11962_p285_290 10.3.

30 2:10 PM 285

(Journal of the Society of Materials Science, Japan), Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 285-290, Apr. 2010

Measurement of Youngs Modulus and Poissons Ratio

of Wood Specimens in Compression Test
by

Koji MURATA and Hideaki TANAHASHI

For the purpose of obtaining shear modulus, axial, transverse and 45 degree off-axis compression test for wood
specimen were performed to measure Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio. Strain was measured using a strain
gauge and an extensometer, and deformation of specimens was observed using a digital image correlation (DIC)
technique. The precision of the test was determined by the finite element method. The following conclusions were
made. The nominal Youngs modulus obtained from the distance between compression jigs was estimated to be
smaller than that obtained using the strain gauge and extensometer. This was because large compression deformations occurred in the local area in contact with the jigs. The Poissons ratio obtained for the off-axis specimen was
negative. The Poissons ratio obtained by Cauchys transformation rule and the finite element method using mechanical properties cited in literature was also negative. Off-axis specimens were observed to undergo arc-shaped or S-shaped
deformation by compression. Constraint on the jigs probably affected the deformation and resulted in the generation
of improper shear stress in the specimen. This constraint was thought to be related to the compliance component C 16
of Cauchys transformation. The component of the cited properties has the maximum value under an off-axis compression of
approximately 45, and the value of the component under an off-axis compression of 15 is 22~69% of the maximum
value. We propose that the optimum off-axis angle for obtaining the desired shear modulus probably is approximately
15 for the cited three species.
Key words : Wood specimen, shear modulus, Youngs modulus, negative Poissons ratio, 45 off-axis
compression

1), 2)

3)

2
21

(Chamaecyparis obtuse)

4)

(60mm 30mm 30mm)

Iosipescu

18 (60mm)

5), 6)

6 6

7)
8)
3
Iospescu
JIS

45 6

9)

10.0GPa

21 8 5 Received Aug. 5, 2009 2010 The Society of Materials Science, Japan

606-8502 Div. of Forest and Biomaterials Sci., Gradutate School of
Agr., Kyoto Univ., Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502
525-8577 Global Innovation Res. Organization, Ritsumeikan Univ., Nojihigashi,
Kusatsu, 606-8301

11962_p285_290 10.3.30 2:10 PM 286

286

12.3 8.0

MSC Nastran 4

490kg/m3 640 400

14%

(L)

Fig. 1

(R) (T) 7381

7200

5mm

45 45

RT

Nastran

22

100kN

5mm

0.2mm

10mm

3 6kN

29.5mmFig. 1

1cm 2

1 2

3
31

D100 1

LA-150TX

6 Table 2

3000pixels 2008pixels0.0465mm/pixel

Ea Ee

Eg

Ea

23

30% 80% Ee Eg

45

(MSC Nastran V.70)

45

10),

(Table 1) 2

0.5mm 0.5mm

11)

Fig. 1 Edge grain specimens and experimental setup for compression test.
Table 1 Mechanical properties for finite element analysis.

11962_p285_290 10.3.30 2:10 PM 287

Table 2 Young s modulus (E) and Poissons ratio ()

obtained in compression test. (E : MPa)

287

LR 3 29.8MPa
Fig. 3
1mm
5%

0.35%
1mm 5%
0.35% 0.5% ((5 2mm +
0.35 58mm) 60mm)

Fig. 3

45

45 Fig. 4

3
0.6mm Fig. 4

32

7.2MPa

45

Fig. 2

20

0.45mm Fig. 2

33

LT45 Fig. 5

2 3

3 0.6mm

Fig. 2 Target area for strain measurement; the white

surperimposed mesh indicates nodes for DIC.

Fig. 3 Strain distribution near contact area under a

compression stress of 29.8MPa.

11962_p285_290 10.3.30 2:10 PM 288

288

(B)
(Fig. 5-B)

Fig. 4

Fig. 5-B, C

Fig. 4 Deformation of 45LR specimen, where the

displacements are enlarged 50times ; the gray scale
indicates shear strain in the image on the right side.

12)
45
(1) (2)

Table 1

(Fig. 5-A)

Table 3

(Fig. 5-B)

1cm 2

1cm

(Fig. 5-C)LR45

(3)

1 = cos 4 + sin 4 + 1 2 xy cos2 sin 2

(1)

E
Ex
Ey
Ex
G xy

Fig. 5 Deformations simulated by finite element analysis ; U : image of undeformed specimen, A : unconstrained
loading point, B : loading point constrained in the horizontal direction, C : loading point constrained at the
horizontal direction and then rotation, where displacements are enlarged to some extent.
Table 3 Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio obtained by transform equation (T) and finite element analysis (A, B, C).

11962_p285_290 10.3.30 2:10 PM 289

289

xy
1

1 1 tan 2 + (1 + tan 4 )

Ex
G xy E x E y
=

xy
1 + 1 tan 4 + 1

tan 2
Ex Ey
Ex
G xy
XY

Y Y 1 Y Y 2
=
X X 1 X X 2

(4)
(2)

(3)

G xy =

E45
2 (1 + 45 )

(4)

x - y X-Y

E X-Y EX,

Table 1 (2)

XY

(Fig. 6) 45

1cm 2 X 1 X 2

0.18 30

XX1XX2 2 Y1Y2

0.24

YY1YY2 (2)

45

( 45) LT

LR LT

( ) (5)

(A)

(y = 0, xy = 0)

C16 (6)

C16

13)

Fig. 7 55 45

14)
Table 2

(C)

Off-

axis 15

Iosipescu

15)
15

Off-axis

Fig. 7 C16 45

30% Table 1

15)

45

11)

(4)

Table 3 (E45)
( 45) Table 4
LR45
B C 9% +9%
LT45 +6%+25%

Fig. 6 Poissons ratio associated with the direction

of fiber orientation .

45
Table 4 Shear modulus (MPa) obtained by transform
equation (T) and finite element analysis (B, C).

Fig. 7 Relationship between compliance component

C16 and fiber orientation .

11962_p285_290 10.3.30 2:10 PM 290

290

C16 15 45 22% 69%

15

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(E15)

displacements of orthotropic wood due to partial compres-

(15)

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= C16 x + C26 Y + C66 XY

C16

(5)

2 ( cos3 sin cos sin 3 ) xy

3
= 2 cos sin
Ex
Ex
3
3

sin 3
cos
sin

cos
+ 2 cos sin +
(6)
Ey
G xy

(X, Y, XY) (X, Y, XY) (7)C

12)
(7)

XY Ex, Ey, Gxy, xy

(x - y) (x - y)
(X-Y)
X C11
Y = C12

XY C16

C12
C22
C26

C16 X
C26 Y

C66 XY

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19106010

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