HISTORY or THE ARABS AND THEIR LITERATURE before and after the Rise of Islam within the Limits of their Peninsula and beyond it An Outline for the Use of the Pupils of the Khediviah School Printed by Ig. ¥. Kleinmeyr & Fed, Bamberg in Laibach 1804.. Preface. Many pupile in the Khediviah School know but little about the Literature of the Arabs, ‘This deficiency makes itself markedly félt during the practical exercises in translation. ‘The name of a noted Arab author, ‘the title of w standard work, or a quotation to justify the use of a word, are offen found to arouse no echo. in the pupil’s mind, for the simgle reason that be bas never yet heard of thom. c An attempt was, therefore, made about three years ogo by the teacher of translation to furnish the higher classes in the school with some notions concerning the leading” Arabic works, the time of their appearance, and. the names of their authors. ‘This had to be done by the most hurried dictation of the scantiest notes. ‘The teacher soon painfully felt: his own lack of clear and precise acquaintance with the wide feld of Arabic Literature. Ho then applied to the learned Arabist and Khedivial Librarian Dr.Vollers,-who most willingly set him on the right track, and {urtber lent him an Article on Arabia, which contained ' short and masterly view of the subject. ‘This article, in the German language, was translated into Arabic by the teacher. The latter, with the help of a literary friend, since gone to his last reat, went on adding to the stock, alrealy in hand. ‘The two co-workers soon found, however, that a sketch of Avabie literature’ pre-supposed a degree of acquaintance with the history of the Arabs beyond what could be expected of tho bulk of pupils,we ‘They, therefore, enlarged the original design by prefixing, to tho history of each period of literature, a purely historical chapter. Thus a book grow up under their hands which, after receiving tho approval of a committee of scholars, was printed at the Buliq Prose for the Ministry of Pi History of the Arabs and their Literature was most favorably reviewed in several of the Cairo Arubie periodicals. ‘When the instructor in translation waa called upon to teach the history of the Arabs, in the English language, to the class’of the Third’ Year, he thought he could do no better than to take that Arabic book as a basis. ‘The present Outline runs nearly parallel with the Arabic model, the main difference between them growing out of the difference in the scope and aim of cach. For whereas the Arabie model is primarily @ history of literature, the English paraphrase is intended before all else to be a sketch of the History of the Arabs. All quotations from Arab writers, whether prose cor verse, that grace the pages of the former, are of necessity omitted in the latter; the short biographical sketches too bad to be left out, On the other hand, whilst the Arabic: model stops short, in its historieal chapters, with the downfall of the purely Arab Caliphates of Bagdad, Cordova, and Cairo, the English paraphrase has a lengthy Appendix on the history of Egypt sinco the ovorthrow of the Fatimites, An outline cannot be a pragmatic history: it cannot seck out the causes that led to the events, nor the motives that actuated the actors, ‘This remark, although applying to the whole book, is particularly true concerning the section on the Rise of Islam, where the foreign writer has eschewed looking into the Faith and the Book, lest he unwittingly offend con- fessional susceptibilities. ‘The lust section too, on the history lie Instruction ; this of the reigning dynasty, has often assumed the form of a bare epitome, rather than an outline, and has been abruptly closed, lost the political conscience be wounded. ae Arabia and the Arabs before their union under the banner of Islim, have been intentionally dwelt upon rather fully, so as to inform the pupil reader on that period of Arab story which experience has shown him to be most ignorant of, and whieh is generally passed over in a very cursory manner in most other books he is likely to have aécess to. Many pages of this Outline literally bristle with proper names. This too is intentional, and will, it is hoped, render the pupil a double service: first, it will familiarise his eye with a consistent (2) method of transliteration that he would not otherwise meet with throughout his school course; second, most of thé names are either such as he has heard in the tales told him in his childbocd, or they are names of historical places, heroes, and eminent personages, such as he reads of or hears mentioned by his native teachers — both classes of names floating vaguely before him, until they reosive real entity by being restored in this outline to their proper place, time, and sphere of action. ‘The plan is simple enough: the Arab Prophet is the central figure in the history of the Arabs and their literature; the pro-Telamie period is preceded by a sketch of the Arabian peninsula; the poriod from tho Rise of Islam to tho downfall of the three chief Arab kingdoms is supplemented by « sketch of the foreign dynasties that have ruled over Egypt sineo the - overthrow of the Fatimites. The literature of exch period is dealt with usually after the, historical chapter. Whole sections, fon the dynasties contemporary with the Arab Caliph, have been inserted in a smaller typo: most of theso, as well as vome of the Summaries, have been taken almost word for word from Stanley Lane-Poole’s ‘Mohammadan Dynasties’, The whole, in its present English garb, with its defects and any good points it may have, is now placed before the pupil in the hope that he will be led by it-to try and learn more of the history and literature of the great Semitic nation="- whose language ishis own mother tongue, and whose great deeds in the past fill up one of the highly interesting chapters of history. Tf auch an interest be awakened by it in the pupil's mind, the result will more than "repay the long labor and considerable outlay it has cost Cairo, Febraary 1804. the Author. PS, August 1894, — Mr. Th. MC Chinn kaa revise the proof shoots tnd thus saved the author from overlooking many an errr, whether in spelling or fm wording. Introduction. Krabia, Geography. Anauia is « peninsula belonging to the continent of Asia, Tt lies between 12° 45’ und 30° 25' N.L.; and between + 82° 80" and 60° F. Longitude from Greenwich. Its shores are washed on the W. by the Red Sea, on the 8. and 8. E, by the Indian Ocean, and on, the N. E. by the Persian Gulf; on the North it borders upon Egypt, Palestine, the Syrian steppe, and the Euphrates Valley. ‘The eastern coast-line, from the mouth of the Euphrates to Cape Musandain, is about 1500 me. long, and thence to Ris-el-Hadd about 600 kms, From that point fo Bab-el-Mandab, the southern coastline is about 2200 kms: Jong. ‘The western line, from those straits to Suez, measuros about 1900 kms. If vie- adopt, asthe imaginary northern botindary, a line from Suez to Buirah — abont 1500 kms, — the area of Arabia, including the Sinai peninsula, will be about 8, 156, 568 square knis., nearly six’times as large as France. Orography (mountains). Most of the mountains of Arabia come close up to the coast; there are, however, two plains of considerable extent that run along the shore: 1° the Tihtma, extending from Yanbu’ (W.) to the Yaman; and: 2° the.Batna in 'Umén, From Midian: in the north-west to Hadramiait in the south thera rans an unbrokén mountain-cbain, at times in parallel ridges, at others broadening out into. high table-land. The chief groups of this long chain. are: Jabal Shafa, with peaks 2000 m. high; Jabal Radwé, about 1800°m.; Jabal Qura, rich in pasture land, about 1600 ro.; the lofty and craggy ridges of ’Assir, and the fruitful highland plains of Yaman,a with ridges and mountain passes, called nagfl, towering above them to & height exeseding 2000 m. According to Jaqat, there extends from Syria to Madinah » row of 28 harras (vol- canie regions), one of whieh, noar Khaibar, was still active in historie times. Extinct voleanie cones are plentiful near Aden and Bab-el-Mandab, and on the island of Tajr in the Red Sea, ‘Tho coasts of this sea: abound in coral reefs that arc dangerous to navigation. But little is as yet. known about Hadramaut. It lies in the southern part of Arabia, and is @ platean, having a mean altitude of about 1000 m., with here and there peaks rising to the height of about 2000 m. From Ras Fartak, 52° east of Groenwich, to Rés-cl-Hadd, the coast is at times mountainous, as at Jabal Kamar and the like; at others the sandy inland wastes come down to the seashore. .In the wide inlets of the coastline lie veveral large islands, such as Kurian-Murian and Maszéra. In ‘Umin ® chain, called el-Jabal-cl-Akhdar, from the color of its rock, rises to a mean altitude of about 1000 m, with peaks as high as 2000 m. or even higher. Boyond this and as far as Kater, the coast is mostly steep, with deep narrow inlets whieh afford convenient hiding places for pirates and wild tribes; on the islands there are extensive pearl fisheries, giving employment. to 6000 boats with about 70,000 divers, and yielding pearls to the value of nearly 12 million francs a year. From Katar to Quwayt the coast is mostly flat; and before it (in front of it} lie the two islands of Bahrain, Taner Arabia: soomé to be, in the south, a low and flat waste; itis calléd el-Ahgaf or al-Rab ‘a-al-Khali. The northern half, on the contrary, called Naja’ (= Highland), is » nioderately fertile table land, sloping gently down-from the west toward tho east and north, and’ is separated from the eastern coast as well as from the Syrian steppe and the stony waste of Hammid by broad sandy wastes having here and thers a few grazing districts, such as the Dahnd and the Nufitd, Peculiar to tho Dahnt are the aflag (singular fulg).” These are ba shaped hollows, varying in depth from 70 to 100 and evon to 200 m., which have mostly been formed by the action of water. ‘The southern part of the Highland, i. ¢, Najd, in the narrower uso of the name, is surrounded and overlooked by the mountain chains of Tuwayq and ‘Arid, 1600 to 1800 m. high; in the north it is separated by a broad valley, called Quasim, from Shammar, whore the parallel chains of Ag& and Sala riso above the surrounding sands, Beyond the northern Nuftd lies the depression or oasis of el-Jauf, which is united with Damasous by the long cultivable valley called Wadi Sirhin. // Arabia has no large rivers and no lakes. Climate, Arsbia lies within the region of the southwest monsoons (mawsams or seasonal winds), and theee, blowing over from Africa, govern the quantity and distribution of the fall throughout the peninsula, Yaman ia the most favored; Hijéz and the other northern regions belong to the driest tracts of the Earth, In Yaman artificial means for the irrigation of the fields havo beon known and practised from antiquity; "Umén has similar arrangements, called feleg, plar. ailag, appa: rently borrowed from Persia; in the North and West they. are wholly lacking, nothwithstanding the frequent recurrence of bitter suffering. By the monsoons, Navigation, was early awakened and doveloped, first along the coasts, and then further con to East Africe, East India, and Further India, ‘The mean yearly temperature in Najd and Hijéz is from 28° to 30° C.; whereas in 'Umén, at Aden, at Makalla, and in the Tihima, ‘the month of April shows 40°, and the Summer even 50° C. Little is as yot kown of the Geological Formation of Arabia. It scems, however, to be of a very simple nature: 4 granite crystalline substratum (with traprock, discovered on the east coast of the Gulf of ’Akabah), covered by layers of palseozoie sandstone and limestone, and broken through by voleanie rock (observed on the east coast of the Red Sea, near Aden). On the southern coast chalk formations, -along withcrystalline rooks, appear. Near Khor-al-Shani. trias appears, which is. probably’ very widely extended throughout 'Umén. A broad) strip of tertiary rock uns all along the southern coast and along a part of the castern coast of Arabia. Agate, Comélian and Obsidian are sometings found in abundance. Palaeontologie remains are almost wholly lacking. Flora and Fauna. Arabie is poor in species peculiar to itself. The chief desert plants are:'the Sidr, Zizyphus Lotus; tho Nabg, Chadara’ tenax; the Ghada, a kind of Euphorbia; the tree called ath! or tarfa, ‘Tamarix orientalis; in Yaman, the talh (gum acacia), the myrrh and incense‘tree. ‘The coffee- plant of Yaman ‘hae always ‘been renowned; but the yearly export hardly reaches 150,000 kgms. The following are grown in the interior: Wheat, maize,’ barley, hirwo or millet, the grape- vine, cotton, tobacco, and above all the date-palm which abounds in an almost ondless variety’ of species, cach having a special name. ‘The number of palm treeé in the eastern region of elHasd alone i estimated to be over three millions. ‘The chief animals are: the lion, the panther, the leopard, the!hyaena, tho jackal, and the fox; antilopes, wild oxen, gosolles, wild asses, and ostriches; on the coast innumerable eagles and vultures; a dangerous bane to mankind are the any snakes and poiionous spiders; the Ioensts ‘are: often a plague in the esstém parts; for trade, transportation and the esert-life, the camel and the: horse are the indispensable com- panions of the Arab. The noble steal and the Ship of the ‘Desert are most plentiful in Najd. Arab geographers divide Arabia into ive great Regions: 4. Yaman, no. éalled becadee. it ia on the right hand side when one stands at Mokka with his face towairds the east. Tt includes Yamen in, the narrower sense, Hadramaut, Mahrah, "Uman, Shibr and Najrin. 2, The Hijaz, so called became it separates Tihimah ” from Najd. 3, Tihimab, having Yaman on the south and the Hija fon the north. a 4, Najd. ‘This is the highland ‘region. which extends to ‘Syria on the north, to the Euphrates Valley called: el-'Traq on the cast, to the Hijiz on the west, and to Yamamah on the south ; it is the most fertile and healthy part of Arabia, 5, Yamimah, Tt lios between Najd and Yaman, and is alio called el-'Artd, for it is wedged in between those two regions. _ To these five must be added tho Sinai Poninsula, with Mt Hartb, where Moses received the “two tables containing the Moral Law. Special montion should also be made of Wadi ‘Masa or Arabia Petraca, a rocky defile, between the Arabian gulf of Wlah and the Dead Sea; in it was the capital” of the Edomites and Nabatseans; whose houses and temples are cut into the solid rock of the elifs. Chief Cities, San'a was the ancient capital of Yaman and is now the residence of the Ottoman governor. ‘To the southeast of Sana stood the city of Ma-rib, near which European anti- ‘quarians found, in £876, ruins bearing inscriptions in the ancient Himyarite characters. Another of the citios of Yaman is Najréia, in which was a great dome. that equld shelter 1000 persons, Whoover resorted to it would have shia wishes realised. ‘The ‘Arabs called it the Ka'abab of Najrin, for dey sed io make pilgrimages to it, ox well as to the Ka'absh of Makka. The latter is too well known to require any further meition. “In Najd-is a place called Jabal~’Akéd, the only part where the ‘Arabic: language still proservés its purity after the prevalence of Islam and during the lapse of ages. ‘The Inhabitants: of Arabia arc of three classes: ‘The nomads or Bodouins, th half nomads; and the settled population, dwelling in houses and towss, They number about nine millions. Im the southern parts of Yaman and ‘Uman aro afew pariah tribes, known as the Akhdim or Scrvants, and the Shumur; they are perhaps descendants. of the primeval Kashites. who swore at one time numerous in Arabia; all the others are Semites, Most of the caravan rontes throughoat Arabia, meet in the “Hijéz. They are: 1. From Bagdad: to Ha’, thense to— 6} Havakiyyah, thence to Yathrib which is al-Madinah. 2. From ‘Maan, to Tabbalk, to Hijr, to Madinah. 8. From "Aktr, to Riyad, to Dhit-irg, to Makka. 4. From San't to Zédeh to Tabbilah to Maka. The pilgrims who go by sea, land cither at Widjh or at Yanbu’, or lastly at Jiddah. ‘The present Political Geography of Arabia is well worth a short sketch. ‘The Wabhtbites, whose authority a ccntury ago was very great throughout neurly all Arabia, are now limited to the Najd region. ‘This part is divided into nine tricts: 1. Al-’Arid, with its chief city RiySd, which has a population of 25,000. It is the city that wan destroyed in 4817 A. D. by the army of Mubammad-Ali Pasha. — 2. Iglim- Sudayr, whose chief town is Majma’. — 8. Iglimu-l-Yamimah ; chief town al-Mansukhah, — 4. Al-Harig; chief town al-Hawatab. — 6. Tylimal-Aflig, chief town al-Kharfah, — 6, Dawasir, about which nothing is known, —7, Iglim-Selt-il. — 8, Iqlim-al-Waam, chief towns Durtmab, Shagra and el-Quwayt.— 9. Qassim, chief towns, "Unayzah, Burayda’h, and Ras. Tho. chief town of Jabal Shammar is al-Ha-il, with a population of 15,000. ‘The emir resides here. West of Shammar are ; the two Oases of Tayma and Khaybar; and north of Shommer is the great Oasis of al-Jauf, in which is the town called al-Marid. ‘The Western Shores of Arabia are under Ottoman rule, at least nominally. Yathrib hae- about 16,000 people; Makka about 45,000. ‘The region ombracing these two cities ia the Harm, the hallowed for sacred precinets, which none may tread but Muslims. Yanbu’ is the seaport of Madinsh, Tte population is about, 17,500. Jiddah, the seaport of Makka, has about 17,000 in- habitants, ‘The places of greatest historical interest are: Jabal Ubud; Badr, pear Mount Subh; Mount ’Arafit; "Ukéz, and Ta-if, — all in the Hijéz, Sonth of Hijén is Jabal ‘Asir; chief town Kilakb, having two seaports: Layth and Qunfudeh, In the interior are the fortress called Bija or Baj and the town called, Tathlsth. On the seacoast of Yaman are the following 4 places: Abu-'Arish, Lebysh, Hudaydah and Mukba. ‘The most im- portant towns in the interior of Yanan are: Sena, tho capital, 2180 m. above the sea-level, with a population of 28,500; *Amrin; Kaukabin; Té-if; and Khumér. Fast of Yaman is the region called Jauf, the ancient capital of which is Marib, To the north lies the Land of Najrin. — The following places are under British rule: "Adan; Lahfj; and the islands of Pirim and Qamarin. — Opposite Prim is tho island of Shaykh-Se'td, which belongs to the French, ‘The chief places in Hadramaut ere: The seaport of Mi ikallah; and in tho interior the following places: Shibim, Thatim and ‘Aint. ‘There are in Hadramaut the remains of ruined towns, with many rocks and stones bearing inscriptions in the ancient Himyaritic character. Such places are: Naqb-el-Hajar, Husn- Ghurab, and Ubnah, ‘The tribes of Mahe, who dwell east of Hadramaut, or at Teast some of them, till speck a language called the Abkili, which is supposed to bo: a dialect of the old Himyaritic tongue ‘The chief senconst-town in "Uman is Masqat, the capital, wwith 30,000 inhabitants, Other seaports are: Matrah, Bargt, Zabad, and Shings, Behind the Jabal-el-Akhdar is the rogion of Iglim-el-Dahirah, with the town of Burayma, — On tho pen- insula of Qutur is the town of Bida. The following places have been in the hands of the Turks since the year 1870: cl-Has6, el-Huft, el-Mubatraz, sl-Qatif, al-Quwayt. Ethnography. With the exception of a few semi-barbarous tribes in the South, the inhabitants of Arabia are pure and genuine Semites.Genealogical Table. @ Rab i Som — Baan — Japhet ‘ | r ‘mum — Avante — pak — na — arin : Sala 4 el ss on rt igen Jatt or Goh f wou adam f at s + Sele © Asoing the Ane ite 1 Sabor Yarub , i . F rina Yashjub KS es Abreham— Nabe ~ Haran : Saba E | Himyar — Rabin from them are doxcen ded the Yamazite = Tent fm Mags, and tows fm Bh Arabs of the voath > = Lot t Ammon snd Moab Seco the Hobrows, etadl maried the danghtor of el-MudAd, king of Hijse \ alt : | & | ‘. ‘Adnan 1 . . ‘ane att fo the in dscns Iolite Arabs of the north i he. ‘The Arabs traced ‘their deseent froin the ohe or'the other ‘of two great stocks: 1. tlie sonthern or Qahtinide of Yamanite Arabs; and 2. the northern or Ismatlie Arabs, called also the ‘Adndnites, . The most prominent of the tribes descended fim Qabtin and from Isma'll respectively, beginning with ‘the oar Tiest and coming down to the more recon, were: 4. Qahtiaide ‘wives Iomalites imyar “Adin Kaila + Medd Qoat'ah Nistr Kalb Ral'ah Juhayna Mader ‘Tank *Anazal, Wait Bakr : ‘Taghii ae “Ayla nad Hudyt "Abe Tuagt * Kinda Tasim ‘Aur and Khasta Hlawisin Maik Kila Quraysh, the Prophets tribe, Hii pedigree was as follows: *Adntn — Ma’add — Niake — Madar — oLYis—~ Modriks — Khuzeimahi — Kitna — ol-Nadr ~ Milk — Qureish (leo called Fike) — Ghalib — Lawayy — Ke'b— Murrah — Kili — Quiayy — *Abd-mana — Hi bul Muttalib —~ ‘Abdullah — MUHAMMAD. ‘Abu-Bake was aléo of the Quexinh ; but hie podigres Qranched aff after Mareah thus: Tsim (brother of Kh) — Sa'ad— Ka’ — “Amr — ‘hai — ‘Abe-Qubitah — Abu-Bakr and ie daughter ‘Aishah "Umar was sli of the Quiash; his pedigree branched off after Kab thus: ‘Adiyy (brother of Murrah) — Rash — Qurt —*Abdalleh — Riyith — “Abd-al-"Usaah — Nagail — el-Khateab — "Uni. : *Uhmin was lap of the Quraishs his podigree branched off after ‘Abdmankt thus: 'Abd-shame (brother of Hsien) — Umayyih —'Abd-ul Abi ‘Amin — Uthmaén, “Ali's pedigroo is simplo, thos: Abu-TAIb (brother of Abdallah) and, theo “al— 0 Mu'bwiyal’spotigres wan the same a1 'Uthmin's at far ax Umayyahs it then branched off thus: Harb (other of Abal~Adi) — Abu Sufydn — >tvhwiya Marawin's pedigree now tacimes ony; he too was an Umayyad, and is pedigros branched off after “Abdul"A8y thos: el-Hakam (brother of “AMfin end of Abu-Bofyis) — then Maravéa imslf— than his som Abdul “Aste — then "Umar, "The protigre of the ‘Abhixde Kalifaba bennched off afer ‘Abduhmtt ‘ali the Prophet's grandfather, thus: el-“AbbAs (boer of "Abdallah and of Alpo-AL) — Ab Muhamiond — thes Abul“AbbAa) — then hia Drother Abu Jaafar el-Manste® — then hiv son Mabamnad ol Mabdi ‘hen his two sons Mua ol Hadi — and Hrba ol-Rashid®) &c, ‘The History of the Arabs falls naturally and of itself into two great Periods. ‘The first is the history of the Arabs within their own Country; it is derived mostly from their poems and the tales of their heroos.—The second period is not so much the history of the Arabs within their native land, but rather the history of the Conquests made by the Arab Race and of their Settlements beyond the limits of their mother Country, and lastly the history of the Kingdoms they founded in their newly-noquired homes. On the dividing line between these two great periods. stands the PROPHET MUHAMMAD himself. Part First: The pre-Islamic Period, or the Days of Ignorance, i, ¢, Roughness, The history of the earlier portions of the pre- Islamic period is mostly lost in the darkness of the remote Past. What little the Greek and Roman historians have to say about the old Arabs refers chiefly to the wars and com- mercial dealings between the countries (conquered by those nations) that bordered on Arabia and between the Arabs; hardly ‘a word is said by the Greeks and Romans about the events that took place within Arabia itself, ‘The earliest mention made of Arabia seems to be in the days of Qicon Hatshepset-Makera’, sister of Thothmes IT and IL of tho XVIth Egyptian Dynasty, when she sont a floct to the Land of Punt. Long before her time the Egyptians know of Arabia and called. it the Land of the Gods; but they do not appear to have had intimate dealings with it. ‘The Assytian kings tried once or twice to conquer Arabia. Alexander tho Groat and tho Ptolemies attempted the samo thing; but they only attacked the Nabathacans of the north- west. Antiochus, king of Syria, was equally unsuccessful. In 24 B.C., when Egypt had become a Roman province, the Ast Roman govornor of Egypt, Aclius Gallus, accompanied by a large army, landed at Moilah, marched down along the coast, and penetrated through Najran to Mariaba, but was forced to return without accomplishing much, his army having been ocimated by disease and excessive heat, and by the Arabs who hovered around the rear-guard of the retreating enemy. In 105 A.D., Trajan conquered Nabataca (Wady Misa), took ‘the capital Petra, and made that part a Roman Province.Sete a The traditions gathered and recorded by the Muslim historians about the pre-Islamic poriod area mixture of fable and fact, op interwoven thet it is hard to sift tho fact and the truth from the fabulous and imaginary. Most historians divide the ancient Arabs into two classes: the lost tribes and the tribes thot survived. ‘The lost Arabs were probably a rude poople; the chief tribes that perished were: “Ad; Thamfid; Subér; Jésim; Wabite; Taim; ond Jadis, ‘They aré supposed to have dwelt in the parte of Arabia called "Umtn, Babrayni and YamAmah. If the ‘Thaméa ‘tribes are the ‘Thamtideni, the classical, (. 0, Greek and Roman) historians placed them in the region whicl’ extends from Khaybar northwards to Wadi Masa, which is Petra, All ‘these tribes became extinct (perished) ‘such a long time ago that all correct. and accurate information about them has: been Jost; ‘and if they Jef any monuments or other traces of their + civilisation, such remains have not aa yot -beon discovered by modern researchers... They seem to, Have been, one and all, doscandants of Sem, the: son of Noah. + "The home of the ’Adites was in the southern desert of el-Ahgaf called: also al-raba'-al-Khéli. ‘The patriarch "Ad, who gave his name to the whole. tribe, was succeeded. by his son Shaddad. ‘See Quin, Sirah el-Fajr, vermes 7 and & ‘The Thamtdites first dwelt in Yaman, whence they were driven out, by the Yamanite kings perhaps. ‘They then mig- rated and settled in el-Hije, on. the confines of Syria, ‘The Qur-an says that the Thamfdites and ’Adites dwelt in caves and amng the rocks and: had excavated for themselves houses in the precipicos. Such rook-eut dwellings still oxist at Petre in Wadi Maw, The Taimites amd the Jadisives settled between Makka and Yathrib, in all the level country. ‘All the lost tsibes “porished ‘by the wrath of God for their wickedness”. ‘Thus the "Ad and the Thamdd had forsaken the: worship of the true God and had taken to the worship of idols, $5,God. punished them with,a three years’ famine; but - BH still’ they id not mend- their ways, ‘Thereupon He sent, to the ‘Adites, the prophet Had, to exhort them to return to the Fight path. Very fews however, believed; the obstinate un- Delievere perished in a dry burning wind, that blew continuously for three days and three. nights, which was followed by ap earthquake that destroyed their houses and broke to pieces their idols. —_Luqmin was the, most famous of the kings of ‘Ad, He was one of the few who believed and .were. saved. From these survivors were desoended the tribe called the second or surviving 'Adites.. But they too scorned the bounty of God and increased in evil-doing, until Ho at last metamorphosed ‘them into low brates.—'The prophet Hfd himsolf went to Hadramaut where he died. ‘The ThamAdites also served idols. God sent to them the prophet Salib, Perhaps Salih is the son of Arphaxiid (see above, Genealogical Table). Or he may be tho son of Pelog,. the brother of Qehtén or Joktan. . Salih exhorted the ‘Thamadites to return to the true Feith, But they wanted of him a sign ‘or'wonder, or miracle; and demanded that he bring out of the rock a she-eamel big with young. Salih beckoned to a rock nearby, and a she-damet camo forth followed by’ her foal. For all this few only-believed, and the others slaughtered. tho camel, dividing the-flesh amongst them. Thereupon they were seized with trembling and fell down desd. . Seo Qur. Sur: A'ardf, v. 71 and Sur. Hid, v. 64, ‘The reason for the destruction of the tribes of Tosm and Jadis must be here passed over in silence for motives of Aeceney. The Surviving tribes. of the Arabs traced: their deseent back to one of two stocks, .cither to ‘Adnan or to Qshtén, From the Himyarite branch of the Qahtanites arose a,long-lino of warlike kings, called the Tabsbi'ah. Some historians have thought that the Hyqsos, who invaded Egypt in the XXI century B.C., wore Qabtanite Arabs. All the Arabs of the pre-Islamic period of Ignorance, whether ‘Adnsnites or Qabtnites, belonged to one or the other— au of- two great classes: they were cither nomads, or dwellers in houses; they wore either camel-herds or settled and civilised people. ‘The Qubténites separated into two great Branches, —the Ya'rubites and the Jurhumites. ‘The descendants of Ya'rub founded the first and greatest kingdom’ in the Yaman, And the descendants of Juchun founded a kingdom .in the Hijaz. Perhaps these two branches are the descendants of Hadorim and Yarah who are mentioned among the 12 children of Joktan, see Gen. x, 26 ff The ’Adndnite Arabs are those who traced their descent from ‘Adinin back to Ismaél, the son of Abraham, ‘The Qohtinites, who dwelt originally in the south of Arabia, were the older stock, and were therefore called the Genuine or Original Arabs. ‘They are also known as the Sabacans, or Himyarites, the Yamanites or Kalbites, “ Those who dwolt in the northern half of the peninsula were of a younger stock, and were therefore called the modern or naturalised Arabs; they are also often spoken of as the Inmaélites or 'Adnénites, and as the Ma'addites or Mudatites; sometimes they’ are called the Qaysites. Of these are the ‘Mundbirites, who were kings in el-Hirah near the Euphrates, and in el~'TInéq; of them also were the Emira of the Hijaz, see below. Two Great Migrations of tho tribes so mixed up the Qahtinites and the ’Adnanites that they ean no longer be clearly distinguished. One of these migtations occured at some time between the first and the third Century B.C. The second migration waa the one which tsok place during the groat ‘Muslim conquests, in the 1et and 2nd centuries after the Flight of MUHAMMAD. from Mekka to’ Madinah, The cause of the first migration seems to have been the so-called Flood or Tnundation of ’Arim.—’Arim is the name. of any dam or dyke that is built across a valley to hold back the water. ‘The dyke here specially meant was. built across a valley in Yaman near the city of Ma-rib, to store up - 0 tho water for watering the plantations below it during the dry season. It was of very ancient date, About the 1st century B.C, or perhaps later, i. ., in the first cent, A.D., heavy rain carried away this dam—and perhaps many others like it but not so hugo and famous thus sweepirig away all houses, plantations and human beings that were in the valley below. ‘Many of the survivors, finding themselves homeless, and with no water-supply for the fields during the coming season, aban doned their native valleys and migrated northwards in search of new homes. Thus, after the Flood of 'Arim, Qabtinite tribes are found in the north,— which is the original home of the ‘Adnénites, — such aa. the Kindites in Najd, the Bou Lakhm in Hira, the Benn @hassin near Damascus. ‘The parts of Arabia which began to flourish and progress after this cata strophe were: Yaman, ol-Hirah near the Euphrates, Hauran south of Damascus, and the Hijaz. ‘The Kings of Yaman: First Dynasty. 1, Qabtén, son of ‘Abir, a descendant of Arphaxad, son of Sem, son of Noah, He reigned perhaps about 1845 B.C. If this be correct, he was contemporary with ‘Abmes, the first king of the XVIth Egyptian dynasty, who drove out the ‘Hyqsos. His capital was probably at San'é in Yaman, 2, Ya'rub. He conquered Hijiz and set his brother Jurbum as governor over it, Ya'rub is aaid to have built great palaces, and to.have raised the Arabic tongue from a ‘mere spoken dialect to cultivated and written language. 8. Yashjub, a weak ruler, 4, “Abd-Shams, surnamed Saba, was o great warrior and conqueror. It is said that he invaded Egypt, roturaing with great booty and many captives. He founded Ma-tib, and made i his residence, built » great dam, and lod the waters to it from seventy different springs. He is said to have reigned about 800 B.C, Others say that he must have lived at » much later time, about 100 BC.~ 6 — 5, Himyar. He founded many ‘ities, and extended his conquests to the far East, some say even to the borders of China! He expelled the Thatnfdites from Yaman, and made ‘hem settle in the Hijiz. It is said of him that he was the first who composed Arabic poetry. 6, Witil ot Watbil. 7. Sakeak. 8. Ya'fur, 8. On Ya'far's death, his son el-Nu'amin was either a minor or had not yet been born, i.e, he was a posthumous child, So ‘Amir the son of Bazan, the son of “Auf, tho son of Himyar, usurped the throne. ‘Amie was surnamed Dit- riyfsh, because he loved to dress in fine and éostly clothes, He sought to kill the young heir to the throne, 20 as to bequeath the kingdom to his.own offspring. But the chiefs and nobility of the Himyarites remainod loyal to el-Nu’améin, After much fighting between both parties, the usurper Zi-Rayash was totally defeated. He had ruled 10 years. 10. EL-Nu'aindn, the lagitiniate ‘8 wise man ‘as well-ax a conqueror. 11. Asmab. | 12, Shaddad, the son of Ad, of the doscendants of Saba, was also a great conqueror who extended his conquests to the far West. 13. Lugman, son of *Ad, brother of No. 12. 14, DhuSadad, brother of Nos. 12 and 15, 15, Tl-Harath or el-Harith, son of Qays, son of Sti, son ‘of Saba the younger. He is the first Tubbw’ king. 16. El-Swab, surnamed Dhu-1-Qemayn, i.e, the two- horned, for he wore two plaits of his hair banging down over hhis temples, Tle: was a great warrior and conqueror. 17. His son Abrabgh, surnamed Dhu-l-Manar. He invaded the Soudiu and subdued its imhabitants, He was the first who introduced the custom of-setting up: sign-posts (mantr) at tho fork of a desert road, to guide him on- his way back. . - 5) Was @ just raler and —ue 18. Afiiqush, who is said to have invaded West Africa and to have founded a great city somewhere on the very confines of the inhabited world. 19. "Amr, brother of the precediig, eurmamed Dbu-l-Az’ar. An unjust, cruel and overweening monarch. ‘The Himyarites threw off their allegiances to him. His reign lasted 10 years. 20. Sharahbtl, son of ‘Umar, son of Ghélib, son of Ale Muntib, a descendant of al-Saksalk, son of Wail, son of Himyar. ve ruler. He built tho palace of Ghumdan, in the Yaman; a palace with many. wonderful rooms, called mibrahs, and standing veven storeys high. This ruler’s residence was at Ma-rib, southeast of San’; it continued to be the residence of his successors. Sburabbil reigned 20 years, 21, EbHadhad. He gave himself up to case and Inxury, to pleasure and dissipation. 22, His daughter Balgis, Queen of Saba. Her contem- porary was Solomon, son of David, king of the Children of Toratl. His residence was at Jerusalem. On. heating of Solomon’s wisdom, she visited him, bringing with her presonts, as was the wont of royal personages. He received her with all due honor, During her absenee, the eruel and unjust Dhu-l-Az’ér, whom the Himyarites had ceased to obey, found « good opportunity to gather a force and usurp the power, On her return to Yaman, Balgis had to oppose him with foree of arms. After much fighting, in which he was the more successful of the two, sho ended by marrying him nd living with him about one month, when she succeeded in giving him cup of poison which bronght about his death, thus Ieaving hher undisputed sovereign of Yaman. She ruled justly for 18 years, There must have been two queens of this name, ‘one contemporary with Solomon, about 950 B.C., and another about one century only before Christ 28, Her paternal unele Malik, a descendant of al-Muntab, surnamed Nashir-un-Nvam, for his bounty, and because he ro- established law and order. He reigned 85 years!is 24, His son Shamar-Yar‘ash, one of the, most powerful of Arab monarchs. He marched eastwards; and after inv: southern Mesopotamia, called al-"Iréq, he subdued Persia, going, fas far as the city of Safad, which tho Persiatis ever aRterwards have called Shamar-Kand, for these words mean in their language “Shamar has destroyed it.” Samarqand, @ famous city in Farghgnab, is now under Russian rule. It is said that ruined building there, @ column has been fowid with an seription, in the musnad or Hjmyaritie character, which when translated reads thus: “This did Shamar-Yar'ash set up for the Lady bf the Sun.” A dgor with iron plates was found there also, having a Himyarite inscription to the effect that the distance from Samarqand to San’& is one thousand para- sangs. His ambition carried him further still. On his way to China both ho and his army perished of thirst in a sandy ‘and waterless waste. He ruled 37 years, 9: His son Abu-Malik also thought to go to China, to ‘ake vengeance for his father’s death at the hands of the guides who had led him astray in the wildernesees of contrél Asia. But on hearing of the existence of emerald mines in Western Africa, his eupidity led him in that direction, where he’too perished, together with the igrester part of 26. On the death of Abu-Mélik, the kingdom passed out of the hands of the descendants of Himyar, son of Saba, into the hands of a family of the descendants of Kahlan, the brother of Himyar. Tho first king of this branch was ‘Amrin son of “Amir of the tribe of Azd. He was a priest, diviner and soothsayer. 27. His brother, ’Amr son of ‘Amir, better known in history undor the ttle of Muzaygia, mcceeded to the power jn the yoar 86 (or 68) after Christ : 28. At his death the kingdom reverted again to the Himyarite stock, namely to al-Aqran, son of Abimalik, who reigned fifty-three years, 29, His sin Dhu-Jayshin, the last. of the first dynasty of kings in Yaman. He died about 176 AD. This line of rulers covered a period of nearly 2020 years! So there must be great gaps spmewhere, pa ge are ie cart a 2 — 19 — Second Dynasty of Kings in Yaman, : from 175 to 629 AD. 4, Tubba’ First, son of el-Agran of the first dynasty, ascended the throne in the year 175 after Christ, He ruled 16 years 2, His son Malki-Karib (or Malile-Yakrib) attained to power in 190 A.D, and reigned thirty years, 3, Asad son of “Amr, @ descendant of Dhi-Jayshin. He ceeded to powe# in the 220th year of the Christian Era, dnd is known as Tuba’ the’ Central (between’ two others of the same name), To satisfy his love for war ‘and conquest, he brought upon the Himyarites such hardships and exposed the flower of their youth to 40 many dangors that they killed in 298.4.D, ‘They then disagreed about his successor, but fn none better than his son Hassin, they set him upon the throne in his father’s stead, 4, Hassin, son of Tubba’, at once set about to seck ont and kill, one by‘one, those who had murdered his father, where- by hhe tmade himself so unpopular that the Himyarites went over to his brother ‘Umar and swore allegiange to him, should he -sneceed in killing his brother Hassin. ‘The latter ruled from 238—250 AD. 8. When ‘Umar assumed the power, instead of his brother Hassiin, he was ‘befallen with disease, and became bed-ridden, so that he had to give up all thoughts of war or rniding.” He ‘was therefore called el-Mathabin, which in the Himyarite dialect of the wide-spread Arabic ‘Tongue means “the Sedeutary”; for hho used to sit on a carpet, He eamg to power in the 250th year of the Christian Era, 6. ‘Then followed four kings, whose very names, have passed into oblivion and whose reigns extended till “about 271 AD. 7. At Inst al-Saha obtained the aseendaney, but ruled only one year, from 272—278 A.D,| — 0 — 8. He was succeeded by 'Aba-Kalél, the son of Dbi Aadhd, from 273— 297 AD. ’Abd-Kalél wad of the Christian Faith, devout and of upright conduct 9. Tubba’-Hassin, or Tubba’ the Youngest, who ruled from 297313 AD. 10, Al-Harith con of ‘Amr-Dhi-l-A’adad, whose reign lasted from 313—821 AD. 11. Marthad son of Abd-Kaldl, from 821846 A.D. 12, His son Wakt’ah. An unpopular monarch, who in- clined greatly to the Jewish religion, but often wavered be- tween it and Christianity. In his days the kingdom was in an tunettled state, and several tribes rebelled against him. His reign was from 345—870 A. 18. Abrahsh, son of al-Sebbth, a generous and popular sovereign. 370—899 A.D. 14. Saban, son of Mubrith. He was brave and warlike, and was killed in one of his raids by al-Softth al Togblibt in the battle of Hazaiz, Sahbin ruled from 899—440 A.D. 15. Al-Sabbth, son of Abrahah, an indefatigable and brave warrior, who sought to avenge the blood of his prede- cessor at the hands of the tribe of Taghlib. Kulayb, of the tribe of Wa-il, gathered all the fighting men of the great branch of the descendants of Mu'add son of "Adnan, to oppose king Sabbah on of Abrahah. After many fights” al-Rabbah ‘was defeated. Ho ruled in Yaman from 440—455 A.D, 16. Hassin Second, or according to some historians ‘Abrahah son of Sabbah. “He did not try to interfere with the great tribe of Rann Ma'add, son af Adnan, knowing them to bo too powerful. Tn his day ocourred the famous war of Bastis between the Bakr and ‘Taghlib tribes, a war that lasted off and on for forty years: At last ‘Amr, son of Hind, brought about poace. between them. Hasain Seocnd ruled from 455—478 A.D, 47. Dhu-I-Shanatir, or Dhu-I-Aqrat, Shangtir in the Himyaritie dinlect mosning the earrings, which he wore as ornaments. He was not of direst royal descent, but came fro - a 4 braneb-line of princes. Being of a eruel and licentious nature, he was assassinated after ruling from 478—480 AD. 18. Dhu-Nawss, known also by the name of Dhat‘ah-ibn- kka'ab the Himyarite, a descendant of ol-Harath el-Rayish. He used to wear his hair in long locks upon his shoulders, and ‘was therefore called Dha-Nawis, He came to power in 480 A.D, Dhu-Nawiis was once at Yathrib, where he came in contact with some Jews, and was so pleased with their religion that be embraced that Faith and took the name of Joseph. Most of the people of Yaman followed his example, Ouly the tribes of Hadramaut and Adnin did not So be raided them, Killing nearly all. He then called upon the Arabs to becomo Jews, and whoever refused was punished, He was co much feared that many changed their belief to escape his wrath, But the chiefs of the Himyarites hated him and regretted having set him upon the throne, Some of them plotted against him, but he discovered the plot and punished them most cruelly. . When his authority became firmly established, the Jews induced him to invade Najréa, to. oppress the Christians who ‘were numerous in that region. As they refused to become Jews, he killed their king, “Abdullah son of Tamir, and caused a long deep tronch to be dug, and fire to be kindled im it, into which many were thrown. This trench was the famous ‘Ukhdtid. Among the few who escaped.was a chieftain called Daus, son of Tha'slabin. He fled and took refuge with the Negus of Abyssinia, The Nogus wrote to the Emperor of the Byzantines asking authority to.send cavalry into Yaman, The Emperor instructed the Negus to leave Daus in’ chargo of ‘Abyssinia and to himeel€ procoed at the bead of his army into ‘Yaman and depose Dhu-Nawis the Himyarite, ‘The king of Abyssinia started with fifty thousand horse, Dhu-Nawis pro- pared to defend himself, distributed arms to his men, and started to meet the invader. They met on the plain of ‘Aden, ‘The Negus addressed his followers, saying that behind them ‘was the sea, and in front of them were the swords of Himyar, so that their only hope was in fighting bravely for victory.— 2 After n bloody batile, in which the Abystinians gained the day, the Himyarites fled snd were pursued: Dhu-Nawas preferred drowning to captivity in the Stdin; so ho spurred his horse into the sea, and was lost in the billows of the deep. He ruled from 480—828 AD. 19.,Dhu-Jadan the Himyarite then tried to oppose the Abyssinians, but was repeatedly defeated by them. He, too, at last sought death in the waves of the sea, after having led the Himyarites for about one year, from 528—529 A.D. 20. Dhu Yazan the Himyarite and the father of Sayf was the last of the Kings of Yaman of the Second Dynasty. After him the country of Yaman came under Abyssinian rule. . The Abyssinian Dynasty in Yaman. Sayf. ‘The supremacy of Abyssinig over Yaman lasted from 529 to 601 AD. The first Abyssinian governor of Yanan, 620—549 A.D, wos Aryat, the Kader of the army of the Negus, and also bis cousin’ Aryat favored the chiefs, the powerful men of influence, and oppressed the poor and the weak. This caused disaffection, cepecially among the rok and file of his army. Abraba, one of the army leaders, pat himself at the head of a revolt against ‘Aryat the governor. Tn a fight between the two parties Aryft ‘was killed. Abraha ol-Ashram was 0 ealled’on account of @ rent in his ear, or as some say becauso he was hare-lipped, of lastly because one of his nostrils was slit, Both the Arabs and the Abyssinians who were in Yaman acknowledged bie authort Ho ‘administered the affairs of Yaman from 549 to 589 AD. Ho died near Makka, whither he was proceeding with an army for the purpose of pulling down the great temple called the Sacred House of God. He thought that by destroying that ancient sanctuary of the Araba he would divest Meleka city of its importance, and get the Arabs to perform their yearly Pilgrimage to « church he had built in the Yaman, and would oe . thus divert the commerce of the country as wellas the religious feelings from the Hijaz to Yaman, Ho bad in his invading army one or more elophents. This attempt to take Mekka fall betwee the years 569—671 A.D. The year of attack is called the Year of the Elephant, Abont this time the Prophet Muhamed was bom. .(See Story of the Saracens, Chapter IV.) ‘After Abraha bad perished in the attempt to take Malka, hhis son Yagetim succeeded him, and administerod the affairs ‘of Yaman, under the supremacy of the Negus of Abyssinia, from the year 589 to 601 after Christ ‘After Yagstim’s death, bis brother Masriq assumed the administration of Yaman, in 601 A.D. ‘The people of Yaman ‘were pot at all pleased to see their country come more and ‘more under the permanent domination ‘of the Abyssinians. About that time Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan the Himyarito had ‘grown to years of manhood, ‘The people came to him, saying that his grandfather Dhu-Nawas had been the eauso of the Abyssinian invasion which had turned into a permanent eub- Jjugation of the land by the hated oppressors, With the aid of the Persian king, Kusra An@shirwan (Chostces the Europeans call him), who furnished him with a few bundred men, Sayf ibn Dht Yazan drove the Abyssinians out of Yaman, after they hhad held it about 70 yeare, (See Riwayéta-l-Aghani, II, 62.) Sayf thus sat upon the ancient throne of his forefsthers in the palace of Ghaméén. He then went around to all the towns of his kingdom. Wherever he found any Abyssinians secreted, he killed them. A few only he spared, and maile thom slaves to serve his person. One day, when he was out in the dosert on a hunting excursion, these enslaved Abyséinians, sbout one hundred in number, surrounded him and piereod him with a spear. Thus ended the Himyarite Dynasty of ‘Yamanite native rulers. He was deeply mourned throughout Yaman, and his body was baried in the sepulchro of his an- cestors at San'é, He had reigned over Yaman. soven years only. When Chosroes Antshirwan of Persia heard of Sayf's death, he sent Wabraz son of Kamjtr to be king over Yaman,a ‘Thus the Persian Dynasty of tho Sassiinides geincd tho ascendancy in Yaman, which remained under their rule till the year 684, when the Muslims took it during the Caliphate of Abu-Bakr. Arab Kings in ‘Iraq: Lakhmites, They ruled over Hira and Anbar, after the great migration of southern Arabs caused by the flood of ’Arim, from 210 to 634AD, This dynasty is called the Mundhirs. ‘They were the descendants of ‘Umar tho son of ’Adiy the son of Nair the son of Rabiah, the Lakhmite, of the southern tribe of Lakhm. (Qahtanites.) ‘They were governors over the Arba of Taq, and vassals under the suzerainty of the Sassinide Chosroes of Persia. Hira was their residence; it lay to the southwest of the ruins of ancient Babylon, and not far from the Euphrates river. The distance between Hira and Kfu is about ono parasang. A parasang, or fareakh, is about 8 miles. 1, The first Arab ruler over the Arabs of that region was Malik son of Fabm of the Qahtinite Arabs, He began to rule sbout the year 210 A.D. His residence was at el- Anbir. Sulcimah son of Malik killed him with an arrow lot loose from a bow. Anbar was an old town on the Euphrates, about ten parasangs west of the site where Bagdad was after- wards built, Anbar was the birthplace of Murdmir son of Murrah, the famous originator of Arabic writing, which sproad thence and-was rapidly adopted by nearly all tho Arabs, first by the Hirites and then by the Hijtzites, The Qurayeh Arabs said ‘that this form of writing was introduced from Hira into th country by Harb son of Umayysh son of 'Abd-Shams son of ‘Abd-Manif the Qurayshite, It had been introduced only a short time before Islam. 2, "Amr the son of Fahm and brother of Mali 3. Jadhimah, the nephew of No. 2. He came to power in 230 A.D. and resided at al-Hirab, Ho was surnamed el os - Abraé, the Leprous, Jadhimah was the first Arab to use tho Manjanfy or battering-ram in war. Ho extended his authority over tho Sawéd, ie. the Dark Land, of the ‘Inq, over the villages around Hira and Anbar, and over the places bordering ‘on tho Arab Desert. (Tho diminutive form is Judhaimah.) At that time the ruler over Mesopotamia and the Upper Euphrates Valley was ‘Amr the son of al-Zarb, the son of Hassin the Amalekite, ’Amr and Jadhimeh wore constantly fighting one another. At last ‘Amr was defeated and killed by Jadhimab, Né-ilah, the danghter of ‘Amr, succeeded hor father and resided in a palaco she had built on the bank of the Euphrates. She was called al-Zabbé, because of the profusion of her hair, Wishing to avenge her father’s death, sho sont messages to Judhuimsh offering him her hand (in marriage). He fell into this trap and came to her, whereupon she killed him. ‘Tho three above-mentioned kings were descendants of Kablin, See pp. 8, 9. 4. The Kingdom then passed over to ‘Amr the son of ‘Adiy, and to his descendants after him, of the tribe of Bani Lakhm, 'Amrs mother was the sister of Judbaimab, and he succeeded his uncle on the mother’s side, in 268 A.D. Ho reigned 53 years. 5. Al-Qays the First, son of ‘Amr, succeeded his father in 301 A.D. His mother was Maria of the Azd tribe. Reign, about 88 years, 6. ‘Amr Second, son of al-Qays, succeeded his father in 334 A.D. He was a post. 7. Tho kingdom then passed, in 369 A.D,, to Aus son of Qallim the Amalekite 8, It then came back, in 874 A.D, to Imtil-Qays Second, ‘the son of ‘Amr Second. 8. In tho year 400 after Christ, ol-No’aman First, eur- named the One-eyed, succeeded his father Imri-L-Qays Tl. Al Na‘amin built the palace of al-Kbawarnaq near al-Keifa, and the palace called Qaérul-dayr in the Trig. He invaded Syria several times, carrying away great booty and many captives.a 40, Al-Mundbir, son of l-Na'amfn, came to power in 430 A.D. His mother was Hind the daughter of Dhid-manst the Ghussinite. The Ghassinite kings, near Damascus, will be mentioned hereafter. : - "11, Al-Aswad, son of al-Mundhit, succeeded his father in 473 AD, He defeated the Bani-Ghassin, took their king and several princes captive, and killed most of them, in revonge for hie cousin, whom they had killed. His reign lasted 20 years 32, Al-Mundhir, son of al-Mundbir, son of al-Ne'amin the One-eyed. He was the brother of al-Aswad. 498 A.D. 18, ’Algamah al-Dhumaili. He was one of the descendants of Lachm. 44, AlNofamin IL, about 500 4D. 18, Abudo’afar, about 804 AD. 16, Imri-Qaya IIL, son of sl-No'amin son of Imris-Quys ‘the Mubarrig, succesded to the throne in 607. He raided the tribes of Bani-Bakr, particulatly in the fight called “yaum awfcah”, in theif own regions, This king built the fortress called al-Sinbarr. About this time Christianity had spread, sgroatly in Persia and in "Iraq. 17. Al-Mundhir son of Imri-l-Qays IIL His mother is said to have been the daughter ‘of Rab'ah the Taghlibite, and tho sister of Kulayb and Muhalhal. She was called Ma- §1-Sama for her great beauty; and he is better known as the son of Ma-il-Sama. He succeoded his father in 520 A.D. 18, Al-Harith son of ’Amr son of Hije the Kindite came to power in 528 AD. He is the king who said: “nahmi nagsimu bayna-l-nési we narnddu ’ala-I-fagart-i bugigabun mina-l-aghniy@i,” whioh means that he was one of those just rrlers who would not let the rich deprive the poor of their rights. 19. ’Amr son of al-Mundhir seized the power in 564. He raided the Bani-Tamfm. ‘Thi king brought about peace be- twreen the ‘Tribes of Bakr ‘and. Taghlib, after they had nearly destroyed each other in theswoary wars known as the War of a Bests, which will bo spoken of later on. He was afterwards killed by ‘Amr, the. gon of Kalthdm the 'Taghlibite; and was succeeded by 20, His brother, Qabds son of al-Mundhir, in the year 576; “weak nd dissipated prince who ruled 8 years and Was mar- dered by a man of the Bani Yashkur. 21, Al-Mundhit IV came to power in 584 A.D. 22.,His son al-Na‘amfn, 688 A.D., surnamed Abu-Qibts, ‘was a man of mean stature and florid complexion, as well as of « bed and vindictive temper. He killed the “Scourge of the Arabs” in the battle of yaum Busah, The Scourge of the Arabs was the surname of "Ubayd the soi of el-Abras of the Azdites He favored Christianity and built many churches. Abrawayz Chostoes caused al-Na’samin to be put to death, for the latter hhad killed “Adiy, tho son of Zayd of the ’AbbAdy tribe, the interpreter of king Chosrocs the Persian between the Arabs and Persians. ‘The killing of al-Na‘amin gave rise to the War of Dhi-Qtr between the Arabs and the Persiang, » war which began soon after the appearance of Islam, Al-Na'aman ruled in “Iriq 22 years. 23, After al-Na‘amén was killod, Abrawiz Chosroes king of’ Persia appointed in Bia stead, at Hira, one named Ayas the son of Qubiiah of the tribo of Tay. This was about 611 A.D. Ayte was aman of high birth in his tribe. His poems are nearly all epic and heroie in. nature, 24, Dhatawayh, in 617 A.D. During his timo the War of Dit Qar broke out, in which the Arabs defeated the Persians and put Dhfrawayh to flight, thus bringing back the dominion to the former rightful owners; and thereupon 26, Al-Aswad, soi of Mundhir the brother of king al- Naaman, assumed the power. During his time a certain man named al-Harath son of Kildah of the Thagif tribe became very popular as a physician, He bad learned medicine from some persons in Persia 26. Al-Mundhir V, son. of al-No’amin, surnamed al- the Beguiled or Deluded, seceded to power in Maghrar,OS 684 AD, and continued to rule over ol-Mira till he was killed at Babrayn in the battle of Justtha. He is the last of the Lakhmite kings (rho were the vassals of the Persian Chosroce) of the Arabs in the ‘Iniq. After him Khalid son of Walid became the governor, under the banner of Islam, The Arab Kings of Ghassin, near Damascus, Duration of their Kingdom: from 37 to 686 A.D. The Ghassanites were Arab kings who ruled over a part of Syria. They came originally from Yaman, and were descended from Qabtan, tracing their descent back through the two elosely- related tribes of Aus and Khazraj. ‘The flood of ‘Arim was the immediate cause of their migration towards the north-west and final settlement in the regions of Haurin and Balgé. ‘They took possession of a well-watered spot near Damascus, called Ghassin, whence the name by which they aro best known in Arab history. After a time they subdued a part of Syria, driving out the pelty kings, or multk-al-tawa-if, of Salih, known as the Dajilimab. ‘The latter were descendants of Nizir, son of ‘Ma’add, and of Fibr son of Malik, or of Qalammas son of "Amir, ‘and thus traced their descent to the kings of al-Hijae and ‘Tihamah. That is to say that sonthern Qahténides drove out northern ‘Adniinites. There were 32 Ghassinite that is to say ‘Méainid kings, as follows. 41. Jafnah, a descendant of Muzayqia, overcame the Dajévimah kings and established his authority over a part of He erected several monuments in Damascus. This king ruled from 37-87 AD. 2, "Amr, his son, from 87—104 AD, 8, Tha'alabab, son of ‘Amt, from 104—124 AD. He built the tower or pavilion of Ghadir, on the borders of Hauran, near e-Balga, 4. ALHarith, son of Thaalabah, from 124—184 A.D. 28 5. Jabalab, son of el-Hfrith, from 134—144, He. built al-Qanétir and Adruh and Qastal in the Loje 6. Al-Harath, son of Jabalah, 144—147. His. mother ‘was Maria who owned the pair of earrings so renowned for their beauty and great value. His residence was in the region called Balgf. To him is ascribed the founding of the city of al-Hafir and the building of the water-reservoir near it, 7. Al-Mundhir-al-akbar, son of al-Harath, from 147 to 162 AD. 8. Al-Nafamin, brother of the preceding, from 162 to 175 AD. 9. ALMundhir the Younger, brother of the two preceding, from 175—209 AD. 10, Jabalah I, from 209-212 A.D. 11, Al-Ayham, from 212288 A.D. 12. ’Amr IE sssumed the power in 238 A.D. He built, several palaces in Damascus and its dependencies. ‘These palaces were of unrivalled beauty. 48, Jafnah the Younger, son of al-Mundhir the Senior (or Greater), aceoded to power in 268, This is the Ghasstnite king who burned the city of al-Hira and was for that reason sur- named “al-Mfubn 44. Al-Neamin the Younger, aon of al-Mundhir the Senior, in 269 A.D. 16, ALNe‘amin, con of ‘Amr son of al-Mundhir, in 296 A. He built the palace of Suwayd#, now the capital of the Jabal- ul-Durw. His father, ‘Amr, was not of the royal family, but of @ noble House. 16. Jabalah, son of the preceding, succeeded his futher in 812, He was fond of :passing part of the year at Saffin,® not far from the Lake of Tiberias. This king’ is the hero of the battle called ‘yaum ‘ain abjigh’, in which he defeated the Bani Lakbm and Bani Niztr. » Pectape Safed+ Wahhab : — 3 — 17, The royal dignity then’ passed over in 334 AD. to sL-Ne’aman Fourth, son of al-Aybam son of al-Harath, 18. His brother, al-Harath IIL son of al-Ayham, 871 4D. 19. Al-Na'amin, son of al-Harath IU, followed after his father in 389. He repaired the water-reservoirs at Raiifab, whieh had been broken up by one of the-Lekknite kings of al- Hira, + 20, His son al-Mundhir, 408 AD, 21. His brother ’Amr Third, 441 A.D 29, His brother Hijr, 453 AD. 28, Al-Harath, son of Hije, 479 AD. 24, Jubalah son of al-Harath, from 496—517 AD. + 25, Al-Harith, ton of Jabalah, in the year 617. Thi king defeated the Bani-Kinanah. Ho resided sometimes at Jabiah and sometimes at ‘Atomin in the region now called ‘al-Balgé, He often fought the Arab tribes and made raids upon them, Owing to his fondness for giving gifts, he was entitled al he, Bounteous. Tt is said that there were more poets at his Court than at the Court of any other king of that pariod. ‘The famous poet Hassin son of Thabit the Anséri was strongly attached to king al-Hfrith and ‘composed many vee in his praise, Reign 37 years. 26, His son al-Na'amdn, ented Abu-Karib, and aloo al-Quttim, succeeded his father in 564 A.D. He was a just, ‘brave and bountiful monarch, was fond of learning and favored ‘tho learned more than the noble among his subjects. He is said to have been a zealous propagator of the Christian Paith ‘This king was killed in a raid in the year 581. .27. Al-Ayham son of Jabslah oon of al-Harath aacooeded the foregoing in 681. He took possession of Tadmor (Palnyra) in the Desert, and built Qasr Barékah in the Laje, and Dhit- ann. 28. His brother al-Mundhir IV in 594. 29, His brother Shurabil in 616. 80, His brothor ‘Amr IV in 620. 81, Jabalah V, a nephew of No. 80, in 683. “cireumambulations of the House, a man of the tribe of Fi — 82, ‘The ast of the Ghassin Dynasty was Jabalsh son of al-Ayham son of Jabulah. He succeeded Jabalah Fifth in 636 AD. ‘This is the ruler who founded the town of Jabalab, ‘on the coast-of Syria, between Tripoli and Lafakia. He accept od the Muslim Faith, in the days of the Kl "Umar son of al-Khattab, at the conquest of Syria, and then went on a pilgrimage to Makka, accompanied by two hundred of his friends and followers. On approaching al-Madinah he put the erown upon bis head, and decked the horses’ necks with gold and silver chains, When the Khalifah ‘Umar heard of his approach, he met him with & large party and treated him with great honor. On the day of the tawaf, which is the ceremony of going around the Ka’abah acven times, and while Jabalah was performing these rah stepped on the edge of his wrapping-sheet, which was thus loosened and fell off, Tabalah was so vexed that he hit the Fizitite a blow and broke his nose. ‘The Fizlirite seized hold of him and dragged him bofore "Umar, the blood from the nose streaming down the Wizfrite’s face, ‘Umar said to Jabalah: “Thou hast thy choice: either that the man hit thee as thou dlidst bit him, or that thon make amends for the blow with money.” Jabalah said to Umar: higher in your estimation thon [eamel-] driving?” — ‘Umar replied: “Not at all; both are one, before the law” (or both are one a8 to their rights). Jnbalah was so displeased that when night came on he gathered his followers and wont to Syria, and thenee to the Emperor of Byzat Most of the Ghassin rulers were vassals of the Byzantine Emperors; whereas most of the kings of "Iniq were vassalé of the Persian kings or Chosroes and ruled at Hira. ‘This is why both were forced so. often to take part in the wars that were repeatedly waged between the Byzantines and Romans on the ‘one side, and the Persians on the other.a2 The Qahtdnide Tribe of Kindsh founded a Kingdom in Najd which lasted from 450 to 530 A.D. Arab Kings of Kindsh in Najd. They ruled over Najd and Hijéz from 450—580 A.D. 1. Hije son of ’Amr entitled akil-ul-muntd. His pedigree was traced back to Kablin son of Saba. Before Hijr, the Bana Kindah had no king over them, and the weak were « prey to the strong. But he established law and order, and reigned 20 years, 2. His son ’Amr, surnamed al-Magsir, because he limited himself to his father’s kingdom and aid not go beyond it, reigned a long time and was finally murdered by al-Harath son of Shamer the Ghassénite, 8. Al-Havath, son of the foregoing. He was killed in the Valley of Mushalan by the tribe of Baow-Kalb. Before his death, al-Harath bad sot up his five sons over the Arab ‘Tribes: his son Hijr over Banu Asad and Ghatafin; hie son Shurabbil, who vas killed at the Battle of Kula, over all the tribes deseonded from Bakr son of Weil; bi of Banu Taghlib, of al- Nimr son of Qfsit and Sa'ad son of Zay Manft, and also over the clans of Banu Darim and of al-Saqa-ia’s bis son ‘Abdullah over the Banusbdi-I-qays; and his son Salamal over the Banu Qays, Hijr ruled despotically, exacting sch heavy contributions that the Banu Asad rebelled while he was absent in Tihdmah, which is an extensive region between the Hija and the northern borders of Yaman. He marched against the rebels with a force consisting of men from the tribe of Rabt'ah and of an army gathered for him by hiv brother He defeated them, confiscated their goods, and made them remove to Tihtmab. Two men of note were taken captive by , namely "Amr son of Masiid the Asadite, who was the chief of his tribe, and ’Ubayd the son of al-Abraé, the famous poet. ‘Thereupon all the Asad clans united and went off to moet Hijr, who was coming against them with the men of Bana Kindah. The two parties met and fought between two hills called day the hills of Hujr. Hijr was killed and the Banu Kindah lost all power — 3B . Various Other Arab Kings. 1, ‘Umar or ‘Atwr the son of Lehi, of the descendants of Kablin son of Saba, was a famous’ king in the Hijéz during the Period of Ignorance. ‘The Khuki’s tribe traced their de- scent from him. He came to power inthe year 207 aftr Christ. It is stid that he introduced idols into Mekke, having brought them from Syria and set them up in the Sacred House, thus encouraging the poople to worship thom. One of these ‘dole was the statue of a man, and was called Asif. Another ‘was tho figure of a woman, end was called Né-ileh. ’Amr placed these two idols on the hills of Saft and Marwa near ‘Makka, and used to slaughter the sscrifices near them, opposite the Kabah, ‘Amr denied the resurrection of the Dead and the Judgment Day, and used to say: “Hayatun, thumma ‘mautun, thuroma bashrun: hadithu gurifatin yé urhme ‘Amri.” 2, Another Arab king was Zubayr son of al-Habbib the Kalbito, who was entitled the Priest (or Seer}, because of his correct judgment. He was fortunate in his wars and raide, Oneo ho went afd paid a visit to Abraha sl-Ashram, who honored him above all the Arabs, and appointed him to be emir over the tribes of Bakr’ and, Taghlib. (See p. 22.) 8. Kulayb, son of Reb'sh son of al-Harath, was the Chiof of the Rabf'a tribe, who never moved their encampments, or sot up new ones, but gt his command. He became so haughty and overbearing that stone durst graze his cattle where Kulayb hhad reserved the pasture for his own; and none durst hunt wild animals on his reserves, ‘The sign or mark of a reserve’ or preserve was @ small howling dog at each end of tho land. Kulayb was at last murdered by JaseGs con of Murrah of the Bakr tribe, and this gave rise to the famous war of Bastis between the Banu Bakr and Rabi'eh. (See p. 86.) ° 4, Al-Mubslhil, son of Rabt'sh, and brother of Kulayb, is co famous as one of the heroes in the Busts wars, which lasted off and on for forty years, that his namo need only be ‘montioned hore. (See p. 87.) Si ge sh ti— 3 — 8. Zuhayr, son of Jadhimah son of Rabf'ah of the tribe of ’Abs, lived and led his people about 564 after Christ. He was killed in an attack that he made upon the tribes of Ghanawiyyin, Hawazin, and Bani-’émir, 6. Quys, son of Zuhayr of the ’Abs tribe, was one of the great Arab warriors, He succeeded his father (No. 5); wishing to avenge the death of the latter, he gathored a large force from among the tribes allied to hie own and attacked the Banu-‘imir. But failing to overcome them, he was content to remain quiet in his own regions until the outbreak of ho: lities, between’ the Banu~Abs and the Banu-Fisirah, whic! arose out of the horse-races, (The horses Dahis and Ghabré.) He is said to have been a Christian. (See p. 38.) Tho Hj was from the earliest times under the domi of Qabtinide Kings, descended from Jurhum, the second son of Qabtin. ‘The following is a list of the names of The Kings of abHifaz, who were descendants of Jurhum: 1, Jurhum, son of Qabtén, the first king of the Hijaz afer it was conquered by Ya'rub. 2. 'Abd-y@hl, son of Jurhum, 3. Judshiam, son of “Abaya 4. 'Abdul-Madan, son of Judsham. 5. Nughaylah or Nugaylah, son of No. 4 6, "Abdu l-Masth, son of No. 5. 7 Fadad, son of No. 6. 8. "Amr, son of Fudad. 9. Al-Harith, 10, Amr, son of No. 9. 11, Bishr. 12, Mudd, son of ‘Amr, son of Fudd. See page 8. After the decsase of Mudd, the Inst king of the Jur Ihumite Dynasty, the Hijiz was ruled by a line of kings from the tribe of QudA’ah, one of the descendants of Qubtin. ‘Their naimes are lost, But it is known that they were the Keepers or Guardians of the Ka’abah down to about 406 after — 85 the Christian Era, whereupon the guardianship of that ancient temple passed over to Quéayy of the Banu Quraysh. This Quiayy was the fifth forefather of the Prophet. Ho it was who greatly enlarged Makka and raised it t> importance among the cities of Arabia. (See p. 9.) ‘The Emirs who ruled over Hijis, after the Dynasty of Qudé‘ab, were of the descendants of Isma'l, tho son of Abra- ham the Hebrew. ‘The frst of them was ’Adnfin, whose pedigree (through 40 generations) gocs back to Tema'il. ‘The following are their names with the dates of their aecession to the dignity of emir in Hij 41, ‘Adan, miconaded to the Ensrahip in . IR Be. Raia eee eee 8. 3, Nietr 6 90 o 6 56 A Mader hele Be he 6 65 6 Gg 10aD, 6, Madsikan | reer e Tdudaymah 6 ee w. 8, Kinimah to 109 + @ AlN > ee ua» 10. Mik oo 11m. AL, Fitg, who is Quraysh, succeeded to tho Evrahip in 208 > 12. Ghalie, smcceedod to tho Emirabip in a Wlawyy > m4 > ieee fa an WMah 340 > KM} ee a Mi. Quéayy 2+ ee 408 1B AbdManat 6+ a 6 ole eas ee ee ei 20. ‘AbduMutalib, succouded to the Emthip in. . 505 > sand BL AMAallah, the fathar of the Prophet, in sae Common Bonds of Union. ‘The Arabs were divided into Branches and subdivided stocks ‘and families, and were widely scattered over a peninsula six times the size of France ; notwith- standing this they were more or less held together, much like theK by ‘ F — 6 ancient Grecks, by a common language and by common rites of religion, ceremonies, and customs. These points of common anion, which had in them the germs for tho future revolution and religious reform that were to unite the whole nation, were: firatly, the ancient custom of pilgrimage to the time honored Ka’abah; secondly, the four months wherein warfate was for- bidden; thirdly, the grent fairs, such as the fairs of Uk and of Dhi-Majaz, the fair of Mijamnah and others, to which the Arabs came from the remotest corners of the land, to trade, to recite poems, and to emulate one another in feats of strength; fourthly the great spread of Judaism and Christianity, side by side with the idolatry of the eatliest times; fifthly the introduction of the inspired or revealed books of those two religions; and lastly a language, which, however diversified by dialectic differences, ‘was in its main features a purely Semitie and thoroughly organic development of a homogeneous and indige- nous.speech, free from foreign influoneo. ‘The Character of the Arabs, and their Customs and Usages must be here passed over in silence, for want of space and lack of time, (Cf. the Arabic original.) ‘The Wars of the Ancient Arabs doserve mention, for ‘thoy formed the subject of many a herbie tale and poem that to this day are among the finest specimens of Arabie Literature, although they were not collected and reduced to writing till long after the spread of Islam. ‘The wars woro generally called Battle-Days, and wore designated by tho name of the pl where the fights took placo. Of the 1700 Battle-Days mention- a by the historian Abu-l-Faraj, of Ispshin, two only can be here given, : 1. The Basis War, between Bakr and Taghlib, which lasted forty years, counted an innumerable number of fights. Both opposing parties were ’Adnfnite tribes, It lasted from 490—680 AD, and arose out of the murder of Kulayb, son = of Rabt'ah, in the ‘following manner. Al-Basts, the aunt of Jassis, who killed Kulayb, was of the Tamim. Her neighbor was So'ad son of Sbaminar of the Banu-Jarm, ‘This neighbor had a she-camel which ho called Sorab. Kulayb had reserved f piece of grazing-lend. Swad’s she-eamel Sark one day - wandered, while grazing, into Kulayb’s preserve; so be’ shot hor with an arrow, whereupon she ran off to her master’s tent bleeding profusely. When Salad sew his wounded camel, he eried aloud. His neighbor, the woman al-Basis, ran out of the tent and said, in verso, that Jassie was a coward who coud not defend his own, much less could he protect a poor man who was his neighbor. Jassfs said to her: “Woman, to-morrow ehall a he-camel be killed much greator than thy neighbor's she-camel.” Kulayb had a fino he-camel oglled "Ulayyan; so when he heard of this threat, he laughed with scorn, But Jassts watched Kulayb and followed him one day. Al-Haratb, son of Ka’ab, suspecting ‘mischief, followed ‘him; bat on approaching he found Kulayb already wallowing in ‘his own blood, and was met by Jassas, who ran up to him and then ran off to his own father’s tont. The father, seeing his son out of breath and greatly excited, asked him what was wrong. He roplied: “I have just dealt « blow that will make all the old hags of the Will tribe dance the funeral wake.” — “What ia it?”—“T have killed Kulayb!”—“Woe be to thee, ‘thou hast thereby but bereaved thine own mother.” (See p. 38.) ‘They at once prepared to defond themselves against the avengers, who would surely come. When the murder of Kulayb hecarae Known throughout the tribe of 'WA-il, his brother al- Mubalbil, one of the bravest of the Arabs, undertook to avenge this outrage and take revenge upon the Bana Bakr. Alt the ‘Taghlibite Warriors joined him;, and thereupon ensued the long war of el-Bastis, with its many fights, in which al-Mubalhil ‘was generally: the vietor, he not being thoroughly defeated but at the battle of al-’Aqabab, on which day he was taken captive. After 40 yoars of hostilities, the two parties had nearly extirpated fone another; whereupon ’Amr, son of Hind, the king of the38 Arabs, intervened and got them to make peace. (See No. 19, P-26.) Many heroic poems and tales arose out of this war. 2, The War of the Horso-race was between Banu ’Abs and Banu Pisérah. It arose thus. Dahis was « full-blooded hhorée belonging to Qays son of Zuhayr, the Chief of the Banu ‘Abs; and al-Ghabra was an equally noble mare belonging to Hudhayfah son of Badr, the Chief of the Banu Fizdrab. Qur- wash son of Hfni the "Absite, and Hamal son of Badr made 1 bet of wager on the two steods respectively, and sent them to the racing-ground, Hamal had secretly put Zubayr son of ‘Amr the Fizarite to lie in ambush along the race-eourse; 10 that if the horse Dahis should outrun the mare, the hidden man was to jump up and make the horse shy, thus allowing the mare al-Ghabré to como in first. All this did take place, as was prearranged. There ensued between both parties a great discussion over tho foul play, and the quarrel grew into a bloody war which lasted from 568 to 608 A.D. At last the "Abs and the Fizérah tribes made peace. But Qays separ- ated himself from the Banu ’Abs, went off to the region of ’Ammén, near Jarash and ’Ammén, and there tumed Christian ‘This war too is tho subject of heroic poems and tales. (See p. 34.) The Armies of the Arab kings must bo here passed over in silence, for want of space, (Cf. the Arabic original.) The Religion of the Arabs was chiefly Sabscism, or the worship of the heavenly bodies; and Idolatry, or the sacrifice of offerings to statues and idols, Himyar worshipped the Sun. Kingnah spocially revered the 3foon, Misam worshipped the five stars in Taurus. Lakhm and Jadham worshipped the planet Jupiter. ‘Tayy worshipped the constellation Canopus, Qays worshipped the Dogstar, Sirius, Asad worshipped the planet Mercury. ‘Thaqif worshipped a house, on the top of a palm-treo, which they called Allat, ‘his bouse was near the town of al-Taif, There are 2 Téifs, one in Hijaz and one in Yaman, — 39 Ghstaiin worshipped al-"Uzza, an Arabian idol, or perhaps * tho planet Venus, which they call al-Zuharah, This goddess \\was worshipped under the form of a Sant-tree, the Acacia Nilotioa, Quda’sh and Hudbayl worshipped Manat, which was a great stone or altar for sacrifices. Banu Kalb worshipped Wadda under the form of a statue having the shape of a man. Perhaps this was the personification of the vast expane of the heavens. Ci. the Egyptian Neit Hamdan worshipped Sawwa’, which seems to have been 8 fomale goddess. : Midhaj worshipped the god Baghith under tho form of a lion. Bana Murfd worshipped Ya’Gq under the form of a horse. Himyar worshipped the eagle as well as the sun. Hawiein and "Auf worshipped an idol which they called ihe. Bakr and Taghlib worshipped an idol called Awal, which vwas also the idol of the Banu Daus. ‘The idol called al-Hubal al-akbar, which stood on the Ka'abah, was the greatest of all the gods in the times of Ignorance, This statue stood on the roof of the Ka’abah, Other gods were: Isif, an idol on Jabal al-Safs. Névilab, sn idol on Jabal al-Marwah, ‘Yalayl and Madan were other gods or idols ‘Habbah or Habhabah was a large holy altar on which camels wore sacrificed. ‘Nniub (plural Anssb) was the name given to many idols, statues or allars, set up for worship or sacrifice, to which the Arabs bronght presents, offerings, and sacrifices. ‘The House at Mekka, and tho Ka‘abah in it, were filled with idols and statues, among which were tho statues of Abra- ham and his son Ishmaél, holding the arrows for divination (knowing what woul bappen).— 40 — The Black Stone was worshipped in the Days of Tygnorance; but sineo Islam it is only thought to be » moans | for obtaining the blessing of the one true God, } The ancient Arabs used to perform the-pilgrimagé to the’ Houwe in the stated month, and the ‘Umrah, or visit, gt any time of the year: they also performed the tawaf seven timos, the ceremony of ciroumambulating the Ka'absh; and they ran between Safa and Marwah. They also “stood in waiting” for orders, which is the act called talbiyah, &e., &. They also all respected the four sacred months in which ‘was, not lawful to fight; except the tribes of Tay and Khath'om and the Banu Harath son of Ka’ab, who observed none of these rites and ceremonies, not oven tho pilgrimage. Quraysh used to keep the ‘Ashtira before the Islamic times. ‘Many of the Arab triber around al-Hira became Christian- isda. Indeed both Christianity and Judaism were quite pre valent in many parts of Arabia. Language and Literature of the Arabs. What we now call the Arabic Language was at. first confined to the northern half of the peninsula in the southern half the people spoko other dialects (Mfinacai, Sabaean and Himyaritc) which, though akin to the Arabic, difered from it in several respects. ‘The Arabic language is one of the finest lunguages of four globe, and this in two respects;— first as regards the richnose of its vorabulary; and second as regardg the fullness of its literature, As.to the voesbulary, any dictionary will show ‘the wealth of the Arabic tongue in roct-yords; and any grammar will sot forth tho almost endless forms of derivative words that can be , built, both in the noun and in the verb, from the simple root word. ‘The lexicographer, the late Butros Bustini, used to aay: from, 7,000 to 18,000 roots, and from 80,000 to 120,000 de- rivatives. . a4 ‘As to the literature, the number and importance of the ‘Works still extant in the Arabic: language, on almost every branch of human knowledge, as well as the collections of poems and “belles lettres’, are so great that one. is bewildered by a mere reference to the lists (or fihrists) of the authors ‘and the titles of the books, This subject will be moré fully dealt with later on under the respective dynasties. . ‘The Arabic ia & Semitic tongue, ‘To this greut Family of Languages belong: 1. The southern group . North Aric, or "Adodnite; South Arabic, or Sabacan or Hinyariios hope, oF Geer; TL Tho worheen group: Cnanacun Hebrew; Phoenicians ‘Awyrian and Babylonian; ‘Aramaoan, comprising Syriae, and many ctor dali, ‘The Arabic, until about the year 650 after Christ, was the specch of the ‘Adnanito tribes.” But about 30 years after the Flight, it spread, by and through the conquests of the ‘Muslims, over nearly all the countries that wore taken by the Arabi, ‘The Qahtinite form of Aenbic, called the Himyaritic, hhas almost wholly disappeared ; and if still spoken, is to be found ‘only among the people of Mukrab, between Hadramaut and "Umin. Inscriptions in the Himyaritie charmeter are found on stones and columns in the ruins throughout Hadramaut and ‘Yaman. This charactor the Arabs call al-khatt-al-musnad. Perhaps it is the langyage of the lost Arab tribés. The Quraysh diglect of the Northern or ’Adnanite Arabie Language hhas, since the Muslim conquests, prevailed over all other forms of Arabic Speech. ‘Writing. It is not known exactly at-what time writing wwas first used by the ’Adnanites. So much is, however, eer- tain, namely that shortly before Islim the ‘Adndnites used the characters which had been for some time prevalent at Hira among the Arab kings of “Intq, The Arab historians say thata the one who first “invented” Arabic Writing was Murtmir son cof Murrah the Anbérite (al-Anbér, an ancient town on the Enphrates, ten parasangs north-west of Baglad); and that he dad taken it or modified it from the Himyarite Musnad cha- acter thon in use among the Lakhmites, who were of the southern Qohtinite Stock. From Anbir it spread to Hira, ‘The Arab historians further say that Harb son of Umayyah son of ‘Abi-Shams son of “Abd-Manaf of the Quraysh had gone to Hira, whence he returned to the Hijaz and to Malka, bringing with him the writing he had there learned. Others say that the first who wrote Arsbic were the Yamanite tribe of Had, and that the characters they used were the Himyarite ‘Musnad, in which each lettor stood alone and unjoined, and that they did not teach it to the masses, but confined it to tho privileged Few; but that at last Murfmir, son of Murrah, and two others of the tribe of Tayy, learned it; and after modifying it more or less, called it “al-jazm”, because it was ‘juzima’ or abbroviated from the Himyarite Musnad charactor; that thet three men then taught it to the people of Anbitr, whence St spread throughout Arabia. After the Muslim conquests and the founding of Busrah and Kiifa, thie writing was called the Kaific. Tt was devoid of vowels and dots. ‘These vowels and dots, or discrtieal points as they are called in grammar, ‘were first introduced (perhaps in imitation of the Hebrew and Syrise diacrtioal points) into Arabic writing by al-Aawad- al-Du-ali during the time of Mu'éwiyah. It is said that the use of dots and double dots was introduced in the days of *Abdul-Malik son ofj Marawin by Nasr son of ‘Asim, to avoid ambiguity. ‘The Musnad is a very ancient writing whose origin is unknown; it may possibly have been derived from the Phoenician, or from some Indian character. ‘The Literature of the Arabs in the Days of Ignorance was mostly poetry and very little prose. The poetry was recited “from mouth to mouth and car to car”. ‘The poems found among the tribe of Rabi'sh (i.e, Wail) have for their subject 43 the ware, betwoen Bakr and Taghlib, that arcee out of the affair of the woman called Bastis. ‘Tho pooms current among the Qays people have for their subject the wars and combats be- twoon ’Abs and Fieafuh thot started ont of the race between the horse Dahis and the mare Ghabra. What hes been pre- served to our day of those heroic and epic poems is contained im the collection called Jamharat-ul-’Arab which was made by Ton Durayd, and in the book called al-Aghini 1ilIspabéni, or also in the book called al-Tgd-al-farid I-ibn ’Abd-Rabbus in the book gathered by al-Maidani which he took mostly from the author ealled al-Mufaksal; in a book written by Thn-FAthir; in another book by al-Nuwayri; and lastly in the great collec- tion called al-Hamfsah. In Ibn-1-Athir’s book, that of al-N ‘wairi, and the collection called al-Hamdcuh there are other poems also, relating to the wars between the Byzantines and Persians, namely the wars botween Chosrocs Anushirwn and the Emperor Justinian in which the Arab kings of Hira and Ghassin were involved. (See bottom of p. 31.) The oldest Arabie literature that has come down to our day are the proverbs of Lugman.* These are prose with ime but without poetical measure. ‘The next oldest specimens ‘we still possess of Arabic literature are the pocms of two men, namely ‘Amir son of Hulays and the younger Muraqqash. ‘The most famous of the poets of the period of Ignorance are those who flourished during the 6th century after Christ (from 501—600); they are: Imri-Qays; Tarafeh son of ’Abd the Bakrite; al-Harith son of Hitizzah; Umar son of Knlthim; ’Anatarah the ‘Absite; Zuhayr son of Abi-Salma; Labia son of Rabi'ah al-Nabigbab-al-Dhubyani; Alesha Qays; alMubalbal; "Ubayd son of al-Abral; and Umayya son of Abi-Salt. All were posts of the highest class. ‘Yaiqat says, in his book called al-mu‘ajam, that the poems of the Arabs were of different kinds (according to the measure and the nature of the subject), such as the following: * Thin is doutal; for some suppose them to have been in fact wrtton bby a monk. (See No. 13, p. 16)— 4 ‘The fumed; — the Mojambarét; — tho Muntagayat;— the Mudbab- ‘abit; — the Mashabat; — tho Mathamst; — and the Marit or Lamentations, * The Other, but loss celebrated poets of the 6th cent (601—800) after Christ, were about 16 in number ‘The book entitled al-Mushir says that the poems known as al-mulallagat, were written’ on Coptic linen or papyrus in golden ink: that they used to be hung up on the walls of the Kelabah, Each mu‘allageh was tho best poem which’ the poot Jhad composed. ‘They wore considered so eloquent that for about 150 years they were revered sis sacred, until the higher eloquence of the Qur-an threw them into the shade. The authors of the mu’allagat are seven: see below. ‘The most colebrafod Meeting Place of the Arabs for postical and literary intercourse was the Sq or Fair of 'Ukae. Tt wos a fair for trade and barter, hola in a desert plain be- tween the towns of Nakhlah and al-Taif, beginning on the new moon of Dhi-I-Qi'adah and lasting from 20 to 30 days. Arabs from all parts and of all tribes resorted, to it, some for baying and selling, some for racing and feats of strongth, and others for emulation in poetry or the recital of heroic tales converning their great battle-daya, and the like. Their kings, chieftains and warriors would appear, the multitude would assemble, the poet wold ascend a raised spot and recite his ‘most eloquent* production, and x0 on, one poet after another. Al-Nabighsh al-Dhibyfini was the-umpire as to who should Speak first anid who next, &e. Pooto of the Firat Rank. Tmri-l-Qays," the great poet, was one of the kings of Kindah. His name means “the ‘man of strength”, His famous mu’allagab opene with the stropho: Gift nabkt &e, Hujar lis father, was king over the Bani- Asad and was killed treacherouly. Tmri--Qays then fled and sought the aid of the Byzantine Emperor, but the latter did = not help him. He died, on his way back from Constantinople, near Jabal ’Assth, in 688 AD. (See No. smvallagah opens thus: fzanatna 48 Tarafah son of "Abd was a Bakrite. He was also one of the poets of the first rank. He was born at Babrayn, Hie great mvallagah rhymes on the eyllable di; the opening strophe runs thus: i-khawlatin aflalun, &. His sister, called Khirnaq, was also 0 great poetess. ‘Tarafah was killed by ’Amr son of Hind for having composed a satire upon his brother Qabiis. This was about 70 years before the appearance of Islim, f. e., it 652 AD. (See No. 20, p. 27.) Al-Harith son of Hilizzah of the Yashkar tribe. Tis bayniha, fe. : ‘He composed it extemporarily, (on the spur of the moment), jn the presence of the king ‘Amr son of Hind, while leaning upon his bow, He lived to a very old age’and died in 560 A.D. "Amr son of Kulthim, of the 'Taghlib tribe, and one of the poots of the first rank, was ftom elJazirah. His mu‘alingah consisted of over 1000 verses, but not all have been preserved to our time; it opens thus: Als bubbi, &. He died in the year 520 after Christ, *Antarah al’ Absi, surnamed Abu-I-Mughallis, was bor somewhere in Najd. He too is poet of the first rank, and ‘one of the three famous Arab heroes of the period of Ignorance, ‘The other two are Khufif son of Nudbeh and al-Sulayk son of Sulakab. ‘Antarah was the bravest warrior of all the Arabs, and at the sauie time one of the most generous and kind- hearted of men. Ho was a poet of tho first rank. His mu'- allagah’ is well-known. ’Antarah was, 90 years old when he was murdered by al-Asad son of Abyad, in: the year 615 after Chris Zubayr son of Sulmah the Muzanite was a wealthy man. He was one of the three poots who were considered to pufpass all others in the beauty or grace of their poetry. The other two were Imri-l-Qays and al-Nabighah al-Dhibyani. ‘The Caliph Abu-Bakr considered Zuhayr as the chiof of all poets, for his language was choice and'chaste. His mu’allaqah is well known. He used to take 4 months to compose @ poein, 4 more to re- vvise snd improve it himself, and Insily, 4 other months to sub-a mit it to the best critics among bis intimate friends, before publishing it, He divd in 631 A.D, 9 oF 10 years after the fight. Labia son of Rabfah. He was an inhabitant of the Iriq- el'Arabi, He lived to see the times of Islim and embraced this Faith. It is said that he collected the chapters of the Quran, He was a great poct. He died towards the end of Mu‘dwiyah’s caliphate, about 680 A.D. Al-Nabighab-al-Dhibyéni, alss one of the famous poets of the first rank, was a native of the Hijiz. He was called al-Nabighah for his flueney in poetry (to low, to gush == nabagha). At the fair of ’Ukas a tont of red leather used to be set up for him, and in it the poets met. He died in 604 AD. A’usha Quys, was of the Asad tribe and a native of Yamamab. He too is the composer of a mu’allagah, He used to chant or sing his poems, and was therefore entitled Sanndjat VArab, which means the eymbal of the Arabs. The open- ing strophe of his mu'allageh is as follows: waddi’ harfrata, &c. He lived to seo the beginning of Islam. He went once to moet the PROPHET and praised him in a qatidah (ode). After accepting the new Religion he wont to a village in Yamémah; there his camel shied and threw him off. His neck was, broken by the fall. This occurred im the 7th year after the Flight, 629 AD. Al-Mubalhal the Tagblibite, a native of Najd, was a famous hero, warrior, and poet and the brother of Kulayb Wa-il, whose murder gave rise to the wars between Bakr and ‘Taghlib. He was very fond of conversing with the Fair Sex, s0 his brother Kulayb gave him the nick-name “Sitter women", His poetry too was of the very best and very heroie or warlike, He died in 500 after Christ. ‘Adiyy son of Zayd of the “Abadi tribe was a native of tho city’ of Hira, a poet of the ist rank, and a Christian ‘He wrote a fine hand and was both scribe or secretary, and interpreter, to the Persian king Abrawiz Kusra (Chosrocs). He was killed in prison at the instigation of al-Mundhir, in 582 AD. (Soe above, Kings in ‘Trig, No. 22, p. 27.) 4 "Ubayd ibn al-abra8 of tho Asad tribe and a native of Najd was of tho-1st rank, He lived to a good old age but was killed by al-Nu'aman son of al-Mondbir in 605 A.D. Umayyah ibn abi-Salt of the Thagif tribe, and « native of TA-if, was @ chieftain in his tribe and a pious man of the times of Ignorance, believing in the Day of Resurrection, Although he lived to see the commencement of the Isla Call, he did not embrace the new Faith. He died in 627 A.D. —Alll the foregoing were poets of the ist Rank. Poets of the Second Rank were: Al-Shanfari of the Azd tribe and a native of Yaman, He was thick-lipped. He died 510 AD. Abu Dud Hanzalah the Iyadite « native of the wilder- ness of ‘Iriq. His pootry was chiefly devoted to the description and praise of horses. He died in the year 620 after Christ, Salamab son of Jandal of the ‘Tamim tribe and © native of Yaman was @ great warrior and poet. He died in 520 A.D. Al-Muthaggib al’Abdi, a native of the rag, was a con- temporary of ‘Amr son of Hind. He lived to see al-Mundhir son of Na'amin and died about 520 A.D. (See p. 26.) Al-Barriq son of Kauhin of the tribe of Tamim. In hhis childhood he used to accompany the camel-herds, milk the she- camels, and take the milk to. monk, who in return for the kindness taught him to read the Gospels (New Testament) He died in 525 AD. ‘Ta-abbata Sharran. His real name was Thabit son of Jabir son of Sufyan of the Fahm tribe. He was killed in the land of Hudhayl during a raid, in the year 580 after Christ. Samuel of the Aus tribe, a native of the Hijax wilder- ness, and one of the chief Jews of the town of Yathrib. In one of his poems he says: “If a man soil not his person with evil, any robe he may wear is becoming.” He died in 560 of the Christian Era, "Algamat-al-Fahl of the Banu Tamim and a native of Najd was one of the lords of his tribe, d. 661 AD.— a8 = Al-Harith son of ’Abbéd of the Bakr tribe and born in "Tehq was « chief and was prosent at many of the fights during tho Basis Ware. d.670 of the Christian Era, Khidésh son of Zubayr al-'Amiti, a native of Najd, died in 570 AD. "Urwat ibn al-Ward al’Absi, a native of Najd, was both fa poet and a warrior. He was killed, during. « raid,’ by. a ‘man of the Tabiyyah clan, about 28 years before Telam, i. c., in 596 AD, when 80 years olf. His son Zayd became a Muslim. “Al-Aswad son of Ya'fur of the Darim tribe was a native of “Inig, 4. 600 AD. Hatin al-Teiy, o native of Najd, was a Christian, Ho died 605 A.D. ‘Aus son of Hajar (or Hijr) of the tribe of Tamim was a native of Yaman. He died about the first appearance of Isl, ‘Dusayd son of al-Sammah of the tribe of Jusham -vas He is eaid to have made 100 raids during his ye, without once failing to bring back spoil and booty, He did not accept Islam. He went out with his followers, on the great battleday of Hunayn, to aid the polytheists by his counsel in war, and was killed, in the year 680 A.D. Al-Khansit daughter of ’Amr eon of wl-Rashid, one of the chieftains of the clans of the Sulaym tribe, and a native of Najd, was pottess of the second rank. No Arab poetess, before or after her, has rivalled her in poetry, Most of her ‘verse is lamentations over the death of her two brothers Mu'- fyeh and Sakhr. She embraced the Muslim religion, She died in the year 24/646, Poets of the Third Rank: Lagit son of Zarirah of the Darim tribe was a native of Yaman, He was killed in the fight called yaum sha'ab Jahalah, forty years before the Flight, ‘There ure about a dozon others of this rank. Part Second: History ‘of the Arabs since the Rise of Islam. From Polytheism to Monotheism. (See pp. 8, 9, 10, and 35.) MUHAMMAD was born at Makkah in the year 892 after the death of Alexander, the great Macedonian conqueror.* When ho was two years old, his father ‘Abdullah died, and he remained with his mother Aminab, daughter of Wabb, for six years. On her death he was taken by his grand-futher "Abdu-lMuttal ‘The latter took the lad with him, when nine years old, to Syria, probably on a trading journey. On the way they passed through the ancient town of Buérah in Haurin, south of Damascus. ‘There # Chistian monk, diviner or astrologer, named Bu- hoairah, came, it is said, out of his hermit’s cell and, passing ‘through tho crowd, went on till he reached the lad, whom he. took by the hand saying: Great things shall come of this boy, and his fame sball spread throughout the Kast and West. ‘When MUHAMMAD reached the age of 26 years, @ noble lady of somé wealth, named Khadijah, offered to send him in charge’ of her merchandise to Damascus, He accepted and went. She afterwards took such a liking to him that. she offered hini her hand, and they married when, she was 40 years of age. ‘They lived together at Mokke for 22 years, sll her + B.C. 328 plus 669 A.D. = 882 aftor Alexander's Death~ 0 — death, Before her death, however, and when ho had attained the age of 40 years, he began to preach and proclaim Gall to the Faith. After the death of his patemal uncle Abu-Tilib, and after Khadijah’s death also, the Quraysh clan increased their persecutions against him and his monotheistic followers so greatly that he left Mekka and went away to the city of Yathrib, the birthplace of his mother. ‘This event occurred ‘on tho night of the 4th of Rabi'a tho First (about June 20th) jn the 622nd year of the Christian Era, ‘The year in which it took place is the first year of the Era of the Hijrah, In the first year of his Flight many Arabs rallied around hhim and allied themselves with him against the Mekkans. ‘These allies were thenceforth called al-Ansér. In tho Ind year of the Flight he went out in person in the raid of Badr, where a great fight took placo in which he, together with only 818 of the Muslims, put to flight 1000 of the polytheistic Melekans. It was in this-second year that the “fronting”, or Qiblah in prayer, was changod from the sancta- ary, or Solomon's temple at Jerusalem, to the Ka'abah at Mak: im it also the fast during the month of Ramadan —an ancient custom — was confirmed (qiblah, otientation). In the third year of the Flight he went out from Medinah to the raid of Uhad, in which the polythciste pnt the Muslims to flight, the PROPHET receiving a wound in the face and having his finger broken. He attacked the Banu-I-Nudayr, who were Hebrews, in the dth year of the Muslim Era, and foreed them to emigrate to Syria. In that year also many Arabs from various tribes united with the Mokkans and went in a body against Yathrib (al-Madinah). So they wore called al-Abzab, plural of hizb, which means the troops or the partisans. ‘These confederates encamped over against the city. MUHAMMAD went ont to ‘oppose them. Sceing that the Muslims were in great fear, he caused a trench to be dug around the town. ‘The two opposing parties lay inactively watching each other for about 24 days, 4ill at Inst one of the ‘idolaters challenged the adversary to ~ 1 = single combat. ‘Thereupon ‘Ali son Abu-Tilib charged him and killed him together with another. Alarm at once spread among the Confederates, and they fled precipitously, although they vastly outnumbered the Believers Tu the 88h year occurred the raid at a place called Damat- ul-Jandal, and also the raid on Banu Lubydn.— The PROPHET again wont out in person, in the sixth year, to the raid on Banu-lMnitaliq, taking many of them captive ‘The seventh year he attacked the town of Khaybar, whose inhubitants were Jews. It is reported, on the authority of’Ali son of Abu-Talib, that he tore off one of the city gates and used it as @ shield or buckler. ‘The conquest of Makka occurred in the eighth year after his fight from it, He exhorted and charged the Muslims who entered the city to kill none of its inhabitants, save those who should fight them. He promised safety to all who should enter the house of worship, shut themselves up peaceably within their own houses, or seize hold of the curtain of the Ka’abah, excluding from this amnesty those only, who had unrelentingly persecuted him before his flight. — In the ninth year ocour- rei the attack upon Tabak, on the outskirts of Palestine and a dependeney of the Byzantine Emperors Ho porformed his farewell pilgrimage in the tenth year of the new Bra, In that year a false prophet, Mnsaylamah vy name, srose in the region of Yamémah and began to preach or harangue tbe crowds in rhyme, imitating the Koranie style of dietion. MUHAMMAD fell ill with fever in tho cleventh year, and was “takon eway”, at Meklsa, on the Monday, two days before the end of Safar, at the age of 63 years, Those Mekkans who had fled before and after him from Mekka to Madinah wanted to convey the body to his native city; the people of Madinah and the Allies were for burying it in the town which had received him and which was the starting point of his victories. Still others advocated removing the body to the sanetuary at Jerusalem, that being the burial place for Prophets.— ee ‘They finally agteod to entomb it in the very chamber where ho hed expired. OF all his children, from bis several wives, only his daughter Fatima had survived him, and even she for the short space of 8 to 6 months, Remark: ‘The hisiory of MUHAMMAD'S life is the history of the rise of Islam; his death is the epoch of the downfall of idolatry in Arabia. Amidst the polytheism so universal among the ancient nations, the Hebrews alone had preserved the know- ledge of the one and only true God; ftom’ Abraham, 2100 B.C., to the Roman Emperor Tiberius, 37 A.D, they were the only monotheistic people. After the 80th year of tho Christian Bra, Christianity began to rise; during the six following centuries, till the Flight in 622, it had overthrown and almost wholly supplanted idolatry throughout most of Europe and North Africa, Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor. MUHAMMAD, when 40 years old, broke wholly with the ancient polytheism of his forefathers and proclaimed tho Unity of the invisible God. ‘This Faith was both new and old. Tt was new, for he was the apostle who taught ity it was old, for Abraham had believed in God XXVII centuries earlier, and his belief had bean counted unto him for righteousness, From the time when MUHAMMAD first called the Arabe to Telam down to his death, only 23 years hhad clapsed. In them he had united most of the Arabs under its banner. ‘Thus s deop and thorough change had come over them: idolatry fell, they became one united people, having one God and His apostle, speaking one tongue, and having one great task to perform—the sproad of the Faith. Herein lies the life and soul of the history of the Arabs: after the Rise of Islam. = The Blected Caliphs, or the Successors who followed the Right Way. Period of Conquest and Colonization. an an. nado. ‘The Orthodox Khalitahs 692 — 66. Wav 62 18 ‘Umer B55 een oe cst) 2 Uthmin . rr) 85 — 40 "AIK (and abBasan) + 656661. (hey were reccadel by the Umayyads) 1. The Caliphate of Abu-Bakr.— Upon the Prophet's death, the Allies and those who had left Makka’ before and after bia flight, at once assembled to offer fealty to whomsocver should be his successor. ‘Three different views were held on the. question of the succession. Firat, "Umar and most of the Mekkans, wished the successor to be chosen, but only: from ‘among the oldest of the Compenions and by them alone; the Subaba to elect one of the Subaba. Second, ‘Ali and his uncle al’Abbas advocated. the right of succession by inheritance; Hashimite as legitimate hereditary successor. ‘Third, the people of Madinah desired an elective’ Caliphate aleo, but wished the choice to be limited to one of their fellow-citizens; the successor to be one of the Ansar. ‘The old population of Madinah, however, was made up of two tribes, the Aus end the Khazraj, cach desirous that its chieftain obtain the dignity, ‘The con- fusion and clamor was great. ‘Thereupon "Umar rose up and said to Abu-Bakr: “Stretch forth thine hand that I may swear fealty to thee.” He did so; "Umar gave him tho hand grip of allegiance, whereupon both the Allies and the Fellow- Emigrants from Mekka did likewise, ‘Tho tumult ceased. Allegince to the venerable and aged Abu-Bakr was thus sworn in the month of Rabfa First in the eleventh year after the Flight, which corresponds to 632 of the Christian Era, con the very day of the Prophet's burial, and in the shed of the Banw-Si-idah. Ho vas the first successor or Khalifah in Islam.- 6h = When MUHAMMAD'S decease became known throughout Arabia, large numbers fell away from the Fuith back to their former religion, stopping the contribution of Zakit or alms for the use of the commonwealth of the Believers. The Muslim believers in Madinah were thereby thrown into great dismay. Abu-Bakr commanded Khalid son of Wulid, surnamed the Sword of God, to assume authority over the people who bad seceded, sending with him 4500 armed men. Khilid set forth, and marched till he fell in with the revolters or renegades. A few skirmishes ensued in which he captured the children and took much spoil, which he divided among his followers. About this time the two false prophets Musaylamah and al-Aswad al“Absi wero deluding the people; al-Aswad had established his authority over San’, Mafizah and Hadramant, as far as the borders of Té-if and to Bahrayn, claiming to be 1 prophet; Yaman too had conformed with his designs. This movement beeame so threatening that Abn-Bakr sent a force which succeeded in killing al-Aswad, thus relieving the Cause of Islam of one of ite chicf adversaries. Musaylamah too stirred up a serious insurrection in Yamamah, going so far as to have his name mentioned in the call to prayer and require the people to acknowledge him as prophet when they repeated the formula of Feith. Abu-Bakr sent Kbslid son of Walid with 1 strong force which put an end to this man also. ‘Thence Khilid proceeded to the “Infq, attacked al-Hirn, near the Euphrates, and “took it by treaty’, the inhabitants surrendering without fighting. Before this event Abu-Bakr had despatched Abu’Ubaydah son of al-Jarrah with a force of over twenty thousand men to Syria, Information of the appearance of Arabs in Syria had reached the Byzantine Emperor Heraklius; so he sont against them the Patriarch Sergius, at the head of an army numbering five thousand men, When Khslid had taken Hira, Abu-Bakr wrote ordering him to march into Syria and join Abu/Ubaydah, which he did. ‘The Arabs and the Romans (Byzantines) met at Ajnadin, Tn the battle that ensued the Romans were routed (defeated), and the Patriarch Sergius was killed, ‘The tops ot she Byzantine Emperors Wut fought the Arab aze som: times caled Syrians, in view of thir native country; sometimes they are calle Gtosks, with rafornce 10 their being of tho Ortdox Grosk Church, snd vomatimer they ao called roferenoe to thelr ining the rrnioe of the Eastern Konan Bupire, whose eapial was Constantinople, tha sucient Byzantiom. Aba-Bakr began the great work of having the various chapters of the Quran taken down in writing from the mouths of such as hed heard them from the mouth of the great Apostle and had committed them to memory. But he did not live to complete the collection. Ho died at the age of 83 (or 63) years at Madinah in the 13th year of the Flight, after having ‘ruled as Kholifah, or Successor, for 2 years and 4 months, 2. *Umar, son of al-Khattib, succeded Abu-Bakr, the Believers in Madinah having sworn fealty to him on the very day of Abu-Bokr’s death, to wit, on Monday the 8th (or 9th) of Jamfda Lost, in the year 18 of the Fl. = 684.4. He was called the Commander of the Believers, to avoid the eumber- some title of “The Successor of the Successor of the Prophet.” He continued the work of conquest. "Umar at first sent Abu- "Ubayd som of Mas'fdah with one thousand warriors and Saad swith thiny thousand, to complete the conquest of the Trig. ‘The Persians marched to mect them, ‘The two armies en- countered each other at al-Hiijab and fought from noon till sundown, whon the Arabs rushed all together upon the enemy and killed Mihrin, their leader, whereupon the Persians fled, retreating to Persepolis which is Istakhr (or to Ktesiphon, which ig al-Madayin, the capital of Persia on the Tigris river). During 'Umar’s Caliphate, Abu-"Ubaydah and Khalid. toole Damascus, after a sioge of seven months, the inhabitants of that city finally surrendering by treaty. ‘The people of Tiberias, Cwesarea and Baalbek surrendered. During Umar's reign the following places also were taken: His; Raba; Mardin; Tripoli of Syria; Askalon; and Jerusalem. This last place, however, did not surrender till "Umar came in person; he remained thore only a few days, going back very soon to Madinah.Tho mosque ¢l-Aqia, ive, the Distant Mosque, is s0 called because of its position with regard to Malcka Next to the Kalabah, it is tho inost ssered of all Muslim shrines. Its most ancient part is the remnant of Christian Basilica erected in Jerusalem by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian in the Vith century. When ‘Umar took Jerusalem in 636, he prayed in that Basilica, Nosely one and a-half centuries later, ol-Mahdi, the third ‘Abbuside Caliph, found it in ruins andl ordered it to be rebuili, ‘The great leader "Amr son. of al-'A8 took Egypt, first conquering Pelusium, then the fortress of Babylon (near Old Cairo) then Memphis, and lastly Alexandria, the latter city after a long sioge. Tn the years 19 and 20/640 and 641, "Umar began to count the years and date time from the En of the Might He orguised the various branches of govern- ment and divided the empire into provinces, "Umar was assassinated by Abu-Luluat, a Magician, in ‘the mosque, on Wednesday the 25th or 28th of Dhu-I-Hijah 24/644, after o reign of 10 yoars, 6 months and 8 days, at the age of 63 years 3. “Uthman son of “Affén, the third of the Caliphs, ‘The Beliovers in Madinah gave him the hand-grip of allegiance on the 1st day of the 24th year = 644 A.D.—Ho was a mild and gentle ruler. During bis reign northwest Africa as far as Quirawan was conquered by ‘Abd-Allah son of AbuSarh, the Coaliph’s foster-brother ; Walfd son of ‘Ukbah subdued the Persian province of Azerbaijan; and Mu'twiah took the island of Cyprus ‘and the city of Angorah. During this reign also ‘Abd-Allah son of “Amir punished the rebels in Fars and conquered the city of Persepolis, penotrated to Khorasin. and went as far a8 the river Oxus, ‘Uthiniin reealled ‘Amr son of al-’ from Egypt, where the Jatter had been acting as governor ever since he had conquered it im the provious Caliphate, and sent as governor over the Nile Valley his foster-brother, or half-brother, ’Abd- Allah son of Abu Sarh. This Caliph also changed the governors of Basrah and Kia, Indeed ‘Uthman favored those who were of the Umayysh Branch of the Quraysh tribe, giving them the highest offices and rather noglecting .those who were of the Hishim Family. ‘This caused so much. dissatisfaction that many Arab. warriors and leaders came from all parts of the newly-established empire and encamped at one parasang’s distance ftom Medinah, the seat of the Caliphate; they then sent a committes on their” part to remonstrate with 'Uthman, saying that unless be changed his policy they would secede, Talhah, Zubayr and Lady shah were the most zealous in this movement against "Uthmin. He, indeed, yielded to their wishes and wrote saying that be would undo all that they disapproved and would “repent unto God”. ‘They, however, for.some reason,.mistrusted his promise; and after. a time he found himself besieged for twenty days in his own house, Finally three men’ climbed the wall and killed him while he was seated with the Book in bis hand. This ‘oceurred in the 12th year of his Caliphate and in the 80th year of his age. 4, The Caliphates of ‘Ali and Hasan, When 'Uthman was murdered, Talhah and al-Zubayr, the fellow-emigrante and the allies, astombled and went to 'Ali son of Abu Tilib, to offer him their allegiance or fealty. But he refused, saying that it was better for him to be wazir, ive, adjutant, than Commander, They, however, urged him strongly to secept, saying that they knew no one who bad a better right than be to be the Successor. He was at last prevailed upon to accept; so they all proceeded to the mosque, and there the common- wealth swore him fealty on’ the Friday, the 24th or 26th of Dh jah of the 35th year = 656 A.D. AlZubayr son of al’Awwam and ‘Talhah ‘pretended that coercion and intimidation had been used at the election, and they sought to annul the choice of ’Ali as the Commander of the Faithful. ‘Ali opposed them with force, and Tolbah was Killed; al-Zubayr was killed later on at Munsarifah,= ‘The fight in which Talhah was killed is called the battle of the camel; it was thus named because 'Aishah, mounted ‘on a camel, led the main body of the troops of Basrah, “Aishah, Talhah, al-Zubayr and all those who opposed ‘Ali had gone away from Madinah to Bairah ;’Ali with his troops had pursuod them thither, and the battle of the Camel took place near Basra. “Aisha was taken prisoner; “Ali treated her with all due respect and sent her back to Madinah under escort. After this battle, Muéwiyah, who had boen for years governor of Syria at Damascus, united the Syrian Muslims to fight against, ‘Ali, Muvawiyah claimed thet ’Ali knew who were the murderers of the late Caliph 'Uthmin but yet did not bring them to account for the mnrder. ‘Ali gathered his forces and started from KGfa, going up along the Huphrates Mwiwiyah and his army encountered them on the plain of Siffin.* After long parleying and much hard fighting they made a temporary peace, each army returning to. its country (Aug. 2. 657). ‘The agreement was thet "Ali and ‘Mu’swiyah were to appoint deputies who were to settle the ‘question of the caliphate, Hardly had the treaty been con- eluded when 12,000 of the Iriq warriors gathered together and demanded of ‘Ali that he denounce the agreement as invalid. "These. disaffectod persons were called the Khawarij; they took up a separate camp when ’Ali returned to Kai “Ali, nevertheless, sent Abu-Misa to the frontier of Syri to confer with "Amr son of ‘As, Mu’dwiya’s delegate, and agree with him, according to the stipalations of the treaty, upon the final award of the Caliphate. Not long after, three obscure men, swore sccretly to kill all throe pretenders, “Ali, Mwawiah and ‘Amr son of al~As, and thus put an end to the rivalri over the succession. Friday the 22nd of Jan, 661 was fixed as the day on which ’Ali, Mu'asrinh and ‘Amr, while praying before the people (or leading the prayer) in the mosquos of "This Biffia mene the Kuphrates must not be coutvundad with another place of tho same name in Palestine and altsated about hali-way botwoen ‘Tiberias and Nazareth. The footnote om page 29 ie an incorrect suite, = Kafa, Damascus and Fustit® respectively, should be stabbed, each by one of the assassins, —Shabib and Tbn-Mulhim stabbed "Ali mortally in the mosque at Kafa; he died the third day, Jom. 24, 661; —Mu'éwiah at Damascus escaped with a slight wound; on that day "Amr happened not to go down to the mosque at Fostat, and his representative was murdered by the aasassin, who did not know ‘Amr personally. Before dying, “Ali called his sons Hasan and Husayn and charged them not to covet the good things of this world, but to act rightly and justly. His Caliphate lasted 4 years and 2 months, Al-Hason, on ‘Ali's death, was proclaimed Caliph by the people of Kaif in 40/661 ‘Mu’awiyah was proclaimed Caliph by the poople at Damaseus. Al-Hasan proceeded from Kafa to Ctesiphon, called in Arabic al-Madayin, on the Tigris, where he remained several months. his claim to the Caliphate, Mu‘awiyah agreed to grant al-Hasan for lifetime a yearly allowance of several million drachms, and amnesty for all his friends, relations and partisans, Hasan disbanded hie troops, publicly abdicated the Caliphate, and withdrew to Madinah, aftor a roign of 6 months. Mu'awiyah held a triumphal entry into Kiifa and was acknowledged as Caliph on the 24th or 25th of Rabt's First 41 = September 661 AD, ‘The successors of the PROPHET who had followed the right way had ruled from the year 11 to the year 41 of the FL, from 632-661 A.D, Theirs was the period of Conquest nd Colonisation, * At the time of invasion ‘Amp had enermped on the igh ground overlooking the island of Rodgh, On hin going nortbwasda to herioge Alexa Aria, hie tnt, or fot, seas TeR standing on she high ground; and after that city was taken, he retuned to his former headquarters. A city grow ‘yp acound the tent, and wae fence eslled sl-Fustét, Nowadaya itis known a O1d Cairo,— 0 — Stmmary: On the death of the PROPHET in 11/682, his father-in law AbmBakr was oloted Hoad of the Muslims, with the title of Scoetor ‘Three or four other Caliphs — ‘Umar, "Uthmé, "AL, and hie son al-Easan — wera similarly lected in tum, without founding ‘dyzastis; these are the Orthodox Caliph. (On the murder of “AI n 40/861, Mo'Awiyab, a descendant of Umayyah of the PROPHETS tribe of the Quraysh, assumed the Caliphate, and founded the Aynasty of the Umayyads, ‘At the accemion af the St Orthodox Caliph, Abu-Bakr, the rule of Tetime comprised no territory oucside Arabia; but daring hia brief reign of two years the tds of Arnb Muslim conquest had already bogon to swell In 12/638 the Battle of the Chains, or tho Tresty of al-Hah, followed by other victories, advised the Maalims "Iraq ul"Arabi (Chaldaea), and gave thom that city. Tn 19/894 the Bate of the Yarmi, or that of Aju, opened Syria to their weapons, Damascus fall fo 14/695; Him, Antioch, snd Jerusalem in 688; snd ‘the conquest of Caoearen completed the subjugation of Syria in 17/638, Meanviile the victory of QAMisiah or a/-Eljah in 14/635 was followed by the conquest of al-Madtin (Seleucia Ktosphon), the old double capital of Chaldacn, in 16/637; Mesopotamia, al-Jatirah, was subdued, and the cities of al-Batrah and al-KOfah were founded; aud Khisiatin and Tustar ware sannexed in 638640. The decisive Battle of Nubawand near the ol-Bare mountains, in 21/042, pat an end to tho Perqlan Sisinid dynasty, and gave ‘all Persia to the Arabs, By the year 41/661 they were at Hert in western, Aphis, ‘Om the Weet their progress wan equally rapid. In 20/641 Bgypt was lemguered, and by 26/647 the Barbary const was overrun up ty tho gator of Roman Carthage; Dut the wild Borber population eas wore diffeule to fohdue shkn the Ioxurone subjects ofthe Séeinide of Persia or the Greeks of Syria and Egypt ‘To the North, tho Gros retained Anatolia, which nover belonged to fhe Caliphate, Language and Literature of Period of Conquest and Colonisation. Before Islam the speoch of the Arabs consisted of many dialects, the most wide-spread of which were tho dialect of Quraysh and that of Himyar, the former in and around Makka and tho Hijaz, and the latter in Yaman, But after the pre- valence of the-Qur-dn, which was delivered in the Quraysh speech, this dialect superseded and supplanted both the Him- yyarite and all the other dialects, at least in the written language a. and pootry. Within thirty years after the Flight, it had overran nearly all of the countries conquered by the Muslims, ‘These conquered countries were: firtly; Yaman, Syria, Paletine, Mesopotamia and Egypt; secondly, Persia and Transoxania, In the first group of countries the Arabic language rapidly superseded and supplanted the original tongues, which almost wholly died ont, such as the Coptic in Egypt, which continued to be used only in the Church Liturgies, or such us the Syriac and Nestorian in Syria and Northern Mesopotamia. Tn the sovond group of countries, it did not take the place of the original language of the conquered races, but only ‘became the language of religion, law and learning, and in some parts the language uscd in commerce also,—In the days of the Caliph ‘Alison of Abu-Talib it was feared that the Arabic ‘tongue might lose its purity by the contact of the Arabs with ‘the conquered peoples speaking a foreign tongue. So ’Ali asked Abu-I-Aswad al-Duwali, one of the chief of the devoted followers and disciplos of Islim, to lay down rules for the language, after having dictated to him that speech is composed of one of three parts, namély noun, verb and particle, This was the origin of the whole system and science of Arabic Grammar. ‘The Literature which prevailed, from and after the time of the great Apostle down to the end of the period of the rightly-guided Caliphs, was: the Qur-n; the poetry of the posts contemporary with him; and the. sayings or aphoriams of the PROPHET. As for the Qur-An, it is said to be the first Arubie pro- duotion that was reduced to writing in rolls or books. Down to the time of Abu-Bakr tho Qur-fn had remained preserved in the memories of those who had heard it uttered or deli- ‘vered by the great Apostle. ‘This Caliph took pains to have it gathered and inscribed on palm leaves, skins, bones of animals and the like. He deposited this collection with Haféah, at the— 2 — suggestion of ‘Umar son of al-Khattéb, lest much of the Book should pass from the memories of the Muslims and be lost on tho death of the Companions of .the PROPHET. Zayd son of ‘Thabit was charged with the work of collecting it. ‘Then, during the reign of 'Uthman, some disagreoment arose between those who had committed it to memory as to the true and correct readings or versions, Whereupon Hadhifah son of al- ‘Yamfn came to the Caliph and reported the difficulty. "Uthmén appointed a committes of four, namely Zayd son of ‘Thibi aforesaid, ‘Abd-Allah son of al-Zubayr, Said son of al~/As, and ’Abd-Allah son of al-Hfrith son of Hishim, and instructed them to gather the written parts, or pages, and copy those that were under the care of Hafiah, into bocks or rolls, direeting ‘them that whenever they disngreed about a reading they were to give the preference to the Quraysh dialect. Whenever they finished copying a piece it was returned to Haftah. The Caliph then eaused copies of this corrected and collated text to be made and sent to all parts of the Muslim world, ordering all other texts and versions to be burned. ‘These revised copies were probably written in the Hira charactor, for the Kific swriting had not then yet como into use. They must have beon written on parchment (skin), for the Arabs knew not the use of paper. — Specimens of the style of the Quran, whieh Tstrongly recommend every young man in this room to look up and read, are: Chapter Bagarab, v.38, 7%, and 171;—chap. Al "Tmrin, v. 90;— chap. al-Nist, v. 85;— chap. Bani Isri-tl, vy. 83 and 34; — chap. al-Sijdab, v. 44; — chap. al-Rahmén, vy. 69; —chap. al-Duha, ¥.4 to 115 and chap. al-Zilail, v. 7 and 8. ‘The pootry composed betwoon tho Era of the PROPHEN'S Flight and the close of the period of the Welldirected Successors is of two kinds: The first kind was postry composed by. the poets who are called the Muhadrimin. The Muhadrimain wore the Ansar or allios of the PROPHET, Most of their pocms are praise of the great Apostle or Religious Love Songs. ‘The chief poots of thie class are: ‘Abdullah son of Dawéha — 63 — or Ruwabab; Malik son of Nuwayrah ; al’Abbis son of Mirdas; Munjim son of Nuwayrah; Ke‘ab son of Zubayr; and Hassin son of Thabit. ‘The other poets who Hourished during the period of Conquest and Colonization are: ‘Amr son of Ma’di-Karib; al- Nimr son of Taulabs Abu-Dhu-ayb; al-Nébighah al-Ja'adt; ‘Tamim con of Mughil; and Abu-Mihjan. Their pootry bas for its subjects: Apostacy and Re-conversion, Conquest, Revolt and Rebellion, and the like, This is the second kind. The Umayyade Caliphs at Damascus. Ait The Umayyad Khaltfahs, AD, At 188, 12) Concord and Harmony. raw 41 Meawiyah T . a1 2) Highest Glory. 60 Yad E ee 680 64 Mu'hwiyah’ 1 68 84 Marwan : : 683 65 ‘Abdu 1 Mie ; 88 88 al-Walld T ae 705 2) Divisana and Rexbnning of Decline 98 m5 9 at a1 70 105 me 125 ed : 8 196 Yasid 11. : a De 198 Tran |S bid a 127-182 Marawie 1! S760. Phe we cine Umayyah was the son of ‘Abd-Shams, son of "Abd-Monitf, one of the descendants of 'Adnan. 'Abd-Shems, the father of ‘Umayyah, was the brother of Hashim, who was the great- grand-father of the PROPHET. Umayyah was the patriarch of tho famous clan or family of the Ummayyads, which belonged to the great Quraysh tribe. Over dozen of the mombers of this clan raled as Caliphs at Damaseus;— Later on many ,— oH of them ruled as Caliphs in Andalusis, now called Spain, ‘The seat of the Rashidin Culipbs was Madinah; but it seems a though ’Ali and al-Hasan had thonght of removing it to Kafa. 1. The first Umayyade Caliph was Mu'iwiyah son. of Abu-Sufyén son of Harb son of Uniayyah. He assumed ‘the Caliphate in 41 Fl. = 661 A.D. The Muslims swore fealty ‘to hhim upon the abdication of al-Hasan. ‘That year was called the year of Union and Concord, for in it harmony was restored, after the rivalries of several pretenders to the dignity of Caliph. ~- Under the previous Caliphs, Muawiyah had been governor of Syria for neatly 20 yeurs. He, ‘after that, reigned fat Damascus as Caliph from 41—60 Fl. == 661 —~880 AD, In the year 50 (= 670 A.D) he sent a great army and f fleet to attack Byzantium, Constantinople. During his reign the Muslims founded the city of Qayrawén in North Afrion. 2. Yauidl succeeded his father Mu’awiyah: in the year 60. ‘When Mu’awiyah died at Damascus, his son Yazié happened to be absent at Hims. All acknowledged him as Caliph, exeept al-Hlusayn son of ‘Ali and ’Abd-Allah son of alZubsyr. Yazid sent an army against Husayn, who was killed on the plain of Kerbelab near the Euphrates, 10 Mubarram 61 His head was cut off, the body was interred at Mashhad Husayn. 'Abi-Allah, the other disputer of Yaaid’s right to the Caliphate, withdrew to Makka, fortified the House or Sanctuary, and prepared fo resist. Al-HuSayn son of Numayr marched against him and was preparing’ to besiege the city and attack the walls with baitering-rams, Indeed the curtain or covering of the Ke’abah was torn, Before al-Husayn had done much, however, he recsived information of the death of Yasfd at Jomascus. At once al-Huiayn the besioger, proposed . to "Abd-Aliah, son of. Zubsyr, the besieged, that they become reconciled — which was done. Yasid. died in the month of Rabf'a First 64; after a reign of 8 years and 8 months. 8, Mwwiyah IT son of Yastd soceeded hie father, ruled only three months, and then abdicated, preferring to retire and — 6 live a fife of piety and devotion. —’Abd Allah soxi of Zubayr {on learning that Yanid was dead), ro-nssorted his claim to the Caliphate, and called upon the people to give their allegiance to him. He succeeded in bringing many countries under his sway; hie authority was acknowledged throughout Hijéz, Teéq, and Khorassin, Yamen, Egypt and a groat part of Syria, exoept the region of the Jordan river in Palestine, Hereupon many Moslims rallied around 4, Marawan I son of al-Hakam, one of the Umayyah Family, and swore allegiance to him as tho rightful Caliph This was done in the region near the Jordan. Marawiin son of al-Hakam had been the Secretary of 'Uthman the Caliph. He entered Damascus, and his authority was acknowledged throughout Syria. ‘Abd Allah son of Zubayr sent al-Dabhik at the head of an army to put down Marawan. ‘The opposing armies met and fought in the plain or meadow of Marj-Rahit, called also al-Ghitah, a few miles east of Damascus, Al-Dabhak son of Qays was killed. Afterwards, in 64 (April 683), Marawin was murdered at Damascus by his own wife, having reigned only @ months. 5, He was succeeded by his son ‘Abdu-l-Malik, to whom allegiance was sworn in the year 65/685 at Damascus. — The son of Zubayr, howover, sent hit own brother Musab with ‘an army into the ‘Iraq. Mus'ab came to the city of Butrah, whose inhabitants submitted. Indeed Musab took possession of the two ‘Trigs, the Arab and the Persian, Afterwards the Caliph ’Abdu-LMalik son of Marawin marched against Mus'ab, ‘The two encountered one another* and a battle was fought in which Mus'ab was killed, upon which the ‘Iraq again recognised the authority of the Umayyade Caliph. The leader of the Caliph’s army was al-Hajjéj son of Yasuf of the Thagif tribe, ‘Abdn-I-Malik was s0 voll pleased with the perseverance and success of this leader that be sent him with an army against “Abdullah son of Zubayr. Al-Hajjaj completely defeated “Abd- * a November 600 moar Maskan on an arn of the Tigei: ki: IF i IF - 66 ~ ullab*, killed him, skinned the corpse, stufed the chin with straw, and bait it drucified. — ‘Abdullah's revolt and pretensions to the Caliphate had Jasted nine years, from the death of Mu'éwiyah tothe 6th year of ’Abdu-l-Malik’s Caliphate. During most of that time he had resided at Makka, the PROPHETS birthplace and the central point of Islam, where he exercised great in- fluence over the pilgrims assembled yoatly from all parts; and for a time the Umayyads had discouraged the Believers from resorting thither and urged them to cubstitate a pilgrimage to the Holy City of Jerusalem for the Mekka Hig. — Al-Hajaj “then occupied the regions of the Hijiz and Yamimah; the people of Makka also swore allegiance to the Umayyad Caliph ‘Abdo: Malik son of Marawén, Tu the year 83 Fl, sl-Hajjaj, the army leader, founded the city of Wasit between Kfifa and Buirah. —‘Abdu-l-Malik. diod in the year 86/205, at the age of sixty, his Caliphate, since the death of the pretender “Abdullah son of Zabayr, having lasted about thirteen years. He is the first of the Muslim rulers who coined money (76 FL). After that, the coins of the Umayyade Calipbs wore much prized and beeame current. | The Qubbat es-Sakhrah, i. e,, the Dome of the Rock, is the most beautiful and interesting of all the buildings in Jerusalem. The Caliph "Umar began it; sceording to the * inscriptions on the walls, this shrine was completed by 'Abdu-l- « Malile about 686 A.D. 6, Al-Walid I son of ‘Abdu-l-Malik wks recognised ‘and proclaimed Caliph in the year 86 Fon the day of hie father’s decease, 705 A.D. He built several mosques in- Damascus. Down to his day the Christian clerks in tha employ of the government had Kept the books and accounts in the Greek language; al-Walid stopped this custom, and thenceforth all registers wore kept in Arabic, He is the’ founder of the Amawy Mosque™ at Damascus (Dhi:Qiadab 86 FI), but it ‘Im October 692 near the Moka Sanctuary. Tho root took fre in Octaber 1898, and this ancient building was ‘thereby almost destroyed, fr Se ga oe i kaha a eos 9 Oo 6 ‘was not completed till the days of his ‘brother, the Caliph Suleyman, -He included within the mosque a part of the old Christin chureh of Saint John. ‘The total amount expended con this house of prayer was 400 boxes or chests full of coins, each of these four hundred containing 28,000 dinars. In it were 600 golden chains for hanging the lamps ‘These chaisis remainod there till the reign of Umar the son of ’Abdu-b’ Aziz, who took them and used them for the treasury of the Baytu-l- mil, substituting others of brass and iron, Al-Walid also built the great dome called Qubbat-al-Sokbra at Jerusslem; he too repsited and enlinged the Prophet's mosque at Madinah, so that it took im the tomb. : Tt was in this Caliph’s reign that Tariq crossed. over from Afriea to Spain, then called Andélusia, and was ‘opposed by Roderik king of the Visigoths.' The two armies ret on the banks of a small river, called wAdi Bakka, near the river Guadalete, ‘The Visigoths, aftor’ a week of fighting, fled, and soon all Andalusia became one’ of the doininions subject to al-Walid. In his the empire was considerably extended. Thus Kuteibsh was victorious beyond the river Oxus; Maslamab, the Caliph’s brother, advanced into Armenia and Asia Minor; Muhammad son of Qasim fonght vietorionsly in India; Tarif, ‘Al-Walid died at Dayr Marawén in the year 96/715 and was buried in the cemetery outside the Small Gate of Damaseus. He’ left 14 sons, * 7. Ho was sucoceded by his brother Suleiman, why chose is cousin "Umar son of “Abdu-l-’Azin to be his waair. He sent his brother Muslimah with sn army against Constantinople. Suleiman himself encamped in Marj Débig. Mashmsh (or Muslims), his brother, epent a whole winter trying to besiege Constantinople. On receiving information of Suloiman's death, ‘Maslamah abandoned the sioge and returned. Suleimin died in Sept. or October 717 A.D, = 99 after the Flight.— 68 8, "Umar son of "Abdu-l-'Aziz was designated Caliph by Sulayman, before the latter diod, ’Abdul-'Aziz, the fathor of "Umar, had been for many years the governor of Egypt. "Umar was the cousin of the deceased Caliph. He ruled only 2 years and 5 months, and died by poison, at a place called Dayr Sim'an, in Feb. 720. 8. Yarid Second, son of ’Abdu-I-Malik, was proclaimed Caliph. in 101/719 or 720. During his reign, Yaxid son of Muballab of the Mudarite tribe headed a robeltion at Buérah ‘and Wasit, and was proclaimed Caliph. Soon the Umayyade Caliph Yazid Second sent an army from Syris, under his brother ‘Maslamab, ‘The two armies met at 'Akr, near Kafa, on the left bank of the Euphrates, where Maslamah gained a great victory. Yastd the son of Muhallab and his brothers fell in the battle. About the same time, during the years 720 and 721 AD, Saméh had led the Muslim troops weross the Pyrenees {nto Franee; they wore defeated near Toulouse. Yasid Second reigned only 4 years and died in Haurin. Before his death he had designated his brother Hishim as his suecessor-clect. 10, Hisham was proclaimed Caliph on the day of his brother's death, in the year 105 Fl. = Jan. 724 or Dec. 723 A.D. — The great difficulty in his way was, that sinos the days of Suleiman, the ruling and conquering race, that is the Arab ‘Muslims, had again become divided into two great partics, namely the Yamanites and the Mudarites. ‘Trouble arose in ‘Irdq and in Khorasean between the. two parties, There ‘was also war in Azerbaijan; Maslamah, the Caliph’s brother, fell in battle there in the year 732 AD. From 725—736 there was war in Asia Minor against the Byzantines. ‘The Berbers of North Africa revolted against the Arab conquerors. In Spain the Muslims again crossed the Pyrenees in vast numbers, in 782 A.D., penetrated to Bordeaux, took that crossed the river Dordogne, destroyed Libourne and Poitiers, and advanced towards Toure, Here they were met and opposed by Duke Endo and Charles Martel. After several days’ fighting the Arabs retreated. Meanwhile the Spanish pro- — 9 = vinees of Catalonia, Arragonia, and Navarra were in revolt, ‘After these provinces wore reduced, ‘Ugbah, the Arab leader, again invaded France (then called Gallia), in 734. ‘The Arabs oceupied Arles, Avignon, Valenco and Lyons, Charles Martel again drove the Arabs back, in 739, Thus on all sides Hisham hhad trouble. ARer a rcign of about 20 years, in 125 Fl = Feb. 6, 743, he died in a stronghold near Damascus which hho had built for himself, and which he had named al-Rasiah 11. Al-Walid Second, son of Yaetd, son of “Abdul -Malik, assumed the dignity of Caliph in 126/742 or 748. When Hishim died, al-Walid was absent from Damascus in the desert country. He hastened to the capital and assumed the power. He lived to enjoy it but one year only. He was killed in the year 126 FI. = April 16, 744. 12, Yagid Third, son of al-Walid, assumed the power in 126/744, Ho reigned only 5 months and a few days, and died of tho plague in the year 126 = Octobor 744. . Tbrahim, the brother of Yasid, was proclaimed Caliph in 126 Fl, but reigned only seventy days. For as soon as Marawin, son of Muhammad son of Marawan, heard of Yazid ‘Third’s desth, he hastened from Harrén towards Damascus with a strong army. Suleiman, son of Hisham, with his army, ‘met Marawén and his army at,'Ain-al-Jarr, a small place on the road between Ba'albak and Damascus. The battle lasted all day. Suleiman’s army sufferod such a severe defeat that be and Ibrahim found themselves forved to flee from Damascus. Thrahim, after reigning seventy days, was deposed. 14, Marawan Second was proclaimed Caliph in 126/744. Ho reigned about five years, 196—~ 182 = 744 —749 or 760 A.D. He first put down a rebellion in Syria ond Palestine, ~- Suleiman son of Hishdm was proclaimed Caliph by certain troops, who marched with him to Qinnisrin, near Aleppo, Marawan entered tho fiold and marched against Suleiman. Near Qinnisrin, Marawin totally defeated Suleiman, and thon marebed against Rakka, drove back the rebellions Kharijites, and foreed them to retreat to Musul on the Ti. ~ 0H = ‘Two brethors, ‘Abdallah Abu-IvAbbas and Abu: Dja’far, descendants of al’Abbis one of the Prophet's uncles, hhad Jong ‘lived in seclusion in the ‘Iniq.. Their party grow stronger day by day. ‘The chief army leader of the 'Abbisido party wat Abu-Muslim, “Ho succcoded:in taking the followi cities one after the other: Merv, Nisabtr, Hamadén, and Neha- wend. He then divided hie victorious troops into two bodies, “marched westwards, crossed the Tigris and then the Euphrates, near Kerbela, Here they woro mot by the Syrian army of ‘Marawin. In August 749 the Syrians were completely defeat- ed. Hereupon ‘Kufa acknowledged the ‘Abbasides as the rightful Caliphs. Ibn Hubeirah, who commanded the defeated Syrians, rotreated to Wait. Marawan then gathered an army ‘of 100,000 men and marched sgainst the main body of the "Abbaside troops. ‘These troops had gone through Kurdistan to the small river Zab. ‘They were commanded by Abt- "Aun; with him was ‘Abdallah son of ’Ali, an uncle of the firet Abbéside Caliph Abul-'Abbés. Marawiin built .a bridge over the Zab and hoped to defeat Abu ’Aun before he should receive reinforcements from Khorasin and ‘Iraq. He was disappointed. In January 760 the Syrian army was dofested. Marawin fled to Harrin and thence to Damascus. In Damascus a rovolt against him forced him to flee’ again, ‘Abdallah Abu-l-'Abbis entered Damascus on the 22nd of April 760 and the Black* Standard of the 'Abbasides waved over the gate of the capital city and residetice of the Umayyades. (Cf. p. 75.) Summary: The Umayyade Dynasty had made the ancient city of Damascus their residence. ‘The history of this dynasty may be conveniently divided into four periods, namely: I, Muwiyah as sole Ruler or Monarch. Concord. TI. The Period when tho Umayyades had reached their highest Glory, — from Yazid I to Walid 7 ULL. Divisions in the Empire and Beginning of Decline, from Sulayman to Hisham. TV, Farther Decline and Downfull of the Umayyades, from Walid I to Marawin I. Black, for they mourmod the kiling of al-flasan, =a Geneaiogicai Table of the Umayyades. pale hte CR vm svcd Fe wns (¢44 "Uthman 683 Marawin I, pees et 705 "Abdu Malik ao adhe wine mien wikleen a 233 eee Ghalinie of Gor: Marawin Second, when he ded from Damascus, passed through Palestine and hntried on to Egypt, so closely pursued by the 'Abbasside party, that he had no time to gather a fresh army, and was at last killed in a church near Abusir on the sth of August 750 A.D. He had ruled 5 years, from 126—182 Fl. == 749 to 748, or from T44—750 AD, General Remarks on tho Umayyad Dynasty. Firstly. Although the Seat of the Caliphate bad been removed from Madinab to Damascus, the central point of the Political Power continuod to be in Arabia, or at least, among, the Arabs. The army-leaders, the governors of provinecs, the high officials, were all taken from the Arabs.— 2 Secondly. The chief Conquests under the Umayyados wore: Andalusia by ‘Tariq son of Ziyad di the reigns of Walid 1 and ‘Abdu-I-Malik; during the reign of the latter, Muslimah son of Abdul Malik conquered part of Asia Minor; ‘Muhammad son of Qasim of the tribe of Thagif took part of India. — At that time the Arab dominions extended from the river Tagus in Spain to the river Seinde in India, and from the Caspian Sea to the Aswan cataracts of the Nile. ‘Thirdly. Settlement, Colonisation and Founding of Citios, Mu'dwiyab First began to build the city of Qayrawan, In the year 88 after the Fi., al-Hajjaj son of YGsuf of the tribe of ‘Thaqif founded Wait, between Buérah and Kéfa. Al-Walid built the great Amawite mosque at Damascus; in his day was built also the Qubbat-al-Salhrah at Jorusalem; he also repaired the, Prophet's Masjid and enlarged it. In Hishém's day Risa- fah was founded. Fourthly, Luxury. The earlier Caliphs had been dis tinguished for simplicity of habits and frugality of life. The ‘Umayyades were fond of splendor and Iuxury. Mu'awiyah son of Abu-Sufyan wore rich clothing, dwelt in palaces, surrounded himself with a body-guard and court officials; and so did all the Umayyade Caliphs, excepting "Umar son of ’Abdul-'Aziz. The Language and Literature of the Umayyad Period, After the conquests, many Arabs settled in the newly-acquired countries and mixed more or less with the subdued races. By contact with foreign peoples and tongues, the pure dialects of the ancient Arab tribes were more or less corrupted, especially the spoken language of every-day-life. This is the cause which gove rive wo dhe aking of Tales and books on grammar &o. As for the Literature, it consisted mostly in explanations of the Quin and the Hadiths, and in poems. Caligraphy also and Orthography at the commence ment of Islim were not highly perfected among the Arabi *Uthmén son of ’Affin ordered the copies of the Book to be written and distributed throughout all mosques, and these copies continued to be used for over forty years, to the time of — 2B Abdu-1-Malik son of Marawin. After that time many other copies were made and spread throughout ‘Iréiq, Tereupon al-Hajjaj con of Yasuf of the tribe of Thagtf, then governor of Buirah on the part of ‘Abdu-lMalik, introduced the system of using dots and double dots in the ambiguous letters. Al Nadr son of ’Adim perfected. this system, which has been followed ever since. The Poetry of the Umayyade period continued to be vouch the same as it had been in the oki days. Many poets flourished during that period. Yazid son of Mu'éwiyah “Jearnt eloquence and the composition of verse in the wilderness among, the Bana-Kalb tribe”. ’Abdu-I-Malik son of Marawan was a ‘man of letters. Al-Walid son of Yazid son of ’Abdul-Malike was one of the most eloquent men of his day, and a great Arabic scholar as well as a poet. Among the poets and authors of that period are: A’ashé Hamadin;— A’asbA tho Taghlibite; Nashi of Banu-al-Biat; — al-Qitimi; — al-Akbtal; — al- Farazdaq; and others, ‘The greatest preacher of the khutbah at the Friday noonday prayer was Tbn-khuma’ub, ‘The most learned in the Law was al-Nwaman son of ‘Thabit, who is better known as Abu-Hanifah. ‘Time and space do not allow of speaking here of any of the foregoing save of Abu-Hanifah. He is the greatest of all Muslim jurists, He was born in 80 Fl. His first occupation was that of & weaver and dealer in silk stuffs. He then read and studied aw for over ten years with or under Hammad son of Abu- Suleyman. He was very fond of talking on legal topics. If asked a legal question, he would wax eloquent and his words ‘would flow like a stream. His system of Law is of the highest authority in arriving at a conclusion by analogy, and his views are most sound and correct. He was the first who laid down the many great principles of Law, classified legal questions into subjects and branches, and explained tho principles on which Law is based, He too first laid down the principles of inheritance arid the rales of contracts. Abu-Hanifah died at Bagiéd in 150 Fl. = 768 AD.So The 'Abbasides in Asia. ‘Tho Patiods in tho History of the House of “Abbe aro: An + Tho ‘Abblsld Khaliah Ap. 4. Tho Glory of the ‘Abbindes, from AbO-1-'AbbiN nl-Badh to ak 132666 erie 780 -—1388, Mo'takio ith 132 alsamh = ‘60 TL Commencement of Decline of Caliphate, and Rise of Independent ih aioe a Dynan tour tw Aeceon f Wahi fo the Death of aKa. | tw unas ae ae HL, Fo Decline of the Caliphate, — ftom al aqua to the Kntanes 170 Abeta 138 of the Biyides into Bags 198 a-Amia 508 TV. Tho “Abbiaider undar the Btyid Soktans a Me alana 83 Y. The ‘Abend the Siremany of the ft Sliq Salta : : + VL. The mor or let Tedepndent Caliph, daring the times of the 2 Commencement of Decline, ad Ris of ndepandont Dynato. Ina Galjtg Baltann ad Goring tho times ofthe Princes or Bite of Khewlrinm. arash : aie VEL. Dowaall and Overthrow of the Caliphate of Bagi, + " stStemair | : : 861 There wore three brothers: Thrahim, the eldest; ‘Abdallsh Ae 7 ca Aba-I’Abbas, the ybungest;,and al-Manstr abuJa’afur, the abMabtad ) ) ) as 369 secoud: They were the sons of Muhammad son of ‘Ali son of Eben Baa 8 an "Abdallah son of al~Abbas son of 'Abdu-1-Muttalib, who w r. alMakiai wind tet 902 the Prophet's grand-father; they were, therefore, not only of ee er the Quraish tribe, bat a Sai aa ene anaes : 5 “ab Aagtair 208 the eldest, had been murdered by order of one of the Umayyade ~ eee Caliphs, "The youngest, ‘Abdalla abu-1’Abbis, was the son S20) iam 2 ee | of their father by: his wife who waa of the respectable tribe iT “Abbas ander the Bia Sane of Banu Hérith; wheress al°Mantar abu-Ja’afat, the second oe. cet an and middle brother, was the son of their father by @ slave-girl, . 3630 Tia |) )) oe 374, ‘This may explain why the youngest brother took precedence 3 tel el te 991 over the second as the Hend of the House, after the murder ; © he "Abba ade he Supremacy ft Flt Salon. of the eldest. (CE p. 70.) ” -—lrt~r~—~Cr—S—CSCS 1. ‘Abdullah abu-I’Abbis was surnamed sl-Suffah, $87 aLMuathir ‘which means the Blood-shedder, because he killed 0, inany of ‘those who were opposed to his Honse. The opposers of the "Abbiside claims to the Caliphate were of two great parties, first tho Umayyades and their partisans, and second those who A,The More or Lees Independent Ca ‘r'tke LartSauféq Satan an of tho Big “alMfusanbid 599 SLR RB wanted te bring the Caliphate into the hands of the descendants 268 of “Ali ‘on of Abu-Talib. ‘Abdallah sbu-I’Abbis al-Saffth te ea de killed many of both parties, He killed Abu-Salamah,. the wazir tag BRIAN mah creticer ot hha eats of Muhammad's Family, because he favored the ‘Alawiyyin. 628 Muti Lt tea He instructed his uncle ‘Abdullah son of ’Ali to gather all 640666 shone | 1 1242" ase the members of the Umayyade House and invite them ‘to give, DLL ———" their submission wid allegiance, promising them not only fall— 16 amnesty but restofation of their property. But when they obeyed and came together they were killed —three score Umay‘yades perished all together. One. escaped, 'Abdu--Rabmin son of Mu'awiyah son of Hishim son of ’Abdu-LMalik son of ‘Marawan son of al-Hakam son of Abu-l-'A8 son of Umayyah, This is the ‘Abdu-I-Rahman who went to Spain and there founded in 756 A.D. another Umayyade Dynasty of Caliphs. Al-Saffah was born at Humaymah in 108 Fl. He assumed the Calipbate in 182 F. == 750 A.D. at the ago of 28 or 24. He removed his residence ftom al-Hirwh to al-Anbir, where he died in 136/Junc 9th 754 at the age of 28, after a reign of only 4 years, and was suecooded by his elder half-brother 2, AlManstr abu-Ja'afar, who ruled 22 years, from 136 to 158 Fl, = 754—Oet. 7th 775. On his younger brother's death, two other claimants to the succession arose, — first the uncle “Abdullah son of ’Ali, and second the cousin ‘isa son of Misa, The uncle, ‘Abdullah son of ’Ali, commanded a large army on the northern frontiers of the empire, which army had been put there to protect tho frontier against the incursions of the Byzantines. — Al-Man8r had to choose an army leader to sond against this uncle, He chose Abu-Muslim, beeanse the latter was popular among the Chorassinites; for there were many of these troops in the army under ‘Abdullah's command, and «l-Manstr knew they would refuse to fight Abu-Muslim. When the uncle ‘Abdallah learned who had been sent against him, he killed all the Chorassinites in his army, about 17,000 men; his other troops were Syrians and Mesopotamians. He Jed them to Nisibin and took up a fortified (or strong) position con the Euphrates. Abu-Muslim, howover, defeated ‘Abdullah son of ’Ali in Novernber 754. Al-Manstr is the Caliph who founded Bagdad and made it the seat of the Coliphate. Bagdéd is on the west bank of the Tigris, and about fifteen miles above the ancient city of Kiesiphon, Hashiniyyah bad been for a time the residence of al-Saffih, —ALMansir went on a pilgrimage to Makka and died at Bir-Maymdnah, not far from thet city, in the 63d year me of his age. His Body-Guard consisted mostly of Tarks and Chorassanites, for he no longer trusted his Arab troops. He introduced Persian, Byzantine and Indian science and learning at hie Court; and under his reign arose the first Arab works (books) on the Hadiths, the Law, Theology, History, Geography, Grammar, Lexicography, Mathomaties, Astronomy, and even Medicine; whereas tll then all Arab learning had been only orally handed down. Poetry had of ‘course existed Jong before al-Manénr’s time; but under him the first attempts were made to fix and lay down the rules of prosody. This made the verses more rhythmical and correct, but the poetry lost its vigor, its freshness and that wonderful soaring of word and thought that is the outcome of the feelings of the inmost soul and which can never be taught or learnt, but can only be poured forth by the warm heart. In his time too the older poems were collected and set down in writing. ‘The Enmire of the Caliphe at ite widest exteded from the Atlantic to the Indus, and from the Casnn Sea to the extaracts ofthe Nile, 80 vast dominion could not be lng held together. The frst sep towards itn dis {ntagraton began in Spaio, where ‘Ad-ubRetinia, a member of the recently tuppresed Umayyad family, was acknowledged an an independent sove- reign, in 188/753, and the ‘ADLdsid Calijhats was thore renounced forever . AlMahdi assumed the Caliphate in 158/775. He was the son of al-Mansir. In his reign # man rose in ‘Transoxania who was styled al-Muganna’, the Veiled One. He taught the doctrines of the transmigration of the soul and the incarnation of the Deity. Thus he preached that God had first appeared jn Adam, then in Noah, and so on from prophet to: prophet, through MUHAMMAD, ‘Ali, Abu-Muslim, and at last in him, himself. A great many followed this deluder of men. At last, in 779, an army besieged these rebels in o fortress called Sanam; al-Muganna’ poisoned himself and his followers, set fire to the fort and all the treasures in it, and perished. ‘Al-Mobdi sent an army in 165 Fl. to invade the Byzantine empire. He himself accompanied it as far as Aleppo. ‘Thence his son Hardn al-Rashid led it, in the years 781 and 782- we of the ‘Christian Era, as far as Chrysopelia (Ushkodéa, Sentari) ‘opposite Old Constantinople. Hereupon’the Byzantine Empress Itene, the widow of the Emperor Leo Fourth, had to make peace at any price. ‘The conditions of the treaty of peace were: Free retarn of the Muslims awith all their booty and captives; Feeding of the Muslim army: during all its retura- march; and the Payment of a yearly Tribute of seventy thou- sand dinars, Harin-al-Rashid'on his part accepted these condi- tions and set free the ambassadors of the Queen who had been imprisoned. Tn 776 ‘Isa had rensunced his claims to the Caliphate; and al-Mabdi made the Muslims swear allegiance to hia son Masa al-Hadi as his,succesor- He was’ killed by Wasif' and: Bogha, the lendors of the the Caliph’s eldest son Muntatir, were disaffected, because the Caliph had wanted to divide the king- dom among hia three sons. ‘The chiof of the body-guard ad- mitted the murderers by night into the Caliph’s bed-chamber they killed him in the night between Dee. 9 and 10, 861 Shawwal 247 Fl. —He had ruled nearly 16 years The next morning Wasif proclaimed the eldest son of the murdered Caliph as the successor. +11, 247/861, Muhammad al-Muntatir. The Persians and the Yamanites among the troops gathered together and altacked the palace of al-Muntadir, but his Turkish and Western troops drove them back. Six months afterwards he died, in tho 26th year of his age, 248/Tune Sth 862 A.D.— His mother was a Grock slavegirl. 42, 248/862. ‘The Turkish and Westorn troops then proclaimed Ahmad son of Muhammad son of al-Mu'atakim as Caliph, and he assumed the title of al-Musto'in at Samira. His reign was n period of trouble and disturbance. One of the sons of "Abdullah ibn Tahir was governor of Bagdad, and had foreed the inhabitants of that city to recognise al-Musta'n's Caliphate, ‘The Caliph rewarded him by appointing him as governor of “Iriq and Arabia, Muhammad ibn Tsbir was about that time the fourth govemor of Khorassin of the Tahiride Hoase, which at this period extended its authority over Khawarism, Herat, Tabaristan, and a part of Transoxiana. - ‘As the Tahitides ruled over the far East, so did Atamish, the younger Bogha and Wasif hold the power in the nearer East. — After ruling Tess than ‘three years al-Mustain was deposed by the Turkish troops, in the year 252/Jan. 4..866, when only thirty-one yéars old, and Abu’Abdullsh Mubammad son of al- Mutawakkil was proclaimed Caliph, and assumed. the title of al-Myiatarz, (See p. 81, N.B.) — 8 Persian Reviv Between the IXth and the XIth centaies of te Christian Bra there otis gleyag, mae whe et Pea ‘and he provine Beyond iver” Ox (Ma-wart-Pnatr, of Teansoninna) ttl tho great. inroed of the Sug Turks Thai heed ef Fern Tetra ageun arab ay ad aad oe i ee ee Te ages Su MER "he Shuts Eee Sean iets an a Ried erat ae ete Dasneatcnpiscteara ata tant a re cerca a cree Poe Sail est gece Et Teer i Aas ATE See a Tate fib eee tet ee oe et ar ee a Oe ale SE eat en pe (SRLS Epis aot. “iene poled Salah Perr ee etn a ra SAA fe sora erat meee as ems 108 a) The Due oun, «00 0m Tobe a one of cg aA le oa oa a a DE cee eerie ae be a ar te ate we sme eae 6210 Abn Dulaf ab-Qisin b, Ts abit “Abdal-‘Aate 895-—e, 808 (Sopra by “Abband Governor) ap. 266s, 318 8) The Bij in Adbachifin, ——_B79—c. 080, ws Si Did was governor of abn end al-Abws at the te ot bis deat in 34080, "ht Sas Une tn ee Malaga wan pores of {be Tijtsy but wae trnatned to al-Aate in 200/89) and thf Ada iin i 876680, to which wan ded Armewin in 280/608, “On his death 1D eoter Venn, who bad Yeon Wil of Makin 271/884, mcconadto th goverment ef Aronia a Aaharoin, seing ase Mabammads om Divded,Yorut avateda-Btayy im 809818, and was Smpruonel by te {ph Atari te Blom yar, ut was ote to spine te tan "ie tec alsa 81/00, oe waged waa Guanes (Qudrtat et, one yar bole a Mitad wat Parte Qunrumet of hata an Sestel i Metin Renae oyna— 9 — Au AD. fn 265—Abue-Sij Divéid died 379 216 Mutaovmad al-Afehin b. Divi’ |) 1) 889 eee 800 fui abFath b. Mhammad © | | | 927—e. 930. (Sopersted by "ABBA Gorernors) an. aD, 250-516, €) Tho ’ALids in Taburstin. 864928. ‘A line of Imims of the ‘ATM or Zaydite sect of the Shien was founded at Swala in the Yaman by al: Hédl Yahya, grandson of al Qinon al-Rawi, a echiamatic of the imo of al-Ma-min the “AUbisid Caliph thi Tine hat lasted down to tho prevent day. Other ranches and membirs of tho samme faily, descendants cither of al-Haain or alclnaayn, the: Prophet's grandsons, Tong’ maintained hoie rights to tho Inmate or Caliphate fm the provinces bordering’ the mathern there of the Ceepian, in Daylamn, Tabs stin, and Gin. A list of the merely sprital poatit (imi) or mpradic Febels, is beyond the present purpose; but in 250/864 the “Alide gained possession of Tabaristin, becamo a power, suck cola and held eway over fhe province for sixty-four years, until expallad by tho Bamanids After this event, several sival Houses of "Alawiyyin continued to maintain them elven in Gilda and Daylen, aad at Joust one of them, Abu-l-Padl Jafar ALThAe GllAh, exercised the coyal privilege of coiange 864 883 800 Io o18 916928, An av. 205-288, 4) Tho TUhivds Jn Khurdsan, 500 — 872 ‘Tabie dhu-l-yamioeyn, “Ambidexter”, the calbrated genaral of al“ ‘Ma-mta, descended om 2 Parsian alave, was appointed by that Caliph to ‘the goverument of Khevdain in 203/820, whore he and bit dynasty because practically Independent, thoagh holding thelr auborty by patent of the Calis 4nd with exprose ackbowlodgment of vasanlage. They’ Gil not tempt to (tren thelr power mich beyond the bordem of their provines; and ‘ater They collaped tunely before the allack of Yarghb b, Layth {see above, the 6th and 7eh Caliph) ‘Ambidexter” - 8 : : 522 (Overhrown by the Sati: — 1 254200, 4) The Saturias in Persia 867 — 908, Yalgib, tho son of Layth the Sats, i. tho ‘Copporemith’, was by 1 feeak of fortune promoted fam he lesdarship of hand of ontlaws to font of trum at the Court of the Culiph's governor of the province of Sijistin (or Nimris}, whom he eventually suecooded, sometime before 266/868. By ‘at year ho bad annexed Hert and occupied Fare, including the capital Shits, to vehioh bo soon ded Balkh and Tukbistin, and in 269/872 took Kirin from the thieds, After an expedition into Tabsrsitn, whore hho defend Hasan b. Zayd tho "Alaw!, he opouly rovelted agate the Caliph alMu'tamid, sod advanced through Shue and al-Abvwés upon Bagh; but tras routed by the Caliph's brother alMuwaffag, and died in 206/878. | His brother and tacceetor “Amt wat confizmed in the governments of Khuststn, , Kantisin, and ijt. "The Caliph, however, aiirusing ‘Ames in eating power, indaool Tema'll the Simiid to attack him in 267/000, when 0 Keiid was defeated and. rondo prisoner. him im Simin; bot endeavoring to ro-stablish the power of bi ars, was imprisoned in 200/008. "Two other members of tho fa ronght to recorer fis ont terry. Th’ 206/908 Bijatin was granted 1 the ‘Simtnids, but the Safiide conGnood for neatly A cantury to aim at the jpomesion of this provinee, sad savernl of dom suceseded in holding it Six 2'tima, (S60 abote, the 10M Caliph) 2 Yevgih balLayth alae ee 868 365. "Amr b aLayth Do se 287-200 Thir b. Muharmoaa b, “Ame ‘900 908 (Ovatrown bythe Staite) aM ap, 261-360, f) The Stminids in Tranvoxina and Persia, 874999. SAmin, a Perino noble of Balkb, being aided by Asad b. Abi Alleh, the govemer of Khurletn, roncuneed’ Zoroastrianism, embraced Isidro, fad amed his son Aand after hin protector, Asn four vous all distinguished themselves in the service of the Caliph al-Ma‘mn, snd were rewarded about 204/819 with provincial goveraments: Nob bad Sareargand; Ahmad, Parghnas Yahya, al-Shish; nnd Tivis, Horde Alanad took the lead among. his brother, and not. only wconeded Nab at Samanysod, but incorporated Kishghar in [is domicions, "His aseod son Tama) tok Khuetsta. from tho Sefeits in 290,905, defentod Mub.b. Zayd the "ANd of Tabaristn, and brouglt under Ais sway the whole torrtory from the Great Desert to che Persian Gul and from tho borders of India to near, Baghdid. “His powsr wax most firmly. fabllsted in Tranworiana, micwart-boalr, where Bukhara wnd Seauer Gand became the contre of ivillatia, learaing, ax end scholarship for a lange part of the Munim world, His sucoessors were weakened by roballions ja Kharietn and Siistin and by the growing power of the Buwayha, In alfa" cantury they were reetroted ‘to Hite. more than Tramwoniins. sed Kirnrdstn, whit the real power fo more aod moro into the hands of the ‘Turkish slaves with whom they filed their Court. Ono of those, Alptigin, foanted the dynanty of the Ghaxaaveids, which in S84/¥AE” succeeded to the Siminid territiry aoath of tho Oxus,” North of tho iver Uheir powar twas cartlled hy the ‘Tak Khdns of Turkietho, who had) sogulred the Teadenahip of the ‘arkish tubes from Farghéna to the border of Chine, and,oo attr “invading ‘Transoxiana and taking Bukhire in 380/900, Silly put an” fd to the Simniaid dynasty i 889/900; though+Toethim al-Mustailr oom loved to fight for the thre til) 896/100 : AM aD. 261, Nate Tb, Abmad 874 27° eme'l b Abmad |“ DID D0 1S see 205 Abmed b, Tana" Lt 909 aM Nagel b,Almad” <> A a3 Bal Nah Jb. Nasr ae +3 CAbLulMalier a NOW | Bk 330 Mantr T'D. Noh Lo 96 366 Noh TED. Manete PE bi Ll ol ae BS? Manbir Tb Noh I 97 889 ‘Abdal Maik Tb, Nob TT 98 ther wore evericownby hy ak won of Tpit, andy the Gusev of SRE Betas Aa ao, .820-e- 600, g) The Sak Kins of Terkistin, ¢, $22—c, 1165, ‘The istry of thte Khon St very meagrly"reconded. ‘They appese to have united tbe Tarkish flee east af Farghina under the auibariy lowarls tho end ofthe Xth centary. whan they hal alendy booome Mulia. frag al fet Kishghary but alr tho conquest of Tranoxans, thtward-nay fom the Stnkaion in 889/99, Hake Nabr roled ie tbe Tater who vowed. irom the Caspian’ ay far au tho borers of China from Batbtra An avonpt fo cas te provinces sonth of the Oxut wat xgelly feted by Mad of Ghazan ia BUB/LO0T; sod henceforth he Lak Khana Steve rosicad to Traeovanay Rhabghaz, aid Eastarn Tavtary. Under thir rie, many tribes eealished henelvor ia mf-ward-L-nahr and were aftr ‘Wario prewed. forward into Persia: meh aw the celobrated Tarkomn ‘cibo Wiike Baljeaa The eveconion aud ehrenology of the kha of Torke She very uncoTtain, ‘The list of mame fy heer, here omit. ait AD. 316484, ‘) The Ziyarids in Juri. 928 —1082. ‘The southern sore of the Caspian had never been well affected to the Caliphate, nd the “Alswiyytn hal repeatedly cstalished their beterodox power in thete regions (ee above, Whe "Allde in Tabarst4n’; nor were the Wofaids more eeceessal than tho Calipbs in maintaining their authority + there, Taking advantage of hin Marddwij b. ZiyAr, dewended, from a Jong line of princcs, mee himelf Sodependent in Tabtriatin and Jayjin, and tiecs cooupiat Tipaitn sud Hamadhin, and pusked hie forces aa. fr as ‘Halwa, on the Mesopotamian frontier, betwen tho years 316 — 819/098 — 31. He war iho patron of the Buwasbe, sod gave ‘AIL D. Hewayh his frst ppefotment as governor of Kara}. Mardavel) eld is dominions as dialar sebral of io “AUbinid Caliph aleAfeqtadir: his bother aod succosor Was Thue paid nowinel homage to ce Siminide as well. After tho rso of the Bulwayhide. in S20)99% che anthority of tho Ziydriis scnrealy extended Beyond the borders of Jarjéa and Tabarisitn; aod Qsbts war ever exiled Ba 1B years, 371 980, by the Bowaphid Meayyidubdawlah, On hie retura, owaver, he recovered Gillin ar wall as bis “former provinces, in which is fon meccded itm, wil diepowsemed by the Ghasnaw ide of Aightnistén | ‘sed Paajah, oe Aa an B16 Mardawt} bo Ziyar 908 323 Jahir-nl-dawlab Abn Manitr Washmog 98 36 Bitte. 967 GG Shameststwatt abs 976 $03, Falke. Mi Manche Dob aon 420434 Antahinedn (Dara) ce es cient 4) The three Hasanwayhid Kurds in Kordisto, from 848—106/059 tm 1018, ate bere omiteed, aa being unimportant. 1) Wwe Buwayhide in Soatben Ponia and, alTety ae the wows promingat of all the clevor dynastie inthe period of Persian Revival Thay are fully noticed below, at the close of al Mugiadirs Caliphate The so Kakwayhide, a branch of the Bawayls, in Kurdistin, 398 — 49/1007 1081, sxe also pasted over for thelr foagaideanen, 18, 262/860. Al-Mwataza al-Zubayr. Ho caused the deposed al-Musta'in to be killed, and his own brother al-Mu- ayyid to be secretly murdered. At this time Ya'gib, son of Leith the Saflaride, was master of Sejisttn. (See p. 91.) — Al-Mu'atazz appointed Ahmad son of TGlGn as governor ‘of Egypts the descendants of this Abmad are the Tildinides ‘who ruled in Egypt several short generations. (See below p. $7.) Jn 256/July 18. 869, the Caliph was deposed by the ‘troops. The Turkish mereenaries elamored for-their back-pay; hhe had not enough money to satisfy their demands. So some of them east him into » subterranean chamber, where he died om the third day, at the age of 23 years 14. 265/869. Al-Mubtadi. The chief of the murderers and revolters was Salih. ‘They chose abu-'Abdullah Muhammad son of al-Wathiq as Caliph, and he assumed the title of al- ‘Mubtadi-bi-Ilah, Within a year of his accession to the dignity ‘of Caliph, the Turkish troops killed him, in Rajab 266/June 21, 810: 15. 266/870. Al-Mwatamid ‘ala-Allah, the paternal cousin of his immediate predecessor. His full name is Ahmad son of al-Mutawakkil son of al-Mu'atasim. Ho was proclaimed Caliph at Samira, Being a wesk mon, he allowed his energetic brother al-Mawaflng Talhah to take the direction of the affairs of State, ‘The residence of the Caliph was brought back agint | — 4 to Bagdad. He led the Friday prayer, or rather the Khutbah was made in his namo; the coins too wero struck with his name, while Talhah had the authority over the troops, The ‘Turkish troops had quarrelled amongst each other, and thus Talhah got back the power into the hands of the ancient House of Hashim. But the provinces were in rebellion. The ‘Aly wiyyin and the Khawarij revolted, The Tillinides of Egypt and Syria threatened the Chatiphate on the west, the Saffarides menaced it from the far Kast; in the south and north-cast there was disturbance. Ahmad son of ‘Tiltin took possession of Damaseus, Hims, Hamah, Aleppo, and Tarsus, invaded northern Mesopotamia, and took Raqgah and Harran. (See below p. 97.) ‘About this time the Saffaride Ya'qib son of Tayth took Balkh and Cabtil, Bost and Herat, and then not only took Nitabir, but further seized the Tahiride prince Muhammad son of Tahir, thus putting an end to the supremacy of this House in Khorassin (878 A.D). Yelgih then took ‘Tabaristan and Parsistan; and in 875 he advanced to Abwas and to Wasit, —The Caliph’s troops were commanded by his brother ‘Talhah al-Muwaffaq. ‘They met Ya'qib’s forces a few miles south of Bagdad; and in April 876 a bloody battle was fought. Neither party was vietorious; but Ya'gtb had to go back to Khorassan to put down a revolt of some Tahirides, Al-Muwaffaq, the Caliph's brother, then drove the Saffarides out of Fars, Kerman and Khorasan, The Samanides helped him to overcome the Saffarides. ‘Tho Samanides were a line of rulers, descended from Asad son of Samtn, who had occupied high positions and offices in Transoxania, since the days of al-Ma-m‘in, Tematl cone of the Suminides, grew #0 powerful that he became govern- or of Transoxiana, Choraseén, Tabaristan and Jorjan. (See above, Persian Revival, fp. 91.) ‘The Caliph al-Mu'atamid had still other rebels to put down. ‘Ali son of Muhammad, from the region of Rayy, pretended to be a descendant of ’Ali son of Abu-Talib, and swas called Lord of the Zanj. He robbed and plundered around — % — Basrah and took that city in 871. When driven out thonce, he went and drove away the Caliph’s governor of Kbuzistan. After a few years this Lord of the Zanj again came to Baitah and Qédisinb, and even took Wasit in 877. ALMuwaffag drove him out of that city in 880, and the Lord of the Zanj retired to the mouths of the Euphrates. Al-Muwaffag pursued him thither. He defended himself behind the strong walls of al- Mukbttrah; it was not till the year 883 that al-Muwaffaq took the place by storm and behewded the Lord of the Zan, who hhad been the terror of the Caliphate and of Islam for 14 years, ‘The general al-Muwaffag died in Jume 891, His son Abu-I- "Abbas, one of the generals of al-Mu’atamid, treated this Caliph fas & prisoner. ‘This Abu-I-’Abbas afterwards became Caliph under the name al-Mwatedid. AlMu'stamid died in Shawwal 279/Oct. 18. 892. 16. 279/892. Abu-1-’Abbas son of al-Muwailag ‘succeeded his paternal uncle al-Mu’atamid, and assumed the title of al-Mu'atadia bi-Tlth. About this time the Tama‘ilides bbogan to appear. ‘They were a branch of the “Alawiyyin sect. From the IsmaYTlides sprang the Qarémitsh and the dynasty of the Fatimides who aflerwards grew so strong in Tunis and Egypt. ‘The Isma'lides are that sect of Shi'ites who regard smal, the soventh in descent from "Ali, as the true Imam, and the descendants of Isma' after him as the rightful success- ors. They believed that seven of these imams would teach publicly; but that after that, the others would live a retired life, until their teachings should provail throughout Isltm by means of secret missionaries.* One of the missionaries, who founded a seeret School and taught the expected coming of the Mahdi, was ‘Abdullah son of Maymfin, in the days of al Ma-min. His son continued the seeret teaching and converted many, but his chief convert was Hamdin son of Qarmat. Another of the missionaries of the Isma'lides froni Yaman was Abu’ Abdullah Hasan son of Ahmad, who afterwards overthrew © DAG, rancher, missionary.‘Tunis and placed upon the throue there the Fatimite Abu-Ubayd-Allab. The mis tury Abu-’Abdallah’ sottled among the Borbers of North Africa during the reign of the ‘Abbaside Caliph al-Mu'atadid. This Caliph diod in Rabi’a Second 290/April 5. 902, in the 46th year of hin age and the. tenth of -his Caliphate, and was ‘sueceuded by his son ’Ali Abu Muhammad, surnamed al-Muktaf. 17, 290/902, AlMuktadl. ‘The Qaramitah sacked Hims, amb, snd Baslbek in Syria, threatenéd Damaseus and Aleppo, cut off the communications on the route followed by the pilgrimage caravans, and plundered everywhere. ‘The Caliph sent armies against them under the general Muhammad son of Sulaymin, who overeame them in 904 and then soon’ aftor drove, the Tiliimides out of Egypt. (See below.) — Other Qartmitah in the neighborhood of Kufa and Qadisia, plundered the pilgrim caravan on ite way back from Mekka. ‘The Caliph’s tyoops, put them+down in 907, killing their chieftain Zakaruyah. In Transoxiana the wild Turkomans began to make inroads; ‘and the: Samdnide prince Tema’! had to send to Bagdad for troops to keep them off. (See above, Persian Revival, f.) ‘The Byzintines made war upon the Caliphate and pene, trated us far as Aleppo. ‘Tho Muslims sent a fleet to Saloniques their troops landed, stormed that wealthy and flourishing eity, and carried away thousands of captives, In the year 907 ‘Arab froops invaded Cappadocia, penetrated as far as Qoniah, and took the Byzantine army-leader Andronicus captive, .Here- upon the Byzantines sued for peace. AlMuktaG died Aug. 13. 908, after a reign of six years, ‘and was anceceded by his brother (18) Abu-I-Fadl Ja’afar al-Mugtadir, under whom the Caliphate declined «rapidly. Al-Mugtadir was only thirtoon years old.on his accession; paluce intrigues, riots of the people, revolts of the soldiers,, and the infience of the -womei in the harim took the place of law, dnd order, But before going on with the history of this ‘Abbasid, a whole section must be here devoted to the Taldinides. (See above, the 15th Caliph.) seagate te ~ oe an 25892 The Tolankes in Egypt and Syria, 8680s 254 Ahmad b. Tle... co 20" Rhumravayh Aad ~, | oS 252 Siyah Abel Ankirb Rhodznvagh |S 8 283 Hiram b.Rhootraeaghow ens 88 292° Ghayttn Ahmad 1! Loot =o0 (They wore Governor ovr grat and mast of Si, under Mhe "ARLES Kila Told, the father of Ahmad, wa a Malik whom Noxh sn of Aaa tom of Shmdn hed prseied an a gift to the Caliph al-Ma-mt in the ear 200 H, Hie som Abad was bom of slavesg. His olber son wat Minn, Toltn ded im 240. ie som Abad grey ia favor with the Caliph The 16h Caliph al-Moranse pot Ahmad in chargo of the dooned ili Mort, dort him to iil tho later, and promived to beatow upon him She goromoihip of Wasi asm xevorpens fr the murder. Bat Ahmad was too camsclentons 19 commit och a ene, Aftrwacie the providence of Gat rewariod Akmads and instead of the small rafttur of Ws he got the rpremscy ove Egypt, Syria and many foto tn, (ae the 1th Caliph) 12) AbwiADAME Abad won of Tin came in Raoadin 354 to Bgypt sx goraros, sot hy tho Caliph alata to repro the Turk Malia i motherh hong, Hevesi in Egypt ax gurermr of tho land, Afr wear be tock Damages and all Sytin, Antioch aod the fromtie” town, This happened wile the Calishs brother, aMuwaffg Tale, was engtge in rotng down the Lord ofthe ia Abad maintained is wupeomaay over 2 thse ovine is death> But during’ Gis abonc in Syria hit so Abs rbd, went to Bark fn rah Ace and wat wordt Trt, fhe Aehlnbite rer, saying thatthe Caliph al-Bacaid had appoint. him over all North fon Tova the AgQlaite war not devel but nt va) army, wader ene of is tuned sovant called Ballgh, and fro fnareted the governor of Trip to help Blligh agian lAbbte the sn of Abmad iba Tilom, ‘The two varehed again the rebelons am. and Aefeiod i m0 that he hat roti to Baro 262. His fash thea gehored an army, a Beypt 100,000 avg and stare. fa ALAlie waa aguin defeated td taken pita, tro him to Fons a 068, aad had bin hands co of ‘About thie tine ie “AbbLae Caliph al: Ma’etemid Ind appt an bis mcosmor-alat, not eniy Ka own ton, bot is energetic botor, tho army ieado ale Mrwaiag, 00 of al-Bitaeas,jonty with bin non deaf al Miawwid, and bul divided the Kfpgiom tron tho two. Jaw then the “ala! of Barak had ered, and a Mewafan, ta to go fo pt him den, ‘Tin cocapedal-Mowaig merly 16 yea Tha relations tetwoon Ahad son of Tain and al Maaig wen ot finely; thay Dated eachother; I ce ‘This sate of affairs oomtinowd Ul Abmad’a death, Soon al-Muwallag too ‘ied, after which the Caliph al-Muvatanid appoint ay his suecessor in the CCaliphato his nephew al-Mo"atadid Abw-l'AWbls, Ahinad sou of Talon died te year 270, at the age of 50, afer ruling 16 years, Ho had 1? sons “The mosque of Ahmad ihm TGLOm stil stands, but is wnt for ws. 8) Abetnwin Khandenwayh, On tho death of Almsd, the trop assembled, Killed hin eldest som al "Abbie, and set up Khamirawayh, hi fscond rom, who was then 20 years old, ‘This was during tho Caliphate of al-Moratemid the "Abhasde, In the yonr 276 FL, Afsifa Mubemmad, aon of Abu-1-8tj* stared from Armenia atl the Taurus mountains at the head of m mumerous army, intending w invade Keypt. Khamarawayh mot hiov at ‘Thaniyyal near Damoascns, defeated him, and took most of tho army eaptive, the defeated troopt having duown dowa thoir anos and sued for mercy. inoatramaysh then aleaneed to the Euphrates; his troops occupied Raqgab. He theroupon returned to Egypt. His naority extended from the Euphrates to tho regions of Nubia above Advan On the death of the 'ADaside Caliph al-Mu'stumia and tho accomion of al Muvatadid, Khamtrawayh rent him prosents, The bearer of these royal tits yas al-tesan grandaom of al-JaAsa alJewharl, The Caliph al-Mu'atadid secepted the present and confined Kharefrawayh aa govemor over the ragioas ‘under hiv authority, Xhamarawayh forher proposed to give his daughter Qate-ul-Nada (Dewdrop) in marriage t al-Muktaf, the heir-apparent to tho Caliphate. “But tho Caliph al-Mu'atadit sat he would marry hee Ise, which he €id in the year 281. Har dowry from Khamsrawayh, her father, was one million dirhams @rach# of silver ooin), This large num Arained Khamismwayh's teeseory indood it Se sald that the Caliph object in martying hor was 10 impoverih the TOltnides. He moreover malo it @ cmdition that Khamfrawayh was to send him every yaar 200,000 tute (Gunaris), Vesdes defraying all the exponser of the government of Egypt and ‘he pay ofall the troop there, Khamirawrayh folfled dhe eanditions all his lifelong, till ho wan Killed at Damascus hy his own body-guard in his bed, aftr having ruled over Bgypt and Syeia for nearly three yours. Wis body ‘wat removed 10 Egypt and buriad on the side-il of the Mnyttam mount hamdsawayh war wuoosoded ty hie won Abn-l’Axikir Jaysh, €) Jeyah returned. from Damescns 10 Hgypt and resided at Fueat ight months only, whan the troop rote against him snd led him. ‘They then aot up his brother AbuMtss Harn ibn Khamfrawayh,

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