PAINTING

In the last half of the 19th century, Filipino painters showed enough maturity of
concept and technique to merit critical acclaim. Damian Domingo got recognition as
the “father of Filipino painting.” Towards the end of the Spanish regime, two Filipino
painters won recognition in Europe – Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo and Juan Luna.
Hidalgo’s Antigone and Luna’sSpolarium were both acclaimed in Europe as
masterpieces of Filipino painting. In 1884, Luna won the first Gold Medal at the
Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes for his Spolarium. This monumental painting
shows fallen gladiators being dragged to an unseen pile of corpses in a chamber
beneath the Roman arena.

Spoliarium,Art Manila

After World War II, the Neo-Realist school of painting emerged, with such notable
members as Vicente Manansala, Hernando R. Ocampo, Victor Edades, Arturo
Rogerio Luz, Jose T. Joya, and others.
The name of Jose Joya (1931 - 1995) is synonymous to the best in Philippine abstract
expressionist art. He produced an excellent body of bold and lyrical works.
 SCULPTURE
Filipino sculptors came to be known in the middle of the 19th century. Classical
Philippine sculpture reached its peak in the works of Guillermo Tolentino (1890-
1976). His best known masterpiece is the Bonifacio Monument, which is a group
sculpture composed of numerous figures massed around a central obelisk. The
principal figure is Andres Bonifacio, leader of the revolution against Spain in 1896.
Behind him stands Emilio Jacinto, the brains of the Katipunan. The Bonifacio
Monumen t - completed in 1933 -- marked the apex of Tolentino'’s career.

Bonifacio Monument

Napoleon Abueva (born 1930), one of Tolentino'’s pupils, is one of the pioneering
modernists in sculpture. He used various media. And his stylization bordered on the
abstract as inAllegorical Harpoon, in which the dominant horizantal thrust of the
figure evokes the vitality of primitive forms.
 Allegorical Harpoon, Art Philippines

Abueva'’s more famous work is Fredesvinda , which was included in the First
ASEAN Sculpture Symposium held in Fort Canning Hill, Singapore, from March 27
to April 26, 1981.

Fredesvinda, The Asean Sculptures

 MUSIC
With the death of Nicanor Abelardo and Francisco Santiago, the two greatest Filipino
composers, Filipino music has been struggling. However, the efforts of such
musicians as Antonio J. Molina, Felipe P. Padilla de Leon, Lucio San Pedro, and
others, using folk literature and folk songs, have contributed to the revival of Filipino
music.
The Philippines is rich in sound-producing instruments, such as percussions, flutes
and stringed instruments. Here are some examples:
Gongs – There are two types used in the Philippines. One is the flat gong which is a
narrow-rimmed gong without central protrusion and found exclusively in the north.
The other has a boss or central protrusion with narrow or very wide rim, widely used
only in southern Philippines.

Kulintang (gong-chime)

Kutyapi – This is a two-stringed plucked lute, commonly found in Maganoy,

Maguindanao. It is one of the most technically demanding and difficult to master
among Filipino traditional instruments. However, the kutyapi music is rich in melodic
and rhythmic sound and is deeply poetic in inspiration.

Kutyapi (two-stringed plucked lute)

 DANCE
Native dances occur in amazing diversity throughout the Philippines. However, many
of them are of varied origins and functions – Some are part of a tribal rite or sacrifice;
others are in native feasts and festivals to conciliate the spirits, seek deliverance from
pestilence or mark births and deaths; and still others have a lighter burden to carry:
flirtation or courtship, or to lighten the tasks of planting or harvesting.

Darangan Cultural Troupe Dancers

 METAL WORKS
This is generally inlay in silver and gold or black. Brass is much used for the common
things, such as bowls and trays, ladders, weapons, gongs, and other musical
instruments.

Muslim weaponry and household utensils

 SARI-MANOK
It is the legendary bird or “artificial cock” that has become an ubiquitous symbol of
Maranaw art. It is depicted as a fowl with wings and feathered tail, holding a fish on
its beak or talons. The head is profusely decorated with scroll, leaf, and spiral motifs.

Sari-manok
 MAT (BANIG)
A closer look at some of the mat traditions will show the artistry and the superb skills
of the native weavers. One example is the Samal mat, considered design-wise as one
of the most interesting traditions in the whole country. The Samals are Muslims
occupying the bigger islands in Tawi-Tawi. They are generally engaged in trade and
agriculture. The Samal mat uses the leaves of pandanus plant which grows abundantly
in the area. It has four general patterns: 1) stripes; 2) multicolored squares; 3) a
checkered pattern of white and other colors; and 4) a zigzag pattern.

Samal mat