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DOI 10.1007/s11852-011-0149-0
only coastal waters but also green areas in harbours for the
early detection of IAS.
Keywords Harbour . Alien species . Neophyte .
Monitoring . Romania
Introduction
For hundreds of years, humans have been introducing plants,
animals, and other organisms around the world, in a relatively
slow process of globalizing the Earths biota (DiCastri 1989).
More recently, the pace of this process has increased with
modern trade, travel, and technology, so that biological
invasions have become a consequence of globalization that
facilitates and intensifies the spread of invasive alien species
(IAS). Human-driven biotic invasions have already caused
wide alteration of the Earths biota, changing the structure of
native communities, disrupting evolutionary processes, and
causing reductions in the abundance of native species,
including the extinction of many of them (Mack et al.
2000). These alterations constitute a threat to global
biodiversity, second in impact only to the direct destruction
and fragmentation of habitats (Coglniceanu 2007).
The consequences of biological invasions are often so
severe that they must be curbed and new invasions
prevented (Mack et al. 2000). Prevention/exclusion is less
costly than post-entry control and obviously has little or no
detrimental effects. The main concern is to identify the
species that should be prevented from entering and the
areas of high risk of invasion. Early detection and rapid
assessment can limit the damage and allow for efficient
control methods. Therefore monitoring programs are
required in areas of high risk (Lodge et al. 2006) or along
transfer routes. The investigation of the transfer routes, the
P. Anastasiu et al.
75000
60000
45000
30000
15000
0
1911
1937
1988
2008
Fig. 2 Increase in the total traffic in Constana harbour during the last
century (Administration of Constantza Port 2009)
Site
Location
Area (ha)
Human impact
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Sulina harbour
Sachalin Island (Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve)a
Chituc Sand dunesa
Midia harbour
Nvodari
Constana harbour
Agigea Sand Dunesa
Eforie Sud
45.15N; 29.67 E
44.83N; 29.60E
44.4244.47N; 28.7628.80 E
44.3344.34N; 28.6328.67 E
44.31N; 28.62 E
44.1244.17N; 28.65 E
44.08N; 28.64 E
44.04N; 28.64 E
600
400
2,300
834 of which 234 land
25
3,626 of which 1,784 land
25
2
Moderate
Low
Low
Moderate
Moderate
High
Low
Moderate
9
10
11
12
Tuzla
Durankulak (Bulgaria)a
Shabla (Bulgaria)a
Cape Kaliakra a(Bulgaria)
44.01N;
43.67N;
43.58N;
43.37N;
2
446
1,463
287
Low
Low
Low
Low
28.66
28.56
28.57
28.46
E
E
E
E
Protected area
Vegetation inventory
Data analysis
Results
We inventoried 1,086 plant taxa during the study. Of these,
927 were considered native species and 159 were neophytes, of which 60 were invasive alien species (IAS), 24
were naturalized and 75 were only occasional present in the
area (Table 2 and Fig. 3). The proportion of neophytes
P. Anastasiu et al.
Fig. 3 Proportion of neophyta
along the study sites located on
the coastline between Sulina and
Cape Kaliakra
Sulina harbour
Constana harbour
The neophytes identified in Sulina originate mostly from
ornamental and forestry (i.e. casual species). Most probably
IAS in the area originated inland and were brought by
shipping. Most IAS were previously reported in other parts
Site
Area (ha)
Number of
vascular plants
Number of
native plants
Number of
neophytes
Density of
neophytes per ha
Ratio neophytes/
native species 100
Percentage of
neophytes (%)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Sulina
Sachalina
Chituca
Midia harbour
Nvodari
Constana harbour
Agigeaa
Eforie Sud
Tuzla
Durankulaka
Shablaa
Kaliakraa
600
400
2,300
234
25
1,784
25
2
2
446
1,463
287
352
92
310
167
104
426
153
52
52
274
176
351
257
80
299
150
96
317
140
48
45
262
166
345
95
12
11
17
8
109
13
4
7
12
10
6
0.158
0.03
0.005
0.073
0.32
0.06
0.52
2
3.5
0.027
0.007
0.021
37.0
15.0
3.7
11.3
8.3
34.4
9.3
8.3
15.6
4.6
6.0
1.7
27.0
13.0
3.5
10.2
7.7
25.8
8.5
7.7
13.5
4.4
5.7
1.7
Protected area
9
Native species
Number of visits
8
7
Total neophyta
IAS
5
4
3
2
1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Number of species
P. Anastasiu et al.
Table 3 Estimators of species richness computed with the program
Spade (Chao and Shen 2003) and EstimateS (Colwell 2009). For each
estimator the estimated number of species, standard error and
confidence interval are presented
Estimator
Total
Neophyta
IAS
No species
inventoried
Homogeneous
model
491
106
42
63722.5
(599.8688.8)
137.510.2
(123.0164.4)
46.63.3
(43.3.58.3)
ICE
614.410.2
(595.9636.1)
630.829.2
(584.2700.6)
636.816.6
(607.7673.1)
707.1 26.7
(660.9766.0)
558.3
131.84.6
(124.2142.6)
130.3 11.0
(116.5162.6)
1387.8
(126157.2)
15112.5
(132.4182.7)
121.1
45.91.9
(43.651.6)
45.74.3
(42.664.4)
48.23.4
(44.359.1)
50.95.5
(44.969.1)
45
Chao 2
Jackknife 1
Jackknife 2
Bootstrap
Discussion
Our results are consistent with the general opinion that
human activities have a major influence on the dispersal of
exotic plants (Mack and Dantonio 1998). Harbours act not
only as gateways for IAS but also as reservoirs. The two
studied harbours can be considered as critical transition
zones between land, freshwater habitats and the sea (sensu
Levin et al. 2001). The high invasion rates result from the
high propagule pressure and from the high disturbance rates
that contribute to the successful establishment by new
invaders. Due to the weak boundaries and the dispersal
corridors represented by highways, railways and or canals
there is a constant spillover of neophytes into the surrounding
areas. Our study has shown that neophytes were mostly
contained within highly degraded and human-dominated
ecosystems. Vil and Pujadas (2001) found that the parameters that best explained the density of alien plants were the
human development index and imports. Since our study was
limited to harbours we could not verify this assumption.
P. Anastasiu et al.
Table 4 Main characteristics of
the eleven zones delimited for
monitoring in the harbour of
Constana (see also Fig. 6)
Study zone
Perimeter (m)
Area (ha)
Total number of
plant species
Native plant
species
Neophyta
1
2
3042
1921
13
5
148
106
148
106
36
31
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
795
1977
2414
1531
2698
3790
2935
4140
9871
3
16
18
9
10
5
33
89
121
30
137
112
57
47
91
59
108
154
30
137
112
57
47
91
59
108
154
10
36
30
11
10
7
15
25
40
40
Sulina
Constanta
Percentage
30
20
10
0
1800-1850 1850-1900
1900-1950
1950-2000
2000-
Period
Annex
List of neophytes recorded along the Black Sea shore from Sulina to Cape Kaliakra between 20042009
No.
Non-indigenous taxa
Family
Life form
Native range
Way of introduction
Invasive status
I
1.
Acer negundo
Sapindaceae
PhM
Am
d (orn)
2.
Acorus calamus
Araceae
As
d (med)
3.
Aesculus hippocastanum
Sapindaceae
PhM
EuS-E
d (orn)
C
I
4.
Ailanthus altissima
Simaroubaceae
PhM
As
d (orn)
5.
Alcea rosea
Malvaceae
Med
d (orn)
6.
Alopecurus myosuroides
Poaceae
EuW,S&C
7.
Amaranthus albus
Amaranthaceae
AmN
8.
Amaranthus blitoides
Amaranthaceae
AmN
9.
Amaranthus caudatus
Amaranthaceae
AmN
10.
Amaranthus crispus
Amaranthaceae
AmS
11.
Amaranthus emarginatus
Amaranthaceae
Trop
12.
Amaranthus hybridus
Amaranthaceae
AmN
13.
Amaranthus palmeri
Amaranthaceae
AmN
14.
Amaranthus powellii
Amaranthaceae
AmN&S
15.
Amaranthus retroflexus
Amaranthaceae
AmN
16.
Amaranthus rudis
Amaranthaceae
AmN
Non-indigenous taxa
Family
Life form
Native range
Way of introduction
Invasive status
17.
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Asteraceae
AmN
18.
Ambrosia trifida
Asteraceae
AmN
19.
Amorpha fruticosa
Fabaceae
PhN
AmN
d (orn, for)
20.
Anethum graveolens
Apiaceae
AsSW, India
d (food)
C
C
21.
Antirrhinum majus
Plantaginaceae
Med
d (orn)
22.
Apiaceae
TH
EuW&S
23.
Armoracia rusticana
Brassicaceae
EuSE&AsW
d (food)
24.
Artemisia annua
Asteraceae
AsC&SW
25.
Asclepias syriacaa
Apocynaceae
AmN
d (meliferous)
26.
Atriplex hortensis
Amaranthaceae
As
d (food)
C
C
27.
Poaceae
unknown
d (food)
28.
Azolla filiculoides
Azollaceae
HH
AmN
29.
Bassia scoparia
Amaranthaceae
RussiaE&S
30.
Bidens frondosa
Asteraceae
AmN
31.
Brachyactis ciliata
Asteraceae
As
32.
Brassicaceae
T-TH
cult.
d (ind)
33.
Brassicaceae
T-TH
Med
34.
Bromus madritensis
Poaceae
EuW&S, AfrN
35.
Bromus rigidus
Poaceae
Med
36.
Bromus willdenowii
Poaceae
AmS
37.
Calendula officinalis
Asteraceae
T-H
Med
d (orn, med)
38.
Amaranthaceae
Trop
d (orn)
39.
Chamomilla suaveolens
Asteraceae
Am,As
40.
Chenopodium ambrosioides
Amaranthaceae
AmTrop
41.
Chenopodium botrys
Amaranthaceae
Sm
42.
Chloris barbata
Poaceae
AmTrop
43.
Citrullus lanatus
Cucurbitaceae
AfrNW
d (food)
44.
Cleome spinosa
Brassicaceae
AmS
d (orn)
45.
Cyperaceae
AsC&Med
46.
Commelina communis
Commelinaceae
As
d (orn)
47.
Consolida ajacis
Ranunculaceae
Med
d (orn)
48.
Conyza canadensis
Asteraceae
AmN
49.
Coreopsis tinctoria
Asteraceae
AmN
d (orn)
50.
Cucumis sativus
Cucurbitaceae
As
d (food)
51.
Cucurbita pepo
Cucurbitaceae
AmC
d (food)
52.
Convolvulaceae
AmN
I
N
53.
Cuscuta suaveolens
Convolvulaceae
AmS
54.
Cydonia oblonga
Rosaceae
PhM
AsSW
d (food)
55.
Cymbalaria muralis
Plantaginaceae
Med
d (orn)
56.
Cyperus odoratus
Cyperaceae
T-H
Trop
57.
Datura innoxia
Solanaceae
AmC
d (orn)
58.
Datura stramonium
Solanaceae
Am
59.
Eclipta prostrata
Asteraceae
AmTrop
I
I
60.
Elaeagnus angustifolia
Elaeagnaceae
PhN
AsTemp
d (orn, for)
61.
Eleusine indica
Poaceae
Trop
62.
Elodea nuttallii
Hydrocharitaceae
HH
AmN
63.
Asteraceae
TH
AmN
64.
Euphorbia maculata
Euphorbiaceae
AmN
65.
Fallopia aubertii
Polygonaceae
PhLi
As
d (orn)
66.
Ficus carica
Moraceae
PhN
Med
d (food)
67.
Foeniculum vulgare
Apiaceae
T-H
Med
d (arom)
P. Anastasiu et al.
(continued)
No.
Non-indigenous taxa
Family
Life form
Native range
Way of introduction
Invasive status
68.
Fragaria ananassa
Rosaceae
cult.
d (food)
69.
Fraxinus americana
Oleaceae
PhM
AmN
d (orn)
70.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Oleaceae
PhM
AmN
d (orn)
71.
Gaillardia pulchella
Asteraceae
AmN
d (orn)
72.
Galinsoga parviflora
Asteraceae
AmS
73.
Gleditsia triacanthos
Fabaceae
PhM
AmN
d (orn, for)
74.
Gomphrena globosa
Amaranthaceae
AmS
d (orn)
C
C
75.
Helianthus annuus
Asteraceae
Am
d (food)
76.
Helianthus tuberosus
Asteraceae
AmN
d (orn, food)
77.
Heliotropium curassavicum
Boraginaceae
AmS
N
C
78.
Hemerocallis fulva
Hemerocallidaceae
As
d (orn)
79.
Hibiscus syriacus
Malvaceae
PhN
AsE&S
d (orn)
80.
Hordeum distichon
Poaceae
unknown
d (food)
81.
Hordeum marinum
Poaceae
EuW&S
82.
Hordeum vulgare
Poaceae
unknown
d (food)
83.
Impatiens balsamina
Balsaminaceae
As(IndiaE)
d (orn)
84.
Ipomoea hederacea
Convolvulaceae
AmTrop
85.
Ipomoea lacunosa
Convolvulaceae
AmN
86.
Ipomoea purpurea
Convolvulaceae
AmTrop
d (orn)
87.
Iris germanica
Iridaceae
Med
d (orn)
88.
Iva xanthifolia
Asteraceae
AmN
89.
Juniperus virginiana
Cupressaceae
PhN
AmN
d (orn)
C
C
90.
Koelreuteria paniculata
Sapindaceae
PhM
As(China)
d (orn)
91.
Lemna minuta
Araceae
Hd
Am
92.
Lepidium virginicum
Brassicaceae
T-TH
AmN
I
C
93.
Lonicera japonica
Caprifoliaceae
PhLi
AsE
d (orn)
94.
Lycium barbarum
Solanaceae
PhN
As
d (orn)
95.
Lycopersicon esculentum
Solanaceae
AmS
d (food)
96.
Maclura pomifera
Moraceae
PhM
AmN
d (orn)
97.
Malus domestica
Rosaceae
PhM
AsC
d (food)
98.
Fabaceae
Med
d (fodder)
99.
Menthapiperita
Lamiaceae
cult.
d (med, arom)
100.
Mentha spicata
Lamiaceae
EuW&S
d (med, arom)
101.
Mirabilis jalapa
Nyctaginaceae
AmTrop
d (orn)
102.
Morus alba
Moraceae
PhM
As(China)
d (ser)
103.
Nicotiana alata
Solanaceae
AmS
d (orn)
C
N
104.
Oenothera biennis
Onagraceae
TH
AmN
d (orn)
105.
Oenothera erythrosepala
Onagraceae
TH
AmN
d (orn)
106.
Oxalis corniculata
Oxalidaceae
AmN&C
107.
Oxalis europaea
Oxalidaceae
AmN, AsE
108.
Oxalidaceae
T-H
AmN
I
I
109.
Panicum capillare
Poaceae
AmN
110.
Panicum dichotomiflorum
Poaceae
AmN
111.
Parthenocissus inserta
Vitaceae
PhLi
AmN
d (orn)
I
N
112.
Parthenocissus tricuspidata
Vitaceae
PhLi
AmN
d (orn)
113.
Perilla frutescens
Lamiaceae
As
d (orn)
114.
Petroselinum crispum
Apiaceae
TH
Med
d (arom)
115.
Petuniaatkinsiana
Solanaceae
cult.
d (orn)
116.
Petunia parviflora
Solanaceae
T-H
AmS
117.
Phalaris canariensis
Poaceae
Canare
d (fodder)
118.
Phytolacca americana
Phytolaccaceae
AmN
d (tinct)
Non-indigenous taxa
Family
Life form
Native range
Way of introduction
Invasive status
119.
Polygonum orientale
Polygonaceae
AsE&SE
d (orn)
120.
Portulaca grandiflora
Portulacaceae
AmS
d (orn)
121.
Prunus armeniaca
Rosaceae
PhM
AsW
d (food)
122.
Prunus cerasus
Rosaceae
PhM
EuSE&AsW
d (food)
123.
Prunus persica
Rosaceae
PhM
As(China)
d (food)
124.
Raphanus sativus
Brassicaceae
T-TH
unknown
d (food)
125.
Ribes aureum
Grossulariaceae
PhN
AmN
d (orn)
126.
Ricinus communis
Euphorbiaceae
AfrTrop
d (orn)
127.
Robinia pseudacacia
Fabaceae
PhM
AmN
d (orn, for)
128.
Salvia splendens
Lamiaceae
AmS
d (orn)
129.
Satureja hortensis
Lamiaceae
Med
d (arom)
130.
Setaria faberi
Poaceae
AsE
131.
Sedum sarmentosum
Crassulaceae
Ch
As
d (orn)
132.
Sicyos angulatus
Cucurbitaceae
AmN
d (orn)
133.
Solanum carolinense
Solanaceae
AmN
134.
Solanaceae
AmN
135.
Solanum tuberosum
Solanaceae
AmS
d (food)
136.
Solidago canadensisa
Asteraceae
AmN
d (orn)
137.
Asteraceae
AmN
d (orn)
138.
Sophora japonica
Fabaceae
PhM
AsE
d (orn)
139.
Sorbaria sorbifolia
Rosaceae
PhN
As
d (orn)
C
C
140.
Poaceae
AsS
d (fodder)
141.
Sorghum halepense
Poaceae
AfrN,AsSW
142.
Tagetes patula
Asteraceae
Am
d (orn)
C
C
143.
Tamarix tetrandra
Tamaricaceae
PhN
EuSE&AsSW
d (orn)
144.
Tanacetum indicum
Asteraceae
Ch
As
d (orn)
145.
Tanacetum parthenium
Asteraceae
Med
d (orn)
146.
Tecoma radicans
Bignoniaceae
PhLi
AmN
d (orn)
147.
Tradescantia virginiana
Commelinaceae
AmN
d (orn)
148.
Trigonella caerulea
Fabaceae
Med
d (fodder)
149.
Triticum aestivum
Poaceae
As
d (food)
150.
Ulmus pumila
Ulmaceae
PhM
As
d (orn)
151.
Vallisneria spiralis
Hydrocharitaceae
HH
Trop
d (acv)
152.
Veronica persica
Plantaginaceae
As
153.
Vinca major
Apocynaceae
Med
d (orn)
154.
Violawittrockiana
Violaceae
cult.
d (orn)
155.
Vitis vinifera
Vitaceae
PhLi
AsSW, Med
d (drink)
156.
Xanthium spinosum
Asteraceae
AmS
157.
Asteraceae
Med
158.
Zea mays
Poaceae
Am
d (food, fodder)
159.
Zinnia elegans
Asteraceae
AmN
d (orn)
Life form: Ch Chamaephytae, G Geophyte, H Hemicryptophyte, Hd Hydrophyte, PhEp Epiphyte, PhLi Liana, PhM Macrophanerophyte, PhN
Nanophanerophyte, T Therophyte, TH Hemitherophyte
Origin: Af Africa, Am America, As Asia, Eu Europe, Trop Tropical, Med Mediterranean, Sm Submediterranean, N North, E East, S South, W West,
C Centre (central)
Way of introduction: a accidental, d deliberate, orn ornamental; food human food, for forestry, med medicinal, arom aromatic, tinct tinctorial, ser
sericiculture
Invasive status: I invasive, N naturalized, C casual
a
invasive species in Romania, but only escaped from cultivation to Sulina (casual)
P. Anastasiu et al.
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