
cl
e2andAr
t
i
cl
e3oft
heLaw,st
at
est
hat
i
nt
er
cept
i
onmaybeaut
hor
i
sedbycour
tor
deri
ncasesofemer
gency
,pr
ovi
dedt
het
ar
get
ed
i
ndi
vi
duali
st
he suspect of a cr
i
me.The cour
t or
der shoul
d speci
f
yt
he means of
communi
cat
i
on,subj
ectmat
t
eroft
hepr
ocedur
e,t
hecr
i
mesubj
ectmat
t
eroft
hepr
osecut
i
on
ort
hei
nvest
i
gat
i
on,andt
hedur
at
i
onofi
nt
er
cept
i
on,whi
chmaynotexceed2mont
hs.
23.
I
naccor
dancewi
t
hAr
t
i
cl
e9,communi
cat
i
onsi
nt
er
cept
i
oncanal
sooccuront
hebasi
soft
he
admi
ni
st
r
at
i
veaut
hor
i
sat
i
onofei
t
hert
hemi
ni
st
erofi
nt
er
i
orort
hemi
ni
st
erofdef
ence,af
t
er
obt
ai
ni
ng t
he appr
ovaloft
he Pr
i
me Mi
ni
st
eri
n or
dert
o gat
heri
nf
or
mat
i
on ai
med at
combat
i
ngt
er
r
or
i
sm,cr
i
mesagai
nstst
at
esecur
i
t
y
,andor
gani
z
edcr
i
me.T
obel
awf
ul
,such
deci
si
onsmustbeappr
ovedi
nwr
i
t
i
ng,dul
yj
ust
i
fiedandappr
ovedbyt
hePr
i
meMi
ni
st
erand
shoul
d speci
f
yt
hemeansofcommuni
cat
i
on,subj
ectmat
t
eroft
hepr
ocedur
e,t
hesubj
ect
mat
t
eroft
hepr
osecut
i
onort
hei
nv
est
i
gat
i
on,andt
hedur
at
i
onofi
nt
er
cept
i
on,whi
chmay
notexceedt
womont
hs.
24.
Asasaf
eguar
dagai
nstabuse,Ar
t
i
cl
e16st
i
pul
at
est
hatsuchadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
vedeci
si
onsmustbe
ver
i
fied by an i
ndependentj
udi
ci
alcommi
ssi
on.The j
udi
ci
alpanelconsi
st
i
ng oft
he fir
st
pr
esi
dentoft
he Cour
tofCassat
i
on,t
he pr
esi
dentoft
he St
at
e Shur
a Counci
l
,and t
he
pr
esi
dentoft
heCour
tofAudi
t
s,ort
hr
eej
udgesf
r
om separ
at
eand i
ndependentj
udi
ci
al
bodi
es.
25.
Whi
l
stt
hel
aw seemst
opr
ovi
det
henecessar
ysaf
eguar
ds,i
npr
act
i
cesyst
emat
i
cf
ai
l
ur
est
o
abi
debyt
hel
aw ar
edi
r
ect
l
yt
hr
eat
eni
ngt
her
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacyofLebanon'
sci
t
i
z
ens.

Lackofappl
i
cat
i
onofj
udi
ci
alover
si
ghtofadmi
ni
st
r
at
i
veaut
hor
i
sat
i
on
26.
Based oni
nf
or
mat
i
onobt
ai
ned byAl
Ahkbar
,aBei
r
ut
based medi
aout
l
et
,f
r
om t
her
et
i
r
ed
Pr
esi
dentoft
heCour
tofAudi
t
s,i
tappear
st
hatt
heact
ualr
ol
eoft
hej
udi
ci
ar
yi
naut
hor
i
si
ng
orover
seei
ngt
headmi
ni
st
r
at
i
veaut
hor
i
sat
i
onofi
nt
er
cept
i
onsi
smer
el
ysymbol
i
c.I
npr
act
i
ce,
t
hePr
i
meMi
ni
st
err
out
i
nel
yci
r
cumv
ent
st
her
equi
r
ementf
orj
udi
ci
alaut
hor
i
sat
i
onbydi
r
ect
l
y
14
aut
hor
i
si
ngi
nt
er
cept
shi
msel
f
.
27.
Thi
ssi
t
uat
i
oni
sver
yconcer
ni
ngasal
l
owi
ngamemberoft
heexecut
i
vebr
ancht
oaut
hor
i
se
t
hei
nt
er
cept
i
onofcommuni
cat
i
onsunder
mi
nesaccount
abi
l
i
t
yandi
ncr
easest
hel
i
kel
i
hoodof
ar
bi
t
r
ar
yandpol
i
t
i
cal
l
ymot
i
vat
ed sur
vei
l
l
ance.Ast
heUN Speci
al
Rappor
t
euront
hef
r
eedom
14 Naz
z
al
,M.
,Thes
ur
vei
l
l
ancest
at
e:Nopr
i
vacyf
ort
heLebanese,Al
Akhbar
,13May2014.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
p:
/
/
engl
i
sh.
al
akhbar
.
com/
/
19751node

ofexpr
ess
i
onandopi
ni
onst
at
edi
nhi
s2013r
epor
t
,Ar
t
i
cl
e12UDHRi
mpl
i
est
hat[
.
.
.
]St
at
e
sur
vei
l
l
anceofcommuni
cat
i
onsmustonl
yoccurundert
hemostexcept
i
onalci
r
cumst
ances
and excl
usi
vel
y undert
he super
vi
si
on ofan i
ndependentj
udi
ci
alaut
hor
i
t
y
.
15 Pol
i
t
i
cal
aut
hor
i
sat
i
ondoesnotpl
aceasuf
fici
entcheckonwhati
sanext
r
emel
yi
nvasi
vei
nt
r
usi
oni
nt
o
t
heenj
oymentoft
her
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacy
.
28.
I
nf
ai
l
i
ngt
oi
mpl
ementandr
espectAr
t
i
cl
e16oft
hel
aw,Lebanoni
sf
ai
l
i
ngt
omeeti
t
st
hei
r
i
nt
er
nat
i
onalhuman r
i
ght
s obl
i
gat
i
ons i
nr
el
at
i
on t
o pr
ot
ect
i
ng t
he r
i
ghtt
o pr
i
vacy when
conduct
i
ng communi
cat
i
ons sur
vei
l
l
ance. Det
er
mi
nat
i
ons r
el
at
ed t
o communi
cat
i
ons
sur
vei
l
l
ance must be made by a compet
ent j
udi
ci
alaut
hor
i
t
yt
hat i
si
mpar
t
i
aland
16
i
ndependent
.
I
naddi
t
i
on,t
heLebaneseaut
hor
i
t
i
esshoul
dest
abl
i
shi
ndependentover
si
ght
mechani
smst
oensur
et
het
r
anspar
encyandaccount
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hesur
vei
l
l
anceaut
hor
i
sat
i
on
pr
ocesses.The over
si
ghtmechani
sm mustbe i
ndependentoft
he execut
i
ve,pr
oper
l
y
r
esour
ced t
o conducti
nvest
i
gat
i
ons,and abl
et
o command publ
i
c confidence t
hr
ough
r
egul
arr
epor
t
i
ngandpubl
i
csessi
ons.

Unaut
hor
i
sedbul
ki
nt
er
cept
i
onofdat
a
29.
I
ti
scl
eart
hatatl
eastone Lebanes
e secur
i
t
yagency
,t
he I
nt
er
nalSecur
i
t
yFor
ces(
'
I
SF'
)
engagesi
nt
heunaut
hor
i
sedbul
ki
nt
er
cept
i
onofdat
af
orpr
ol
ongedper
i
odsoft
i
me.
30.
I
nDecember2012,i
twasr
epor
t
ed t
hatt
heI
nf
or
mat
i
onBr
anchoft
heI
SFhad soughtt
he
i
nt
er
cept
i
onandr
et
ent
i
onofal
lSMSt
extmessagessenti
nLebanonf
r
om 13Sept
embert
o
10 November2012.The I
SF j
ust
i
fied i
t
sr
equestaspar
tofi
t
si
nvest
i
gat
i
on i
nt
ot
he car
bombi
ngt
hathadoccur
r
edon19Oct
ober2012i
nBei
r
ut
,whi
chki
l
l
edWi
ssam AlHassan,t
he
head ofI
SF.The det
ai
l
s oft
he t
ypes ofdat
ar
equest
ed was cont
est
ed buta l
eaked
documentf
r
om t
heMi
ni
st
r
yofI
nf
or
mat
i
onshowedt
hatt
het
ypesofdat
ai
ncl
uded2G and
3G dat
a subscr
i
ber
si
n Lebanon,i
ncl
udi
ng l
og fil
es,I
P addr
esses,user
names,phone
17
number
s,addr
esses,names,andpasswor
ds.
18
31.
Lebanon
sT
el
ecommuni
cat
i
onsMi
ni
st
er
,Ni
col
asSehnaoui
,r
ef
usedt
her
equest
buti
twas
19
r
epor
t
edt
hatt
hegover
nmentnever
t
hel
essobt
ai
nedaccesst
ot
hi
sdat
a.

32.
I
nMar
ch2014,anot
hercont
r
over
si
aldebat
ear
oseast
hegover
nmentappr
ovedapr
oposal
per
mi
t
t
i
ng t
he I
SF f
ul
l
,unr
est
r
i
ct
ed access t
ot
he el
ect
r
oni
c communi
cat
i
ons dat
a ofal
l
20
Lebaneseci
t
i
z
ens.
J
udgeAwnyRamadan,headoft
heLebaneseaccount
abi
l
i
t
yagency
,sai
d
t
hatt
hebl
anketand ar
bi
t
r
ar
ygover
nmentr
equest
sf
ort
hecommuni
cat
i
ondat
aofal
lf
our
mi
l
l
i
onLebaneseci
t
i
z
ensi
savi
ol
at
i
onoft
heLaw 99/
140gi
vent
hatever
ysi
ngl
eci
t
i
z
ens
21
cannotbeasuspectofacr
i
me.
Al
so,t
hedeci
si
onper
mi
t
t
edf
ul
laccessf
oraper
i
odofsi
x
mont
hs,whi
chi
sf
arbeyondt
het
womont
hsper
mi
t
t
edbyt
heLaw 99/
140underAr
t
i
cl
e9.
33.
The Uni
t
ed Nat
i
onsI
nt
er
nat
i
onalI
ndependentI
nvest
i
gat
i
on Commi
ssi
on (
UNI
I
I
C)
,and t
he
Speci
alTr
i
bunalf
orLebanon(
STL)
,whi
chwer
esetup t
oi
nvest
i
gat
eassassi
nat
i
onsi
nt
he
count
r
y
,par
t
i
cul
ar
l
yt
hatoft
he l
at
e pr
i
me mi
ni
st
erRafik Har
i
r
ii
n 2005,have al
so t
aken
15 A/
HRC/
23/
40atpar
a.81
16 www.
necessar
yandpr
opor
t
i
onat
e.
or
g
17 Bowe,R.
,Dat
aRequestf
r
om LebaneseSecur
i
t
yAgencySpar
ksCont
r
over
sy,El
ect
r
oni
cFr
ont
i
erFoundat
i
on,27December2012.
Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
ps:
/
/
www.
ef
f
.
or
g/
deepl
i
nks/
2012/
12/
l
ebanesesecur
i
t
yagencyuser
dat
ar
equest
spar
kscont
r
over
sy
18 Republ
i
cofLebanon,Mi
ni
st
r
yofT
el
ecommuni
cat
i
on,TheMi
ni
st
r
yofCommuni
cat
i
onswi
l
lnoti
mpl
ementanyDat
ar
equesti
fi
t
t
ouchedt
hef
r
eedomsoft
heLebaneseandr
epr
esent
edanassaul
tt
ot
hei
rpr
i
vacy
.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
mpt
.
gov.
l
b/
i
ndex.
php/
en/
about
mpt
2/
mpt
i
npr
ess/
118t
hemi
ni
st
r
y
of
communi
cat
i
onswi
l
l
not
anydat
ar
equest
i
f
i
t
t
ouchedt
hef
r
eedomsof
t
hel
ebaneseandr
epr
esent
edanassaul
t
ont
hei
r
pr
i
vacy
19 Chakr
ani
,H.
,LebanonSecur
i
t
yFor
ces:Gi
veUsYourFacebookPasswor
d,Al
Akhbar
,4December2012.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
engl
i
sh.
al
akhbar
.
com/
cont
ent
/
l
ebanonsecur
i
t
yf
or
cesgi
veusyour
f
acebookpasswor
d
20 Gl
obal
Voi
cesAdvocacy
,Law 140:Eavesdr
oppi
ngonLebanon,10Apr
i
l
2014.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
.
gl
obal
voi
cesonl
i
ne.
or
g/
2014/
04/
11/
l
aw140eavesdr
oppi
ngonl
ebanon/
21 I
bi
d

advant
ageofcommuni
cat
i
onsi
nt
er
cept
i
onpower
st
oper
mi
tt
heI
SF unr
egul
at
edaccesst
o
pr
i
vat
e dat
a ofLebanese ci
t
i
z
ensf
r
om an ar
r
ayofsour
cesi
ncl
udi
ng uni
ver
si
t
yar
chi
ves,
22
medi
calr
ecor
ds,and mobi
l
e phone r
ecor
ds.
Ther
e ar
e some casespendi
ng bef
or
et
he
23
Speci
al
Tr
i
bunal
f
orLebanonwher
et
heexpansi
veaccesst
ouserdat
ai
sbei
ngchal
l
enged.
34.
Ani
ndependentcommi
ssi
oni
nLebanonconfir
medt
hat
,eveni
nt
hecont
extofi
nt
el
l
i
gence
gat
her
i
ng,asopposedt
oj
udi
ci
ali
nv
est
i
gat
i
ons,pr
ovi
di
ngt
hef
ul
lcommuni
cat
i
ondat
abase
on al
lLebanese t
er
r
i
t
or
i
esi
n a per
i
odi
c mannervi
ol
at
est
he pr
ovi
si
onsofef
f
ect
i
ve l
aws
becausei
tamount
st
oacl
earvi
ol
at
i
onofbasi
cf
r
eedoms.
24 Thi
si
ndependentcommi
ssi
on
al
soconsi
der
edt
hatt
het
r
ansf
eroft
hef
ul
lcont
ent
sofSMSssentt
hr
ought
het
wooper
at
i
ng
25
mobi
l
et
el
ephonecompani
esal
l
overt
heLebaneset
er
r
i
t
or
i
eswasunl
awf
ul
.
35.
Thesefindi
ngscompor
twi
t
ht
hatoft
heUN Hi
ghCommi
ssi
onerf
orHumanRi
ght
s,NaviPi
l
l
ay
,
i
nher2014r
epor
tont
her
i
ghtt
opr
i
vacyi
nt
hedi
gi
t
alage,i
nwhi
chshest
at
edt
hatt
hatany
capt
ur
eofcommuni
cat
i
onsdat
ai
spot
ent
i
al
l
yani
nt
er
f
er
encewi
t
hpr
i
vacyand,f
ur
t
her
,t
hat
t
hecol
l
ect
i
onandr
et
ent
i
onofcommuni
cat
i
onsdat
aamount
st
oani
nt
er
f
er
encewi
t
hpr
i
vacy
whet
herornott
hosedat
aar
esubsequent
l
yconsul
t
ed orused.
.
.
.Thever
yexi
st
enceofa
26
masssur
vei
l
l
ancepr
ogr
ammet
huscr
eat
esani
nt
er
f
er
encewi
t
hpr
i
vacy
.

36.
Thebul
ki
nt
er
cept
i
onofandaccesst
odat
adi
r
ect
l
ychal
l
engest
hepr
i
nci
pl
esofnecessi
t
yand
pr
opor
t
i
onal
i
t
yt
hatmustbe appl
i
ed when conduct
i
ng any act
i
vi
t
i
es whi
ch i
nt
er
f
er
e wi
t
h
f
undament
alhumanr
i
ght
s.Communi
cat
i
onssur
vei
l
l
ance(
i
ncl
udi
ngi
nt
er
cept
i
onandaccess
t
odat
a)s
houl
dber
egar
dedasahi
ghl
yi
nt
r
usi
veactt
hati
nt
er
f
er
eswi
t
hhumanr
i
ght
sand
t
hr
eat
enst
he f
oundat
i
onsofa democr
at
i
c soci
et
y
.Deci
si
onsaboutsuch act
i
vi
t
i
esmust
consi
dert
hesensi
t
i
vi
t
yoft
hei
nf
or
mat
i
onaccessedandt
hesever
i
t
yoft
hei
nf
r
i
ngementon
humanr
i
ght
sandot
hercompet
i
ngi
nt
er
est
s.

Moni
t
or
i
ngbynonst
at
eact
or
s
37.
The US St
at
e Depar
t
mentr
epor
t
ed i
ni
t
sHuman Ri
ght
sRepor
tofLebanon i
n 2013,t
hat
mi
l
i
t
i
asandnonLebanesef
or
cesoper
at
i
ngout
si
det
hear
eaofcent
r
algover
nmentaut
hor
i
t
y
al
so f
r
equent
l
yvi
ol
at
ed ci
t
i
z
enspr
i
vacyr
i
ght
s.Var
i
ousf
act
i
ons,such asHi
z
bal
l
ah,used
i
nf
or
mernet
wor
ksandt
el
ephonemoni
t
or
i
ngt
oobt
ai
ni
nf
or
mat
i
onr
egar
di
ngt
hei
rper
cei
ved
27
adver
sar
i
es.
Theabi
l
i
t
yofnonst
at
eact
or
st
o conductcommuni
cat
i
onsmoni
t
or
i
ng i
sof
ext
r
emeconcer
ngi
vent
heseact
i
vi
t
i
esar
eunr
egul
at
edbyl
aw whi
chi
shei
ght
enedbyt
hel
ack
ofsaf
eguar
di
npl
acet
opr
ot
ectt
hepr
i
vacyofci
t
i
z
ens.

Pur
chaseofi
nt
er
netmoni
t
or
i
ngsyst
ems
28
38.
I
nJ
anuar
y2013,t
heCi
t
i
z
enLaboft
heUni
ver
si
t
yofT
or
ont
opubl
i
shedar
esear
chbr
i
ef
i
n
whi
ch i
tr
epor
t
ed t
hat r
esear
cher
s had di
scover
ed t
hr
eeBl
ue Coat Packet
Shaper

22 Fr
eedom House,Fr
eedom ont
heNet2014:Lebanon.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
ps:
/
/
f
r
eedomhouse.
or
g/
r
epor
t
/
f
r
eedomnet
/
2014/
l
ebanon
23 Seef
orexampl
e:Pr
osecut
i
onvAyyashetal
.
,CaseNo.STL1101/
T/
TC.Avai
l
abl
eat
:Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
st
l
t
sl
.
or
g/
en/
t
hecases/
st
l
1101/
mai
n/
fil
i
ngs/
r
epl
i
esandr
esponses/
def
encet
eamcounsel
/
f
1857
24 I
nanopi
ni
ondat
ed8November2012onaCounci
l
ofMi
ni
st
er
sDeci
si
ont
akeni
nappl
i
cat
i
onofar
t
i
cl
e9ofLaw 140/
99t
o
aut
hor
i
set
het
r
ansf
eroft
heent
i
r
ecommuni
cat
i
ondat
aofLebanonf
r
om 19Sept
ember2012t
o31December2012dat
at
o
secur
i
t
yandmi
l
i
t
ar
yagenci
es,4D00104
25 I
nanopi
ni
ondat
ed21November2012onaCounci
l
ofMi
ni
st
er
sDeci
si
ont
akeni
nappl
i
cat
i
onofar
t
i
cl
e9ofLaw 140/
99t
o
aut
hor
i
set
het
r
ansf
eroft
hef
ul
l
cont
ent
sofSMSssentt
hr
oughMI
C1andMI
C2al
l
overt
heLebaneset
er
r
i
t
or
i
es,4DOO105.
26 A/
HRC/
27/
37atpar
a.20
27 U.
S.St
at
eDepar
t
ment
,Lebanon2013HumanRi
ght
sRepor
t
.Avai
l
abl
eat:
ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
st
at
e.
gov/
document
s/
or
gani
z
at
i
on/
220575.
pdf
28 Ci
t
i
z
enLab,Pl
anetBl
ueCoat
:Mappi
ngGl
obalCensor
shi
pandSur
vei
l
l
anceT
ool
s,Resear
chBr
i
ef
,Number13,J
anuar
y2013,
Uni
ver
si
t
yofT
or
ont
o,MUNKSchool
ofGl
obal
Af
f
ai
r
s.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
ps:
/
/
ci
t
i
z
enl
ab.
or
g/
wpcont
ent
/
upl
oads/
2013/
01/
Pl
anet
Bl
ueCoat
.
pdf

i
nst
al
l
at
i
ons29 i
n var
i
ous count
r
i
es i
ncl
udi
ng Lebanon.Packet
Shaperi
sa t
echnol
ogy t
hat
al
l
owsf
ort
hesur
vei
l
l
anceandmoni
t
or
i
ngofuser
si
nt
er
act
i
onsonvar
i
ousappl
i
cat
i
onssuch
30
asFacebook,T
wi
t
t
er
,Googl
eMai
l
,andSkype.
Whi
l
stsucht
ool
scanbeusedf
orl
egi
t
i
mat
e
ai
ms,suchascont
r
ol
l
i
ngbandwi
dt
hcost
s,t
heyal
sohavet
hef
unct
i
onal
i
t
yt
oper
mi
tfil
t
er
i
ng,
censor
shi
p,and sur
vei
l
l
ance. Ci
t
i
z
en Lab not
ed t
heyhad i
dent
i
fied t
wo i
nst
al
l
at
i
onsof
Packet
Shaper
.Onewasf
oundonanet
bl
ockassoci
at
edwi
t
hI
ncoNetDat
aManagement
.

An addi
t
i
onalPacket
Shaperi
nst
al
l
at
i
on wasi
dent
i
fied bya Googl
e sear
ch on a net
bl
ock
associ
at
edwi
t
hVi
r
t
ual
I
SPLebanon(
vi
sp)
.
31
39.
Thedi
scover
yoft
hei
nst
al
l
at
i
onscamei
nt
hecont
extoft
hegover
nmentdr
af
t
i
ngar
egul
at
i
on
per
t
ai
ni
ng t
o cont
r
ol
l
i
ng onl
i
ne cont
ent concer
ni
ng publ
i
c mor
al
s.Al
t
hough t
hi
s dr
af
t
r
egul
at
i
onwasl
at
erabandoned,t
her
esear
cher
snot
ed t
hatt
hi
swasani
nt
er
est
i
ng findi
ng
gi
vent
hatLebanondi
dnothaveahi
st
or
yofi
nt
er
netfil
t
er
i
ngpr
i
ort
ot
hepubl
i
cat
i
onoft
he
32
dr
af
tr
egul
at
i
on.

Li
mi
t
i
ngaccesst
oi
nt
er
netandmobi
l
eser
vi
ces
40.
Of
t
enhel
doutt
obeoneoft
hemor
el
i
ber
alcount
r
i
esi
nt
her
egi
oni
nt
er
msofopennes
sand
di
ver
si
t
yoft
hemedi
a,l
i
mi
t
at
i
onsont
hef
r
eedom t
oexpr
essdooccuri
nLebanon33 andt
her
e
havebeensever
alal
l
egedat
t
empt
sbySt
at
ei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onsandnonSt
at
eact
or
st
ocensoror
34
shutdownonl
i
nef
or
umsandsoci
al
medi
apl
at
f
or
ms.
41.
Resear
chconduct
edbySoci
alMedi
aExchangei
nt
ot
hebl
ocki
ngofwebsi
t
esi
nLebanoni
n
35
2013showedt
hatt
hebl
ocki
ngofwebsi
t
esi
sbei
ngdonei
nconsi
st
ent
l
yacr
ossI
SPs.
36
42.
I
n accor
dance wi
t
ht
he 2002 T
el
ecommuni
cat
i
on Act
,some Voi
ce overI
nt
er
netPr
ot
ocol
37
(
VoI
P)appl
i
cat
i
ons ar
e bl
ocked,butsome notal
l
. Ther
e seems t
o be no cl
earand
t
r
anspar
entpol
i
cyast
ohow suchdeci
si
onsar
emade.Thegover
nmentcl
ai
mst
hatVoI
Par
e
i
mpossi
bl
et
obanbutmustbeder
egul
at
edast
heycausesmi
l
l
i
onsofdol
l
ar
sofl
oss,The
Mi
ni
st
r
yt
eamsar
ecur
r
ent
l
ywor
ki
ngonaf
or
mul
at
hatwoul
dal
l
ow pr
i
vat
eoper
at
or
st
osel
l
38
t
he ser
vi
ce,pr
ovi
ded t
hey shar
er
evenues wi
t
ht
he St
at
e. VoI
P appl
i
cat
i
ons ar
e mor
e
secur
e,and t
husani
ncr
easi
ng numberofi
ndi
vi
dual
sar
er
esor
t
i
ng t
o usi
ng t
hem suchas
j
our
nal
i
st
s,pol
i
t
i
calact
i
vi
st
s,buti
fpeopl
e ar
ef
or
ced t
o use t
r
adi
t
i
onalphone l
i
nes,t
hen
t
her
ei
saconcer
nt
hati
ti
spr
ovi
di
ng t
hegover
nmentwi
t
hani
ncr
easeabi
l
i
t
yt
o conduct
sur
vei
l
l
ance.

Rest
r
i
ct
i
onsandl
i
mi
t
at
i
ononanonymi
t
y
29 I
bi
d,pp.25.Al
l
t
hr
eewer
ei
ni
t
i
al
l
yi
dent
i
fiedbyShodani
nDecember2012andwer
ever
i
fiedasaccessi
bl
e.Thesewer
eon
net
bl
ocksassoci
at
edwi
t
hHughesNet
wor
kSyst
ems,whi
chi
sasat
el
l
i
t
ebasedI
nt
er
netpr
ovi
der
.Thehost
namesoft
heI
P
addr
essesoft
hesei
nst
al
l
at
i
onsr
esol
vet
ot
hei
WayAf
r
i
cadomai
n,whi
chi
sanAf
r
i
canpr
ovi
derofbr
oadbandI
nt
er
netser
vi
ce.

30 Bl
ueCoat
,Appl
i
cat
i
onst
hatBl
ueCoatPacket
ShaperCl
assi
fiesandCont
r
ol
s.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
.
bl
uecoat
.
com/
si
t
es/
def
aul
t
/
fil
es/
document
s/
fil
es/
Packet
Shaper
_Appl
i
cat
i
on_Li
st
.
c.
pdf
31 Ci
t
i
z
enLab,Appendi
xA:Summar
yAnal
ysi
sofBl
ueCoatCount
r
i
esofI
nt
er
est
,15J
anuar
y2015.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
www:
/
/
ci
t
i
z
enl
ab.
or
g/
2013/
01/
appendi
xasummar
yanal
ysi
sof
bl
uecoat
count
r
i
esof
i
nt
er
est
/
32 Ci
t
i
z
enLab,Pl
anetBl
ueCoat
:Mappi
ngGl
obalCensor
shi
pandSur
vei
l
l
anceT
ool
s,Resear
chBr
i
ef
,Number13,J
anuar
y2013,
Uni
ver
si
t
yofT
or
ont
o,MUNKSchool
ofGl
obal
Af
f
ai
r
s.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
ps:
/
/
ci
t
i
z
enl
ab.
or
g/
wpcont
ent
/
upl
oads/
2015/
03/
Pl
anet
Bl
ueCoat
Mappi
ngGl
obal
Censor
shi
pandSur
vei
l
l
anceT
ool
sPl
anet
Bl
ueCoat
Mappi
ngGl
obal
Censor
shi
pandSur
vei
l
l
anceT
ool
s.
pdf
33 Zayadi
n,H.
,Lebanesegover
nmentmovest
ocont
r
olexpr
essi
oni
nt
heonl
i
ner
eal
m,I
FEX,28Mar
ch2014.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
ps:
/
/
www.
i
f
ex.
or
g/
l
ebanon/
2014/
03/
28/
bl
ogger
s
_f
aci
ng_t
hr
eat
s/
34 Fr
eedom House,Fr
eedom ont
heNet2014:Lebanon.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
ps:
/
/
f
r
eedomhouse.
or
g/
r
epor
t
/
f
r
eedomnet
/
2014/
l
ebanon
35 Soci
al
Medi
aExchange,Bl
ockedwebsi
t
esi
nLebanon2013,
8J
anuar
y2014.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
smex.
or
g/
bl
ockedwebsi
t
esi
nl
ebanon2013/
36 T
el
ecommuni
cat
i
onLaw 431/
2002.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
t
r
a.
gov
.
l
b/
T
el
ecomLaw4312002
37 Fr
eedom House,Fr
eedom ont
heNet2014:Lebanon.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
ps:
/
/
f
r
eedomhouse.
or
g/
r
epor
t
/
f
r
eedomnet
/
2014/
l
ebanon
38 Mi
ni
st
r
yofT
el
ecommuni
cat
i
ons,Pr
ogr
essRepor
t2013,pp.30.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
t
ayyar
.
or
g/
t
ayyar
/
t
empMOT_2013_En.
pdf

43.
Ther
e have been unconfir
med r
epor
t
sofext
r
al
egalmet
hodsused t
oi
dent
i
f
yanonymous
onl
i
neuser
s.
44.
Ar
epor
tbyt
heOpenSoci
et
yFoundat
i
onnot
eshow suchi
nci
dent
sr
emai
nl
owpr
ofil
eand
39
ar
eof
t
ennotr
epor
t
edbyt
hei
ndi
vi
dual
ast
heyf
eel
i
nt
i
mi
dat
edandt
hr
eat
ened.
45.
Whenanonymi
t
yi
schal
l
engedorunder
mi
nedt
hi
smeanst
hatci
t
i
z
ens,andi
npar
t
i
cul
art
hose
speaki
ng out agai
nst t
he gover
nment
,have l
i
t
t
l
e or no pr
ot
ect
i
on f
r
om sur
vei
l
l
ance,
f
aci
l
i
t
at
i
ngt
hegover
nment

sef
f
or
t
st
omoni
t
orandi
dent
i
f
yt
hem.

Lackofover
si
ghtofsecur
i
t
yagenci
es
46.
Ther
ear
esever
alst
at
ei
nst
i
t
ut
i
onswhi
chhavet
hepowert
oconductsur
vei
l
l
anceandaccess
40
userdat
a,namel
yt
heGener
alDi
r
ect
or
at
eofGener
alSecur
i
t
y
.,t
heGener
alDi
r
ect
or
at
eof
41
I
nt
er
nal
Secur
i
t
yFor
ces(
I
SF)
andt
heAr
myI
nt
el
l
i
genceDi
r
ect
or
at
e.
47.
TheGener
alDi
r
ect
or
at
eofGener
alSecur
i
t
y
,i
saLebanesei
nt
el
l
i
genceagency
,whi
chwas
f
oundedon21J
ul
y1921.Wi
t
ht
headopt
i
onofDecr
eeNo.139of12J
une1959,t
heGener
al
Secur
i
t
yDi
r
ect
or
at
ebecameaspeci
albr
anchoft
heMi
ni
st
r
yofI
nt
er
i
or
.I
t
smai
nt
askand
f
unct
i
oni
st
ocol
l
ectandgat
herI
nt
el
l
i
gence,andt
oi
nf
or
mt
heLebanesegover
nmentwi
t
h
t
he ai
m ofensur
i
ng t
he nat
i
onals
ecur
i
t
yand publ
i
c or
dert
hr
oughoutt
he t
er
r
i
t
or
yoft
he
Republ
i
cofLebanon.
48.
TheGener
alDi
r
ect
or
at
eofI
nt
er
nalSecur
i
t
yFor
ces(
I
SF)i
st
henat
i
onalpol
i
ceandsecur
i
t
y
f
or
ceofLebanon.I
tdi
r
ect
l
yr
epor
t
st
ot
heMi
ni
st
r
yofI
nt
er
i
or
.
49.
TheCyber
cr
i
meandI
nt
el
l
ect
ualPr
oper
t
yRi
ght
sBur
eauof
fici
al
l
yoper
at
esundert
heumbr
el
l
a
oft
he j
udi
ci
alpol
i
ce buti
t
sl
egal
i
t
yi
scont
est
ed,gi
ven t
hati
twasest
abl
i
shed undera
42
memor
andum ofser
vi
cer
at
hert
hanbyt
heLaw orDecr
ee.
Ther
ehavebeenr
epor
t
soft
he
Bur
eau act
i
ng asa censor
shi
p aut
hor
i
t
ymai
nl
yt
ar
get
i
ng j
our
nal
i
st
s,bl
ogger
sand onl
i
ne
43
act
i
vi
st
s.
I
t
sexpansi
vepower
si
l
l
ust
r
at
et
hepoorover
si
ghtunderwhi
chi
noper
at
es,and
r
ai
sesconcer
nsast
ot
hel
ackofsaf
eguar
dspr
ot
ect
i
ngpr
i
vacyandr
egul
at
i
ngt
hepower
sof
t
heBur
eau.
50.
Ar
t
i
cl
e16oft
heLaw 99/
140r
est
r
i
ct
st
hepower
soft
heMi
ni
st
r
yofI
nt
er
i
ort
owi
r
et
ap,buti
n
pr
act
i
cet
hi
spr
ovi
si
ondoesnotseem t
ober
espect
ed.I
twasr
epor
t
edbyAl
Akhbar
,aBei
r
ut
basedmedi
aout
l
et
,basedoni
nf
or
mat
i
onobt
ai
nedf
r
om hi
ghl
evelj
udi
ci
alandpar
l
i
ament
ar
y
sour
cest
hatal
lsecur
i
t
yser
vi
ces,wi
t
houtexcept
i
on,cont
i
nuet
oi
l
l
egal
l
yoper
at
et
hei
rown
wi
r
et
appi
ng di
vi
si
ons of unknown nat
ur
e and scope.
.
.Thi
s means t
hat t
her
e ar
e no
guar
ant
eest
hesecur
i
t
yser
vi
cesar
enoteavesdr
oppi
ngont
heLebaneseawayf
r
om anyl
egal
44
over
si
ght
.
I
naddi
t
i
on,i
nt
hesamear
t
i
cl
e,t
hemedi
aout
l
etquot
esaseni
orj
udi
ci
als
our
ce
sayi
ng,t
hesecur
i
t
yser
vi
cest
hemsel
vesdonott
r
usteachot
her
.I
ft
heyal
loper
at
edt
hr
ough
t
hesur
vei
l
l
ancecent
r
er
unbyt
heMi
ni
st
r
yofI
nt
er
i
ori
naccor
dancewi
t
ht
hel
aw,ever
yonewi
l
l
beabl
et
o seewhatot
hersecur
i
t
yser
vi
cesar
eup t
o.Becauset
heysomet
i
mescompet
e,
awayf
r
om nat
i
onal
i
nt
er
est
s,eachagencyhasi
t
sown
cent
r
eawayf
r
om t
hel
aw.

39 OpenSoci
et
yFoundat
i
ons,Mappi
ngDi
gi
t
alMedi
a:Lebanon,15Mar
ch2012,pp.92.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
.
opensoci
et
yf
oundat
i
ons.
or
g/
si
t
es/
def
aul
t
/
fil
es/
mappi
ngdi
gi
t
al
medi
al
ebanon20120506.
pdf
40 Gener
al
Di
r
ect
or
at
eofGener
al
Secur
i
t
y
.See:ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
gener
al
secur
i
t
y.
gov.
l
b/
Def
aul
t
.
aspx?l
ang=enus
41 I
nt
er
i
orSecur
i
t
yFor
ces.See:ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
i
sf
.
gov.
l
b/
en
42 Al
Ak
hbar
,Cy
ber
cr
i
meBur
eau'
sever
gr
owi
ngpower
st
hr
eat
eni
ngf
r
eedomsi
nLebanon,22November2014.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
engl
i
sh.
al
akhbar
.
com/
node/
22605
43 Zayadi
n,H.
,Lebanesegover
nmentmovest
ocont
r
olexpr
essi
oni
nt
heonl
i
ner
eal
m,I
FEX,28Mar
ch2014.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
ps:
/
/
www.
i
f
ex.
or
g/
l
ebanon/
2014/
03/
28/
bl
ogger
s
_f
aci
ng_t
hr
eat
s/
44 Naz
z
al
,M.
,Thes
ur
vei
l
l
ancest
at
e:Nopr
i
vacyf
ort
heLebanese,Al
Akhbar
,13May2014.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
p:
/
/
engl
i
sh.
al
akhbar
.
com/
/
19751node

51.
Thesevar
i
oussecur
i
t
yagenci
esar
ef
ai
l
i
ngensur
et
hatt
hei
rpol
i
ci
esandpr
act
i
cesadher
et
o
i
nt
er
nat
i
onalhuman r
i
ght
s and adequat
el
y pr
ot
ectt
he r
i
ght
st
o pr
i
vacy and f
r
eedom of
expr
essi
on.The di
f
f
er
entvar
i
ous secur
i
t
y ser
vi
ces,t
hei
rr
emi
tand oper
at
i
ons mustbe
r
evi
ewedt
omeet
/t
hest
andar
dssetbyI
nt
er
nat
i
onalPr
i
nci
pl
esont
heAppl
i
cat
i
onofHuman
45
Ri
ght
st
oCommuni
cat
i
onsSur
vei
l
l
ance. TheSt
at
eshoul
dbet
r
anspar
entaboutt
heuseand
scopeofcommuni
cat
i
onssur
vei
l
l
ancet
echni
quesandpower
s.

For
ei
gnspyi
ng
52.
Ther
e have been ongoi
ng r
epor
t
sofat
t
empt
sbyt
he I
sr
ael
igover
nmentt
oi
nfil
t
r
at
et
he
46
Lebaneset
el
ecommuni
cat
i
onsyst
em. I
nci
dent
shaveoccur
r
edaf
t
erannouncementofI
sr
ael
havi
ngdes
t
r
oyedspyi
ngequi
pmenti
nLebanonwhi
chwast
hendi
scover
edbyt
heLebanese
47
aut
hor
i
t
i
es.Suchi
nci
dent
st
ookpl
acei
nDecember2011,Febr
uar
yandJ
ul
y2012,
andmor
e
48
r
ecent
l
yi
nSept
ember2014.
53.
I
n 2012,Kasper
sky Lab49,a Russi
an mul
t
i
nat
i
onalcomput
ersecur
i
t
y company
,publ
i
shed
r
epor
tshowi
ng t
hey had di
scover
ed Fl
ame,a nat
i
onst
at
e cr
eat
ed mal
war
e,i
nI
r
an and
var
i
ousot
hercount
r
i
esi
nt
heMi
ddl
eEastand t
hemaj
or
i
t
yofi
nf
ect
ed machi
neswer
ei
n
50
Lebanon.
The r
esear
ch was unabl
et
o det
er
mi
ne whet
hert
he bank componentoft
he
mal
war
ewasused t
o spyonfinanci
al
/
banki
ng t
r
ansact
i
onorst
ealmoney
,butsomehave
ar
guedt
hatgi
veni
nwasst
at
ecr
eat
ed,i
ti
sl
i
kel
yt
hemot
i
vat
i
onwasnotonl
yeconomi
cgai
n
51
butsoughtcount
er
i
nt
el
l
i
gencedat
at
oo.
54.
Such spyi
ng f
aci
l
i
t
i
esand use ofsuch sophi
st
i
cat
e espi
onage t
ool
sdi
r
ect
l
yt
hr
eat
en t
he
pr
i
vacyofLebaneseci
t
i
z
ensaswel
last
hesecur
i
t
yoft
het
el
ecommuni
cat
i
onnet
wor
kand
i
nf
r
ast
r
uct
ur
e, and t
he financi
alsect
or
. These t
hr
eat
s emphasi
se t
he need f
or t
he
i
mpl
ement
at
i
onofst
r
ongdat
apr
ot
ect
i
onst
andar
dst
oensur
et
hatt
heLebanesegover
nment
meet
si
t
si
nt
er
nat
i
onall
egalobl
i
gat
i
onst
o pr
ot
ectt
hepr
i
vacyofi
t
sci
t
i
z
ensf
r
om ext
er
nal
t
hr
eat
s.

I
I
I
.Dat
apr
ot
ect
i
on
55.
Lebanondoesnothaveal
aw r
egul
at
i
ngt
hepr
ot
ect
i
onofper
sonaldat
a.Pr
i
vacyi
sr
egul
at
ed
byot
herpr
ovi
si
onsasout
l
i
nedabove,i
ncl
udi
ngt
heLaw 99/
140r
el
at
edt
ot
hepr
ot
ect
i
onof
secr
ecyofcommuni
cat
i
onscar
r
i
edoutbyal
lmeansofcommuni
cat
i
on,t
hel
aw 03/
09/
1956
on banki
ng secr
ecy
,and t
he penalcode underAr
t
i
cl
e 579,580 and 581 r
el
at
i
ng t
ot
he
vi
ol
at
i
onofsecr
et
s.
45 Launchedi
nSept
ember2013f
ol
l
owi
ngayearofconsul
t
at
i
on,t
heI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
Pr
i
nci
pl
esont
heAppl
i
cat
i
onofHumanRi
ght
st
o
Communi
cat
i
onsSur
vei
l
l
anceasetofst
andar
dst
hati
nt
er
pr
etSt
at
eshumanr
i
ght
sobl
i
gat
i
onsi
nl
i
ghtofnew t
echnol
ogi
esand
sur
vei
l
l
ancecapabi
l
i
t
i
es.ThePr
i
nci
pl
esar
eendor
sedby410ci
vi
l
soci
et
yor
gani
sat
i
onsar
oundt
hewor
l
d,over40l
eadi
ngexper
t
s,
academi
csandpr
omi
nenti
ndi
vi
dual
s,aswel
l
as4el
ect
edof
fici
al
s.ThePr
i
nci
pl
essetf
ort
hefir
stt
i
meaneval
uat
i
vef
r
amewor
k
f
orassessi
ngsur
vei
l
l
ancepr
act
i
cesi
nt
hecont
extofi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
humanr
i
ght
sl
aw.Pl
easer
ef
ert
ot
he
www.
necessar
yandpr
opor
t
i
onat
e.
or
gwebsi
t
ef
orf
ur
t
herdet
ai
l
s.
46 Fr
eedom House,Fr
eedom ont
heNet2014:Lebanon.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
ps:
/
/
f
r
eedomhouse.
or
g/
r
epor
t
/
f
r
eedomnet
/
2014/
l
ebanon
47 BBC News,I
sr
aeldest
r
oys'
spydevi
ces'i
nsout
herLebanon,3J
ul
y2012.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
bbc.
co.
uk/
news/
wor
l
dmi
ddl
eeast
18691792
48 TheAssoci
at
edPr
essandKhour
y
,J
.
,I
sr
aeldet
onat
esspyi
ngdevi
cei
nsout
hLebanon,r
epor
tsays,6Sept
ember2014.Avai
l
abl
e
at
:ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
haar
et
z
.
com/
news/
di
pl
omacydef
ense/
1.
614343
49 Kasper
sky
,
Kasper
skyLabDi
scover
s
GaussANew Compl
exCyber
Thr
eatDesi
gnedt
oMoni
t
orOnl
i
neBanki
ngAccount
s,9
August2012.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
kasper
sky.
com/
about
/
news/
vi
r
us/
2012/
Kasper
sky_Lab_and_I
TU_Di
scover
_Gauss_A_New_Compl
ex
_Cyber
_Thr
eat
_D
esi
gned_t
o_Moni
t
or
_Onl
i
ne_Banki
ng_Account
s
50 Raad,M.
,Sur
vei
l
l
i
ngt
hebanki
ngsect
ori
nLebanon,publ
i
shedi
nGl
obal
I
nf
or
mat
i
onSoci
et
yWat
ch2014:Communi
cat
i
ons
Sur
v
ei
l
l
ancei
nt
heDi
gi
t
al
Age.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
p:
/
/
gi
swat
ch.
or
g/
en/
count
r
yr
epor
t
/
communi
cat
i
onssur
vei
l
l
ance/
l
ebanon
51 Zet
t
er
,K.
,Fl
ameandSt
uxnetcousi
nt
ar
getLebanesebankcust
omercar
r
i
esmyst
er
i
ouspayl
oad,Wi
r
ed,8Sept
ember2012.
Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
wi
r
ed.
com/
2012/
08/
gaussespi
onaget
ool
/

56.
Gi
vent
hel
ackofadat
apr
ot
ect
i
onr
egi
me,t
hecur
r
enti
ssuesofconcer
ni
nt
hear
eaofdat
a
pr
ot
ect
i
oni
ncl
ude:

Uni
queI
D numberegover
nmenti
ni
t
i
at
i
veandt
hei
mpendi
ngdepl
oymentofbi
omet
r
i
cpasspor
t
s
57.
I
n2002,Lebanonl
aunchedi
t
sfir
stegover
nmenti
ni
t
i
at
i
vewhi
chwast
henupdat
edi
n2007t
o
i
ncl
udet
heest
abl
i
shmentofaUni
queI
dent
i
t
yNumber(
UI
N)undert
he'
eci
t
i
z
en'pi
l
l
aroft
he
52
st
r
at
egy
.Thegover
nmentnot
edt
hatt
hi
swasapr
er
equi
si
t
et
ot
heSmar
tcar
d.
Thei
dent
i
t
y
car
di
ncl
udes10finger
pr
i
nt
sandpal
m pr
i
nt
saswel
last
hehol
der
'
smot
her
'
sandf
at
her
'
s
name.
58.
I
n 2013,t
he gover
nmentofLebanon announced t
hati
twoul
d st
ar
tusi
ng bi
omet
r
i
cs
passpor
t
s as a r
esul
tofa r
equestby t
he Uni
t
ed Nat
i
onalI
nt
er
nat
i
onalCi
vi
lAvi
at
i
on
Or
gani
z
at
i
on(
I
CAO)
.I
CAO hassetadeadl
i
neof24November2015f
oral
l
ofi
t
smember
st
o
adoptbi
omet
r
i
ct
echnol
ogi
es.
59.
I
twasr
ecent
l
yannounced53 t
hatI
nk
r
i
pt
,aLebanonbasedResour
ceGr
oupHol
di
ng(
RGH)
,
who had submi
t
t
ed a j
oi
nt of
f
er wi
t
h Gemal
t
o,a di
gi
t
alsecur
i
t
y company wi
t
hi
t
s
headquar
t
er
si
nt
heNet
her
l
ands,hadwont
het
endert
osuppl
yLebanonwi
t
hsecur
i
t
ypr
i
nt
bi
omet
r
i
cpasspor
t
s.I
nkr
i
ptwoul
dmanaget
hepr
ogr
ammi
ngandsof
t
war
edevel
opmenti
nhouse,and Gemal
t
o woul
d be i
n char
ge ofmanuf
act
ur
i
ng t
he passpor
t
sand t
he mat
ch
pr
ogr
amme'
si
nt
er
f
acewi
t
ht
hecodi
ngmachi
nes.
60.
Thepasspor
twi
l
li
ncl
udeaSI
M car
dsi
z
edchi
pwhi
chwoul
di
ncl
udedat
aont
hei
dent
i
f
yand
cr
i
mi
nal
hi
s
t
or
yoft
hepasspor
thol
deraswel
l
asfinger
pr
i
nt
sandf
aci
al
r
ecogni
t
i
on.
61.
Gi
vent
hel
ackofadat
apr
ot
ect
i
onf
r
amewor
kandar
obustConst
i
t
ut
i
onalpr
ot
ect
i
onoft
he
r
i
ghtt
opol
i
cy
,bi
omet
r
i
cpasspor
t
swi
l
lbedepl
oyedi
nacompl
et
el
egalvoi
dwhi
chwi
l
lf
ai
lt
o
r
egul
at
eandl
i
mi
tt
hepur
poseoft
heuseofbi
omet
r
i
cdat
aofci
t
i
z
ens.Thus,i
tcanpot
ent
i
al
l
y
beusedasat
ool
f
orsur
vei
l
l
ancet
hr
oughpr
ofil
i
ng,dat
ami
ni
ngandbi
gdat
aanal
ysi
s.
54
62.
Theuseofbi
omet
r
i
ct
echnol
ogycanbepr
obl
emat
i
c:
Thedat
apr
ocessedi
satr
i
skofbei
ngmi
susedandi
ssubj
ectt
of
r
aud;
I
tcanr
esul
ti
nmi
si
dent
i
ficat
i
onandi
naccur
aci
es;
I
t
snat
ur
er
ender
si
texcl
usi
onar
y
I
t
sunr
egul
at
edr
et
ent
i
onr
ai
sesquest
i
onsoff
unct
i
oncr
eep(
usesofbi
omet
r
i
cdat
af
or
pur
posesf
orwhi
chi
twasnotor
i
gi
nal
l
ycol
l
ect
ed)andconcer
nsar
oundt
hesaf
et
yoft
he
dat
a

63.
Addi
t
i
onal
l
y
,t
he physi
calordi
gi
t
alst
r
uct
ur
ei
n whi
ch bi
omet
r
i
c dat
ai
s st
or
ed mustbe
devel
oped t
o ensur
et
hesaf
et
yoft
hedat
a.I
ft
heyar
et
o beused,cent
r
al
i
sed massdat
a
syst
emsmustber
egul
at
ed bycl
earl
egi
sl
at
i
oni
nor
dert
o el
i
mi
nat
et
hepossi
bi
l
i
t
yoft
he
gover
nmentort
hi
r
dpar
t
i
es(
i
.
e.pr
i
vat
esect
oract
or
s)t
aki
ngadvant
ageoft
heexi
st
enceof
t
hedat
af
or(
new)unf
or
eseenpur
pos
es.
64.
An addi
t
i
onalconcer
ni
st
he i
nvol
vementofa nonLebanese company
,Gemal
t
o,i
nt
he
pr
ocess r
ai
ses concer
ns as t
ot
he owner
shi
p of dat
a, and t
he r
esponsi
bi
l
i
t
y and
account
abi
l
i
t
yoft
hegover
nmentandt
hecompanyt
opr
ot
ectt
hedat
af
r
om abuse,t
hef
t
,and
l
oss.Gi
ven t
hatLebanon does nothave a dat
a pr
ot
ect
i
on l
aw,i
ti
s essent
i
alt
hatt
he
gover
nmentt
akest
hest
epsnecessar
yt
oensur
et
hepr
ot
ect
i
onofi
t
sci
t
i
z
ensper
sonaldat
a
52 Mi
ni
st
erofSt
at
ef
orAdmi
ni
st
r
at
i
veRef
or
m,Hi
ghLevelegover
nmentst
r
at
egyDocument
:Lebanon,eGov2007,pp.12.Avai
l
abl
e
at
:ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
omsar
.
gov
.
l
b/
Cul
t
ur
es/
enUS/
Publ
i
cat
i
ons
/
St
r
at
egi
es/
Document
s/
4a8c1c25f
5f
9444aa94923c5e4d38cacHi
ghLevel
EGover
nment
St
r
at
egyAM21J
an08.
pdf
53 BankAudi
,TheLebanonWeekl
yMoni
t
or
,Febr
uar
y23Mar
ch,01,2015,Week09,p.9.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
bankaudi
.
com.
l
b/
Gr
oupWebsi
t
e/
openAudi
Fi
l
e.
aspx?i
d=2534
54 Pr
i
vacyI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
(
2013)Bi
omet
r
i
cs:Fr
i
endorf
oeofpr
i
vacy?Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
ps:
/
/
www.
pr
i
vacyi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
.
or
g/
si
t
es/
pr
i
vacyi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
.
or
g/
fil
es/
fil
edownl
oads/
bi
omet
r
i
cs_f
r
i
end_or
_f
oe.
pdf

whenengagi
ngwi
t
ht
hi
r
dpar
t
i
es.Gi
v
ent
her
ecentr
evel
at
i
onst
hatGemal
t
o'
sof
ficenet
wor
k
55
had been t
he t
ar
getofat
t
acks i
n 2010 and 2011,pr
obabl
y by t
he NSA,t
he U.
S.
i
nt
el
l
i
genceagency
,andGCHQ,t
heBr
i
t
i
shi
nt
el
l
i
genceagency
,i
ti
si
mpor
t
antt
onot
ehow
such compani
eshave now become t
he t
ar
getofi
nt
el
l
i
gence agenci
es,and so t
heyar
e
vul
ner
abl
et
oat
t
acks.

Dat
ar
et
ent
i
on56
65.
I
twasr
epor
t
edi
n2013,t
hatanor
deri
ssuedon7J
une2013byt
hePubl
i
cPr
osecut
or
'
sof
fice
r
equest
ed al
li
nt
er
netser
vi
cepr
ovi
der
s(
I
SPs)
,and somei
nt
er
netcaf
est
hatof
f
erI
nt
er
net
57
access,t
or
et
ai
nt
he dat
a oft
hei
ruser
s'act
i
vi
t
yf
ora per
i
od ofone year
. The or
der
i
nst
r
uct
edal
ll
andl
i
neandwi
r
el
essi
nt
er
netser
vi
cepr
ovi
der
sf
orhomesandcompani
esand
f
r
om al
lcaf
sandst
or
espr
ovi
di
ngt
hei
rcl
i
ent
swi
t
hdevi
cest
hr
oughwhi
cht
heycanaccess
t
heI
nt
er
net
t
odowhat
everi
tt
akest
oact
i
vat
eandsaveal
lI
nt
er
netl
ogfil
esgoi
ngt
hr
ough
t
hei
rser
ver
sand r
out
er
s,and pr
epar
eaper
i
odi
calbackup copyt
o savet
hesefil
esf
r
om
bei
ngl
ost
,f
oratl
eastoneyear
.
58 Theor
deral
soout
l
i
nest
het
ypeofuserdat
at
hatmust
r
et
ai
nedi
ncl
udi
ngt
heuser
name,us
er

sI
Paddr
ess,t
hewebsi
t
est
owhi
chs/
heconnect
ed,
andt
hepr
ot
ocol
susedi
nt
hepr
ocess,i
naddi
t
i
ont
ospeci
f
yi
ngt
heuser

sl
ocat
i
on.
66.
Dat
ar
et
ent
i
oni
sbr
oadl
ypr
esent
edasamet
hodt
ocombatser
i
ouscr
i
mesuchasor
gani
z
ed
59
cr
i
meandt
er
r
or
i
sm .Thesegoal
sar
egener
al
l
yconsi
der
edadequat
eobj
ect
i
vest
oat
t
empt
t
o combat
.Thatdoes notmean t
hatal
lmeasur
es t
aken i
n achi
evi
ng t
hatobj
ect
i
ve ar
e
60
l
egi
t
i
mat
e,andi
tr
ai
sesquest
i
onofnecessi
t
yandpr
opor
t
i
onal
i
t
y
.
67.
Aswasnot
edbyt
heUN Of
ficeoft
heHi
ghCommi
ssi
onerf
orHumanRi
ght
s(
OHCHR)i
ni
t
s
61
r
epor
tont
her
i
ghtt
o pr
i
vacyi
nt
hedi
gi
t
alage,
anycapt
ur
eofcommuni
cat
i
onsdat
ai
s
pot
ent
i
al
l
y an i
nt
er
f
er
ence wi
t
h pr
i
vacy and,f
ur
t
her
,t
hatt
he col
l
ect
i
on and r
et
ent
i
on of
communi
cat
i
onsdat
aamount
st
oani
nt
er
f
er
encewi
t
hpr
i
vacywhet
herornott
hosedat
aar
e
subsequent
l
yconsul
t
ed orused.Event
hemer
epossi
bi
l
i
t
yofcommuni
cat
i
onsi
nf
or
mat
i
on
bei
ngcapt
ur
edcr
eat
esani
nt
er
f
er
encewi
t
hpr
i
vacywi
t
hapot
ent
i
alchi
l
l
i
ngef
f
ectonr
i
ght
s,
i
ncl
udi
ngt
hoset
of
r
eeexpr
essi
onandassoci
at
i
on.

Et
r
ansact
i
onbi
l
l
62
68.
I
n2010,Lebanonpr
oposedanew Law onel
ect
r
oni
ct
r
ansact
i
ons.
TheLaw wasi
nt
endedt
o
addr
essmul
t
i
pl
esi
ssuesi
ncl
udi
ng t
her
egul
at
i
onofel
ect
r
oni
csi
gnat
ur
es,whi
chi
sal
egal
i
ssue;ecommer
ce t
r
ansact
i
ons,whi
ch i
s a commer
ci
ali
ssue;and r
espectf
ori
ndi
vi
dual
pr
i
vacyandt
hepr
ot
ect
i
onofper
sonal
f
r
eedoms.

55 Gemal
t
o,Gemal
t
opr
esent
st
hefindi
ngsofi
t
si
nvest
i
gat
i
onsi
nt
ot
heal
l
egedhacki
ngofSI
M car
dencr
ypt
i
onkeysbyBr
i
t
ai
n'
s
Gover
nmentCommuni
cat
i
onsHeadquar
t
er
s(
GCHQ)andt
heU.
S.Nat
i
onalSecur
i
t
yAgency(
NSA),25Febr
uar
y2015.Avai
l
abl
e
at
:ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
gemal
t
o.
com/
pr
ess/
Pages/
Gemal
t
opr
esent
st
hefindi
ngsof
i
t
si
nvest
i
gat
i
onsi
nt
ot
heal
l
egedhacki
ngof
SI
Mcar
dencr
ypt
i
onkeys.
aspx
56 Pr
i
vacyI
nt
er
nat
i
onal
,MassSur
vei
l
l
ance,Pr
i
vacy101.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
ps:
/
/
www.
pr
i
vacyi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
.
or
g/
r
esour
ces/
pr
i
vacy101/
masssur
vei
l
l
ance
57 Fr
eedom House,Fr
eedom ont
heNet2014:Lebanon.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
ps:
/
/
f
r
eedomhouse.
or
g/
r
epor
t
/
f
r
eedomnet
/
2014/
l
ebanon
58 Nash,M.
,Pr
ovi
der
st
r
acki
ngcust
omer
s'I
nt
er
netuse,Now,29November2013.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
ps:
/
/
now.
mmedi
a.
me/
l
b/
en/
r
epor
t
sf
eat
ur
es/
523209523209523209pr
ovi
der
s
t
r
acki
ngcust
omer
si
nt
er
net
use
59 Di
gi
t
al
Ri
ght
sI
r
el
andvMi
ni
st
erf
orCommuni
cat
i
ons,Mar
i
neandNat
ur
al
Resour
cesetal
.
,Eur
opeanCour
tofJ
ust
i
ce,C293/
12,
par
a.4144.Avai
l
abl
eat
:ht
t
p:
/
/
cur
i
a.
eur
opa.
eu/
j
ur
i
s/
document
/
document
.
j
sf
?
t
ext
=&doci
d=150642&pageI
ndex=0&docl
ang=en&mode=l
st
&di
r
=&occ=fir
st
&par
t
=1&ci
d=322968.
60 Kl
assandOt
her
svGer
many
,Eur
opeanCour
tofHumanRi
ght
s,Appl
i
cat
i
onNo.5029/
71,par
a.49.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
hudoc.
echr
.
coe.
i
nt
/
si
t
es/
eng/
pages/
sear
ch.
aspx?i
=00157510
61 A/
HRC/
27/
37,par
a20
62 Khaddaj
,A.
,Lebanon'
spr
oposedi
nt
er
netl
aw st
r
uggl
est
ogai
nI
Tsect
orsuppor
t
,Al
Shor
f
a,17August2011.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
al
shor
f
a.
com/
en_GB/
ar
t
i
cl
es/
mei
i
/
f
eat
ur
es/
mai
n/
2011/
08/
17/
02

69.
Att
het
i
me,ci
vi
l
soci
et
yor
gani
sat
i
onsr
ai
sedconcer
nsaboutAr
t
i
cl
e82oft
heBi
l
l
whi
chwoul
d
al
l
ow f
orwar
r
ant
l
ess sear
ch and sei
z
ur
e offinanci
al
,manager
i
al
,and el
ect
r
oni
c fil
es,
i
ncl
udi
nghar
ddr
i
ves,comput
er
s,et
c.andAr
t
i
cl
e70ont
heEl
ect
r
oni
cSi
gnat
ur
e& Ser
vi
ces
Aut
hor
i
t
y
,anew r
egul
at
or
yandl
i
censi
ngbodywi
t
hpr
act
i
cal
l
yuncheckedpower
s.Onemai
n
cr
i
t
i
ci
sm wast
hatt
heBi
l
lhadnotbeenopenedf
orpubl
i
cconsul
t
at
i
ont
husf
ai
l
i
ngt
oal
l
ow
ci
vi
lsoci
et
yand ot
herst
akehol
der
sf
r
om cont
r
i
but
i
ng and bei
ng par
toft
he l
aw maki
ng
63
pr
ocess.
70.
I
n2012,t
heEt
r
ansact
i
onbi
l
lwass
entt
o Par
l
i
amentunderDecr
ee,No.9341dat
ed of8
Oct
ober2012,butt
hi
sl
aw r
emai
nsadr
af
tl
aw.

Recommendat
i
ons
71.
Wer
ecommendt
hatt
hegover
nmentofLebanont
o:

Recogni
seand t
akest
epst
owar
dscompl
i
ancewi
t
hi
nt
er
nat
i
onalhumanr
i
ght
sl
aw and
st
andar
ds by ensur
i
ng t
he appl
i
cat
i
on oft
he f
ol
l
owi
ng pr
i
nci
pl
es t
o communi
cat
i
on
sur
vei
l
l
ance asar
t
i
cul
at
ed i
nt
he I
nt
er
nat
i
onalPr
i
nci
pl
eson t
he Appl
i
cat
i
on ofHuman
Ri
ght
st
oCommuni
cat
i
onsSur
vei
l
l
ancenamel
y
,l
egal
i
t
y
,l
egi
t
i
macy
,necessi
t
y
,adequacy
,
pr
opor
t
i
onal
i
t
y and r
espect
i
ng pr
ocess of aut
hor
i
sat
i
on f
r
om a compet
ent j
udi
ci
al
aut
hor
i
t
y
,wi
t
hduepr
ocess,usernot
i
ficat
i
on,t
r
anspar
ency
,publ
i
cover
si
ghtandr
espect
f
ort
hei
nt
egr
i
t
yofcommuni
cat
i
onsandsyst
emsaswel
lasensur
i
ngsaf
eguar
dsagai
nst
i
l
l
egi
t
i
mat
eaccessandr
i
ghtt
oef
f
ect
i
ver
emedy;

I
nvest
i
gat
ecl
ai
mst
hati
l
l
egalcommuni
cat
i
onsi
nt
er
cept
i
onandaccesst
odat
ai
sr
out
i
nel
y
under
t
akenbyt
hesecur
i
t
yser
vi
cesandot
herst
at
eaut
hor
i
t
i
es;ensur
et
hatsuchpr
act
i
ces
ar
e ended and r
esponsi
bl
ei
ndi
vi
dual
shel
dt
o accounti
ft
he cl
ai
msar
e ver
i
fied and
vi
ct
i
msr
edr
essedf
ort
hevi
ol
at
i
ont
heyexper
i
enced;

Ensur
et
hatt
her
e ar
e appr
opr
i
at
e cont
r
ol
st
o pr
eventt
he use ofpr
i
vat
e sur
vei
l
l
ance
i
ndust
r
ypr
oduct
st
of
aci
l
i
t
at
ehumanr
i
ght
sabuses;

Ensur
et
hatt
hest
at
esur
vei
l
l
anceofonl
i
neand of
fli
neact
i
vi
t
i
esi
sl
awf
uland doesnot
i
nf
r
i
ngeonhumanr
i
ght
sdef
ender
sr
i
ghtt
of
r
eedom ofexpr
essi
onandabi
l
i
t
yt
odef
end
humanr
i
ght
s,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hr
oughuseoft
hei
nf
or
mat
i
oncommuni
cat
i
ont
echnol
ogi
es;

I
mmedi
at
el
yenactdat
apr
ot
ect
i
onl
egi
sl
at
i
ont
hatcompl
i
eswi
t
hi
nt
er
nat
i
onal
st
andar
ds;

Est
abl
i
shani
ndependentdat
apr
ot
ect
i
onaut
hor
i
t
y

Make f
ur
t
heref
f
or
t
st
o ensur
ef
r
eedom ofopi
ni
on and expr
essi
on i
nt
he count
r
y
,
i
ncl
udi
ngbyensur
i
ngt
hatbl
ockedorfil
t
er
edwebsi
t
esar
ebasedonl
awf
ul
cr
i
t
er
i
a.

63 Soci
al
Medi
aExchange,ACTNOW:Post
ponet
heVot
eont
heETr
ansact
i
onLaw,14J
une2010.Avai
l
abl
eat
:
ht
t
p:
/
/
www.
smex.
or
g/
act
nowpost
ponet
hevot
eont
heet
r
ansact
i
onsl
aw/