Understanding Structural Design of Diffrent Bldg. Component PDF

E3-E4 Technical Architecture
Rev date: 01-06-11
Chapter-13
UNDERSTANDING
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
OF
RCC BUILDING
COMPONENTS
Rajendra Mathur Dy. Dir(BS-C) 09412739 232(M)

E-mail:-mathur_rajendra@rediffmail.com
BSNL India
For Internal Circulation Only
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Understanding Structural Design of RCC Building

Components
1.0 Introduction
The procedure for anal ys is and design of a given build ing will dep end
on the t ype of build ing, it s comple xit y, t he numb er of stories et c. F irst
the arc hitectural draw ings of t he b uilding are stu died, structural s yst em
is finalized sizes of structu ral members are decided and b rought to the
know ledge of the co ncer ned archit ect. The procedure for structu ral
design w ill involve so me st ep s w hich will depend on t he t ype o f
build ing a nd also its comp lexit y and t he time ava ilable for structu ral
design. O fte n, t he work is required to start soon, so the step s in design
are to be arranged in su ch a wa y the found ation drawings ca n be ta ken
up in hand w it hin a reasonable p eriod of time.
Further, before starting t he stru ctural design, t he fo llo wing
informat ion of data are requ ired: ( i) A set of architectura l d rawings;(ii)
Soil Invest igat ion r ep ort (SIR) or so il data in lieu thereof; (iii)
Lo catio n o f t he pla ce or cit y in ord er to decide o n w ind and s eismic
loadings;( iv) Dat a fo r lifts, water t a nk capacities on top, special roof
fe atures or loadings, etc.
Choice of an appropriate structural s yste m for a given bu ilding is
vit al for its econom y and safet y. There are two t ype of building
s yst ems:(a) Lo ad Bearing Maso nr y Bu ildings.
(b) Framed Bu ild ings.
(a) Load Bea ring Masonry Buildings:Small build ings like ho uses wit h small spans o f beams, s labs
generall y constru cted as load b earing brick walls wit h re inforced
concret e s lab beams. This s ys tem is su ita ble for building up to four or
less stories.(a s s hown in fig. below). In such b uildings crushing
strengt h of b ric ks s ha ll be 100 kg/ cm 2 m inimum fo r four sto ries. This
s yst em is ad equate for vertical load s it also serves to resist s horizonta l
loads like wind & eart hquake b y box act ion . Further, to ensure its
act ion a gainst e art hquake , it is neces sa ry to provide RCC Band s in
horizontal & vert ical reinfo rcement in brick wa ll as per IS: 43261967( Indian Standards Code of Practice fo r Earthquak e Resi stant
Constructio n o f Bu ildings.) . In some Bu ild ings, 1 15mm thick bric k
wa lls are pro vided since t hese w alls a re incapable of suppo rting
vertica l lo ads, beams have to be provide alo ng t heir lengt hs to support
adjoining s lab & the we ight of
115mm thick brick wall o f upper
storey. Thes e beams are to rest o n 230 mm thic k brick walls or
reinforced concrete co lumns if requ ired. The des ign of Lo ad Bearing
Masonr y Bu ild ings are do ne as p er IS:1905 -1 980 (India n Standa rds
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Code of Practice for Stru ctural Safety
Walls(Second Revision).
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of
Buildings: Masonry
Structural syste m Load bearing Masonry Stru cture
(b) Framed Building s:In t he se t ypes o f buildings r einforced concr ete fram es are
provided in both princip al d ire ct ions to res ist vertica l loads and the
vertica l loads are transmitted to vert ica l framing s ys t em i.e co lumns
and Found ations. This t yp e of s yst em is e ffect ive in r es isting both
vertica l & horizo nta l lo ads. The brick w alls ar e to be regarded as non
load bearing filler wa lls only. This s yste m is su itab le for multi-storied
build ing which is a lso effect ive in res isting hor izont al loads due to
eart hq uake. In this s ystem t he floo r slabs , generall y 10 0-150 mm thick
wit h spans ra nging from 3.0 m to 7 .0 m. In certain eart hquake prone
areas, eve n s ingle or d ouble store y build ings are made fra med
structu res for safet y r easo ns. Also t he single store y buildings of lar ge
storey height s (5.0 m or more ) ,like electric su bstatio n etc. are made
framed stru cture as b ric k walls o f lar ge he ight s are s lender a nd load
carr ying cap acit y of suc h walls reduces due to sle nderness.
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Structural syste m- Framed Structu re
2.0 Basic Codes for Design.

The design sho uld be carried so a s to conform to the fo llo wing
Indian code for reinforced co ncrete des ign, p ublished b y t he Bureau of
Indian Sta ndard s, New De lhi:
Pu rpose o f Codes
Natio nal building codes have been formulated in d ifferent
countrie s to la y down gu idelines for the design and constru ction of
structu re. The codes ha ve evolved from t he co llect ive wisdom of exp ert
structu ral engineer s, gained over t he years.
T he se co des are
periodicall y re vised to bring t hem in line w ith current re se arch, and
ofte n, current trends.
The cod es serve at least fo ur distinct functions.
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Firs t l y, t he y e nsure adequate stru ctural sa fet y, b y spec ifying certain

es se nt ial minimum requirement for design .
Seco ndl y, t he y rend er the tas k of t he designer relat ive l y simple; often,
the resu lt o f sophist icate ana lyse s is m ade a vailable in t he form of a
simp le formula or chart.
Third ly, t he co des e nsu re a me asure of consist enc y among different
designers.
Finall y, t he y ha ve some legal va lid it y in t hat t he y protect t he structu ral
designer from a ny liab ilit y d ue to stru ctural failu res t hat are caus ed b y
inadequate supervis ion and/o r fau lt y material and co nstruction.
(i)IS 456 : 2000 Plain and rein fo rced concrete code of pra ctice
(fourth revision)
(ii) Loading Stan dards
These load s to be cons idered for structural design are specified in t he
fo llo wing loading sta ndards:
IS 875 (Part 1-5) : 1987 Code of practice for design loads
(other than earthquak e) for buildings a nd structures ( se co nd
revi sion)
Pa rt 1 : Dead loa ds
Pa rt 2 : Imposed (live) loa ds
Pa rt 3 : W in d loads
Pa rt 4 : Snow loads
Pa rt 5 : Special loads and load co mbinations
IS 1893: 2002 Criteria for earthquak e resistant design of
structure (fourth revision).
IS 13920 : 1993 Ductile d etailing of reinfo rced concrete structure
subject to seismic fo rces.
Design Handbook s
The Bureau of Ind ian standards has a lso p ublished t he fo llo wing
hand books, w hich serve as useful supp leme nt to the 1978 vers ion of t he
codes. Alt hough t he ha ndbooks need to b e updated to bring t hem in
line wit h t he rece nt l y r evis ed (2000 vers ion) of t he Code, many o f t he
provis ions cont inue to b e valid (e specia ll y wit h regard to structural
design provisio ns).
SP 16 : 1980 Design Aids (for Reinforced Concrete) to IS 456 :
1978
SP 24 : 1983 Explana to ry ha ndbook on IS 456 : 1978
SP 34 : 1987 Ha ndbook s on Concrete Reinforced and Detailing .
General Design Consideration of IS: 456-2000.

The general design and construction of reinforced concrete buildings shall be
governed by the provisions of IS 456 2000
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AIM OF DESIGN
The aim of design is achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being
designed shall, with an appropriate degree of safety
Perform satisfactorily during their intended life.
Sustain all loads and deformations of normal construction & use
Have adequate durability
Have adequate resistance to the effects of misuse and fire.
METHOD OF DESIGN
Structure and structural elements shall normally be designed by Limit State
Method.
Where the Limit State Method cannot be conveniently adopted, Working
Stress Method may be used
GRADES OF CONCRETE
Concrete shall be in grades as designated in Table-2 given below
Table-2
Group
Ordinary Concrete
Standard Concrete
High Strength
Concrete
Grade
Specified Characteristic Compressive Strength
Designation of 150 mm Cube at 28 Days in N/mm2
M10
10
M15
M20
M25
M30
M35
M40
M45
M50
M55
M60
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
M65
M70
M75
M80
65
70
75
80
MINIMUM GRADE OF CONCRETE

The minimum grade of concrete for plain & reinforced concrete shall be as per table
below
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26.4 Nominal Cover to Reinforcement

26.4.1 Nominal Cover
Nominal cover is the design depth of concrete cover to all steel
reinforcements, including links. It is the dimension used in design and
indicated in the drawings. It shall be not less than the diameter of the bar.
26.4.2 Nominal Covers to Meet Durability Requirement
Minimum values for the nominal cover of normal weight aggregate concrete
which should be provided to all reinforcement, including links depending on
the condition of exposure described in Table-3 shall be as given in Table 16.
Table 16 Nominal Cover to Meet Durability Requirements
(Clause 26.4.2)
Exposure
Nominal Concrete Cover in mm not Less Than
Mild
20
Moderate
30
Severe
45
Very Severe
50
Extreme
75
NOTES
1.
2.
3.
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For main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar for mild exposure

the nominal cover may be reduced by 5 mm.
Unless specified otherwise, actual concrete cover should not deviate
from the required nominal cover by + 10 mm
For exposure condition severe and very severe, reduction of 5
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mm may be made, where concrete grade is M35 and above.

26.4.2.1 However for a longitudinal reinforcing bar in a column nominal cover shall
in any case not be less than 40 mm, or less than the diameter of such bar. In
the case of columns of minimum dimension of 200 mm or under, whose
reinforcing bars do not exceed 12 mm, a nominal cover of 25 mm may be
used.
26.4.2.2 For footing minimum cover shall be 50 mm.
26.4.3 Nominal Cover to Meet Specified Period of Fire Resistance

Minimum values of nominal cover of normal-weight aggregate concrete to be
provided to all reinforcement including links to meet specified period of fire
resistance shall be as given in Table 16A.
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21.4 Minimum Dimensions of RC members for specified Period of Fire

Resistance
DESIGN LOAD
Design load is the load to be taken for use in appropriate method of design. It is
Characteristic load in case of working stress method &
Characteristic load with appropriate partial safety factors for limit state
design.
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LOAD COMBINATIONS
As per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Clause no. 6.3.1.2, the following load cases have to be
considered for analysis:
1.5 (DL + IL)
1.2 (DL + IL EL)
1.5 (DL EL)
0.9 DL 1.5 EL
Earthquake load must be considered for +X, -X, +Z and Z directions.
Moreover, accidental eccentricity during earthquake can be such that it causes
clockwise or anticlockwise moments. So both clockwise & anticlockwise
torsion is to be considered.
Thus, EL above implies 8 cases, and in all, 25 cases must be considered.
It is possible to reduce the load combinations to 13 instead of 25 by not using negative
torsion considering the symmetry of the building.
CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR MOMENT AND SHEAR

22.6.1
For monolithic construction, the moments computed at the face of the

supports shall be used in the design of the members at those sections. For
non-monolithic construction the design of the member shall be done
keeping in view 22.2.
22.6.2
Critical Section for Shear
22.6.2.1
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The shears computed at the face of the Support shall be used in the design
of the member at that section except as in 22.6.2.1
When the reaction in the direction of the applied shear introduces
compression into the end region of the member, sections located at a
distance less than d from the face of the support may be designed for the
same shear as that computed at distance d.
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EFFECTIVE DEPTH
23.0
Effective depth of a beam is the distance between the centroid of the area
of tension reinforcement and the maximum compression fibre, excluding
the thickness of finishing material not placed monolithically with the
member and the thickness of any concrete provided to allow for wear. This
will not apply to deep beams.
CONTROL OF DEFLECTION
23.2
The deflection of a structure or part thereof shall not adversely affect the
appearance or efficiency of the structure or finishes or partitions. The
deflection shall generally be limited to the following:
a) The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature,
creep and shrinkage and measured from the as-cast level of the supports of
floors, roofs and all other horizontal members, should not normally exceed
span/250.
b) The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage
occurring after erection of partitions and the application of finishes should
not normally exceed span/350 or 20mm whichever is less.
23.2.1 For beams, the vertical deflection limits may generally be assumed to be
satisfied provided that the span to depth ratio are not greater than the value
obtained as below:
a) Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10m:
Cantilever
Simply supported
Continuous
7
20
26
b) For spans above 10m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by 10/span in
metres, except for cantilever in which case deflection calculations should
be made.
c) Depending on the area and the type of steel for tension reinforcement, the
value in (a) or (b) shall be modified as per Fig. 4
d) Depending on the area of compression reinforcement, the value of span to
depth ratio be further modified as per Fig. 5
e) For flanged beams, the value of (a) or (b) be modified as per Fig. 6 and the
reinforcement percentage for use in fig. 4 and 5 should be based on area of
section equal to b f d.
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CONTROL OF DEFLECTION SOLID SLABS

24.1 General
The provisions of 32.2 for beams apply to slabs also.
NOTES
1. For slabs spanning in two directions, the shorter of the two spans should be
used for calculating the span to effective depth rations.
2. For two-way slabs of shorter spans (up to 3.5 m) with mild steel
reinforcement, the span to overall depth rations given below may generally
be assumed to satisfy vertical deflection limits for loading class up to 3
kN/m2.
Simply supported slab
35
Continuous slabs
40
For high strength deformed bars of grade Fe 415, the values given above
should be multiplied by 0.8.
Simply supported slab
28
Continuous slabs
32
24.2
Slabs Continuous Over Supports
Slabs spanning in one direction and continuous over supports shall be

designed according to the provisions applicable to continuous beams.
24.3
Slabs Monolithic with Supports

Bending moments in slabs (except flat slabs) constructed monolithically with the
supports shall be calculated by taking such slabs either as continuous over supports
and capable of free, or as members of a continuous frame work with the supports,
taking into account the stiffness of such support. If such supports are formed due to
beams which justify fixity at the support of slabs, then the effects on the supporting
beam, such as, the bending of the web in the transverse direction of the beam,
wherever applicable, shall also be considered in the design of the beams.
26.5 REQUIREMENT OF
MEMBER
26.5.1 Beams
26.5.1.1 Tension reinforcement
REINFORCEMENT
FOR
STRUCTURAL
(a) Minimum reinforcement:- The minimum area of tension reinforcement shall

not be less than that given by the following:As = 0.85
bd fy
where
As = minimum area of tension reinforcement.
b = breadth of beam or the breadth of the web of T-beam.
d = effective depth, and
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in M/mm2
(b) Maximum reinforcement:- the maximum area of tension reinforcement shall
not exceed 0.04bD.
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26.5.1.2 Compression reinforcement

The maximum area of comparison reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04 bd.
Comparison reinforcement in beams shall be enclosed by stirrups for effective lateral
restraint.
26.5.1.3 Side face reinforcement
Where the depth of the web in the beam exceeds 750mm, side face reinforcement
shall be provided along the two faces. The total area of such reinforcement shall be
not less than 0.1 % of the web area and shall be distributed on the equally on the two
face at spacing not exceeding 300mm or web thickness whichever is less.
26.5.1.4 Transverse reinforcement in beam for shear torsion
The transverse reinforcement in beam shall be taken around the outer most tension &
compression bars. In T-beams and I-beams, such reinforcement shall pass around
longitudinal bars located close to the outer face of the flange.
26.5.1.5 Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement means long by axis of the member shall not
exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups and d for inclined stirrups at 45 where d is the
effective depth on the section under consideration. In no case shall be spacing exceed
300mm.
26.5.1.6 Minimum shear reinforcement
Minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that:
Asv
0.4
bsv
0.87 fy
Where
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrups legs effective in shear.
Sv = stirrups spacing along the length of the member
B = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flange beam, and
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrups reinforcement in N/mm2 which shall not
taken greater than 415 N/mm2
Where the maximum shear stress calculated is less than half the permissible value in
member of minor structure importance such as lintels, this provision need not to be
complied with.
26.5.1.7 Distribution of torsion reinforcement
When a member is designed for torsion, torsion reinforcement shall be provided as
below:
a)
the transverse reinforcement for torsion shall be rectangular closed stirrups
placed perpendicular to the axis of the member. The spacing of the stirrups
shall not exceed the list of x1, x1+y1/4 and 300 mm, where x1, y1 are
respectively the short & long dimensions of the stirrup.
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b)
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Longitudinal reinforcement shall be place as closed as is practicable to the

corner of the cross section & in all cases, there shall be atleast one longitudinal
bar in each corner of the ties. When the cross sectional dimension of the
member exceed 450 mm additional longitudinal bar shall be provided to
satisfy the requirement of minimum reinforcement & spacing given in
26.5.1.3.
26.3.2 Minimum Distance between Individual Bars

(a) The horizontal distance between two parallel main reinforcing bars shall
usually be not-less than the greatest of the following:
(i) Dia of larger bar and
(ii) 5 mm more than nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate.
(b) When needle vibrators are used it may be reduced to 2/3rd of nominal
maximum size of coarse aggregate,
Sufficient space must be left between bars to enable vibrator to be immersed.
(c) Where there are two or more rows of bars, bars shall be vertically in line and
the minimum vertical distance between bars shall be 15 mm, 2/3rd of nominal
maximum size of aggregate or the maximum size of bars, whichever is greater.
26.5.2 Slabs
The rule given in 26.5.2.1 and 26.5.2.2 shall apply to slabs in addition to those given
in the appropriate clause.
26.5.2.1 Minimum reinforcement
The mild steel reinforcement in either direction in slabs shall not be less than 0.15
percent of the total cross-sectional area. However, this value can be reduced to 0.12
percent when high strength deformed bars or welded wire fabric are used.
26.5.2.2 Maximum diameter
The diameter of reinforcing bars shall not exceed one eight of the total thickness of
slab.
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26.3.3 Maximum distance between bars - Slabs

1) The horizontal distance between parallel main reinforcement bars shall not be
more than three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is
smaller.
2) The horizontal distance between parallel reinforcement bars provided against
shrinkage and temperature shall not be more than five times the effective depth of a
solid slab or 300 mm whichever is smaller.
Torsion reinforcement - Slab
Torsion reinforcement is to be provided at any corner where the slab is simply
supported on both edges meeting at that corner. It shall consist of top and bottom
reinforcement, each with layers of bars placed parallel to the sides of the slab and
extending from the edges a minimum distance of one-fifth of the shorter span. The
area of reinforcement in each of these four layers shall be three-quarters of the area
required for the maximum mid-span moment in the slab.
D-l.9 Torsion reinforcement equal to half that described in D-l.8 shall be provided at a
corner contained by edges over only one of which the slab is continuous.
D-1.10 Torsion reinforcements need not be provided at any comer contained by edges
over both of which the slab is continuous.
26.5.3 Columns
A. Longitudinal Reinforcement
a. The cross sectioned area of longitudinal reinforcement shall be not less than
0.8% nor more than 6% of the gross sectional area of the column. Although it is
recommended that the maximum area of steel should not exceed 4% to avoid
practical difficulties in placing & compacting concrete.
b. In any column that has a larger cross sectional area than that required to support
the load, the minimum percentage steel must be based on the area of concrete
resist the direct stress & not on the actual area.
c. The bar should not be less than 12 mm in diameter so that it is sufficiently rigid
to stand up straight in the column forms during fixing and concerting.
d. The minimum member of longitudinal bars provided in a column shall be four
in rectangular columns & six in circular columns.
e. A reinforced concrete column having helical reinforcement must have at least
six bars of longitudinal reinforcement with the helical reinforcement. These
bars must be in contact with the helical reinforcement & equidistance around its
inner circumference.
f. Spacing of longitudinal should not exceed 300 mm along periphery of a
column.
g. In case of pedestals, in which the longitudinal reinforcement is not taken into
account in strength calculations, nominal reinforcement should be not be less
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than 0.15% of cross sectional area.

B.
Transverse Reinforcement
a. The diameter of lateral ties should not be less than of the diameter of the
largest longitudinal bar in no case should not be less than 6 mm.
b. Spacing of lateral ties should not exceed least of the following: Least lateral dimension of the column.
16 times the smallest diameter of longitudinal bars to be tied.
300mm.
SHEAR
40.1 Nominal Shear Stress
The nominal shear stress in beams of uniform depth shall be obtained by the
following equation:
v = Vu/ b.d
where
Vu = shear force due to design loads;
b = breadth of the member, which for flanged section shall be taken as the breadth of
the web, bw; and
d = effective depth.
40.2.3 With Shear Reinforcement
Under no circumstances, even with shear reinforcement, shall the nominal shear stress
in beams should not exceed given in Table 20.
40.2.3.1 For solid slabs, the nominal shear stress shall not exceed half the appropriate
values given in Table 20.
40.3 Minimum Shear Reinforcement

When v, is less than c given in Table 19, minimum shear reinforcement shall be
provided in accordance with 26.5.1.6.
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40.4 Design of Shear Reinforcement

When v, is exceeds c , given in Table 19, shear reinforcement shall be provided in
any of the following forms:
a) Vertical stirrups,
b) Bent-up bars along with stirrups, and Where bent-up bars are provided, their
contribution towards shear resistance shall not be more than half that of the total shear
reinforcement.
Shear reinforcement shall be provided to carry a shear equal to Vu c b d. the
strength of shear reinforcement Vus shall be calculated as below:
a)
For Vertical Stirrups:

Vus
0.87 fy Asv d
___________
Sv
b) For inclined stirrups or a series of bars bent up at different cross

section:
0.87 fy Asv d
Vus
=
___________ (Sin + Cos )
Sv
c) For single bar or single group of parallel bars, all bent up at the same
cross sections:
Vus
=
0.87 fy Asv Sin
Where
Asv =
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total cross sectional area of stirrups legs or
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bent-up bar within a distance Sv,
Sv
spacing of the stirrups or bent-up bars along the

length of the member.
nominal shear stress,
design shear strength of the concrete,
=
breadth of the member which for flanged beams,
shall be taken as the breadth of the web bw.
fy
characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up

reinforcement which shall not be taken greater
than 415 N/mm2,
angle between the inclined stirrup or bent up bar

and the axis of the member not less than 45o,
and
d
effective depth
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH OF BARS

26.2 Development of Stress in Reinforcement
The calculated tension or compression in any bar at any section shall be developed on
each side of the section by an appropriate development length or end anchorage or by
a combination thereof.
Development length Ld is given by
Ld = st /4bd
= nominal diameter of bar, bd = design bond stress
st = stress in bar at the section considered at design load
Design bond stress in limit state method for plain bars in tension is given in
clause 26.2.1.1
For deformed bars conforming to IS 1786 these values are to be increased by
60 %.
For bars in compression, the values of bond stress for bars in tension is to be
increased by 25 percent
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B. Shear reinforcement (STIRRUPS)

Development length and anchorage requirement is satisfied, in case of stirrups and
transverse ties, when Bar is bent
Through an angle of at least 90 degrees (round a bar of at least its own dia) &
is continued beyond for a length of at least 8 , or
Through an angle of 135 degrees & is continued beyond for a length of at least
6 or
Through an angle of 180 degrees and is continued beyond for a length of at
least 4
DUCTILE DETAILING AS PER IS: 13920
Provisions of IS 13920-1993 shall be adopted in all reinforced concrete
structures which are located in seismic zone III, IV or V
The provisions for reinforced concrete construction given in IS 13920-1993 shall
apply specifically to monolithic reinforced concrete construction. Precast and/or
prestressed concrete members may be used only if they can provide the same level of
ductility as that of a monolithic reinforced concrete construction during or after an
earthquake.
The definition of seismic zone and importance factor are given in IS 1893-2002.
CODAL PROVISIONS OF IS 13920
5.2 For all buildings which are more than 3 storeys in height, the minimum grade of
concrete shall be M20 (fck = 20 MPa ).
5.3 Steel reinforcements of grade Fe 415 (see IS 1786 : 1985 ) or less only shall be
used. However, high strength deformed steel bars, produced by the thermomechanical treatment process, of grades Fe 500 and Fe 550, having elongation more
than 14.5 percent and conforming to other requirements of IS 1786 : 1985 may also be
used for the reinforcement.
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Flexure Members
6.1.2 The member shall preferably have a width-to-depth ratio of more than 0.3.
6.1.3 The width of the member shall not be less than 200 mm.
6.1.4 The depth D of the member shall preferably be not more than 1/4 of the clear
span.
6.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement
6.2.1 a) The top as well as bottom reinforcement shall consist of at least two bars
throughout the member length.
b) The tension steel ratio on any face, at any section, shall not be less than min =
0.24(fck)1/2 /fy ; where fck and fy are in MPa.
6.2.2 The maximum steel ratio on any face at any section, shall not exceed max =
0.025.
6.2.3 The positive steel at a joint face must be at least equal to half the negative steel
at that face.
6.2.4 The steel provided at each of the top and bottom face of the member at any
section along its length shall be at least equal to one-fourth of the maximum negative
moment steel provided at the face of either joint
6.2.6 The longitudinal bars shall be spliced, only if hoops are provided over the entire
splice length, at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm 6.3
Web Reinforcement
6.3.1 Web reinforcement shall consist of vertical hoops. A vertical hoop is a closed
stirrup having a 135 hook with a 10 diameter extension (but not < 75 mm) at each
end that is embedded in the confined core
6.3.2 The minimum diameter of the bar forming a hoop shall be 6 mm. However, in
beams with clear span exceeding 5 m, the minimum bar diameter shall be 8 mm.
6.3.4 The contribution of bent up bars and inclined hoops to shear resistance of the
section shall not be considered.
6.3.5 The spacing of hoops over a length of 2d at either end of a beam shall not
exceed (a) d/4, and (b) 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar; however,
it need not be less than 100 mm. Elsewhere, the beam shall have vertical hoops at a
spacing not exceeding d/2.
Columns
7.1.2 The minimum dimension of the member shall not be less than 200 mm.
However, in
frames which have beams with centre to centre span exceeding 5 m or columns of
unsupported length exceeding 4 m, the shortest dimension of the column shall not be
less than 300 mm.
7.1.3 The ratio of the shortest cross sectional dimension to the perpendicular
dimension shall preferably not be less than 0.4.
7.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement
7.2.1 Lap splices shall be provided only in the central half of the member length. It
should be proportioned as a tension splice. Hoops shall be provided over the entire
splice length at spacing not exceeding 150 mm centre to centre. Not more than 50
percent of the bars shall be spliced at one section.
7.3 Transverse Reinforcement
7.3.1 Transverse reinforcement for circular columns shall consist of spiral or circular
hoops. In rectangular columns, rectangular hoops may be used. A rectangular hoop is
a closed stirrup, having a 135 hook with a 10 diameter extension (but not < 75 mm)
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at each end, that is embedded in the confined core.

7.3.3 The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the
column, except where special confining reinforcement is provided, as per 7.4.
7.4 Special Confining Reinforcement
This requirement shall be met with, unless a larger amount of transverse
reinforcement is required from shear strength considerations.
7.4.1 Special confining reinforcement shall be provided over a length lo from each
joint face, towards midspan, and on either side of any section, where flexural yielding
may occur under the effect of earthquake forces. The length lo shall not be less than
(a) larger lateral dimension of the member at the section where yielding occurs, (b)
1/6 of clear span of the member, and (c) 450 mm.
7.4.2 When a column terminates into a footing or mat, special confining
reinforcement shall extend at least 300 mm into the footing or mat.
7.4.6 The spacing of hoops used as special confining reinforcement shall not exceed
1/4 of minimum member dimension but need not be less than 75 mm nor more than
100 mm.
8 JOINTS OF FRAMES
8.1 The special confining reinforcement as required at the end of column shall be
provided through the joint as well, unless the joint is confined as specified by 8.2.
8.2 A joint which has beams framing into all vertical faces of it and where each beam
width is at least 3/4 of the column width, may be provided with half the special
confining reinforcement required at the end of the column. The spacing of hoops shall
not exceed 150 mm.
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DETAILING AS PER IS 13920
MIN 2 BARS FOR FULL LENGTH

ALONG TOP AND BOTTOM FACE
AS > MIN. Bd
AS < MAX Bd
50 m max
50 m max
db
2d
2d
HOOP SPACING
> d /2
HOOP SPACING
< d/4 and 8 db
B = BREADTH OF BEAM
db = DIAMETER OF LONGITUDINAL BAR
BEAM REINFORCEMENT
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3.0 Steps for Design of a Multi-Storeyed Building:Manual Method of Analysis & Design:Step1: Study of architectural Drawings:- Before proceeding for structural
design of any building it is ensure that approved working drawings are available
in the office. All working drawings i.e. each floor plan, elevations, sections, are
studied thoroughly & discrepancy if any brought to the notice of concern Architect
for rectification/correction. The problems coming in finalization of structural
configuration may also be intimated to concern Architect for
rectification/correction if any.
Step2: Finalization of structural Configuration. After receiving corrected
working drawing from the architectural wing, the structural system is finalized. The
structural arrangements of a building is so chosen as to make it efficient in resisting
vertical as well as horizontal loads due to earthquake. The span of slabs co chosen
that thickness of slab 100-150mm and slab panels, floor beams, and columns, are
all marked and numbered on the architectural plans. Now the building is ready for
structural design to start.
ISOMETRIC V IEW OF FR AMED STRUCTU RE

Step3: Load Calculation and analysis. For each floor or roof, the loading
intensity of slab is calculated taking into account the dead load of the slab, finish
plaster, etc. including partitions and the live load expected on the floor, depending on
the usage of the floor or roof. The linear loading of beams, columns, walls, parapets,
etc. also calculated.
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DEAD LOADS UNIT WEIGHTS OF SOME MATERIALS/BUILDING COMPONENTS

As per IS-875(Part-1)-1987
UNIT WEIGHT
MATERIAL
kN/m3
PLAIN CONCRETE
24
REINFORCED CONCRETE
25
BRICK MASONRY
19-20
STONE MASONRY
21-27
TIMBER
6-10
CEMENT-PLASTER
21
LIME -PLASTER
18
STEEL
kN/m2
78.5
AC SHEET -ROOFING
0.16
GI SHEET -ROOFING
0.15
MANGLORE TILES
0.65
STEEL WORK -ROOFING
0.16-0.23
LIVE LOADS ON FLOORS AS PER IS-875(Part-2)-1987
TYPE OF FLOOR USAGE
LIVE LOAD
(kN/m2)
RESIDENTIAL
2.0
OFFICIAL WITH SEPARATE STORAGE
2.5
WITHOUT SEPARATE STORAGE
4.0
SHOPS,CLASS ROOMS,WAITINGS ROOMS,

RESTAURANTS,WORK ROOMS,THEATRES ETC
- WITH FIXED SEATING
- WITHOUT FIXED SEATING
FACTORIES & WAREHOUSES
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4.0
5.0
5.0-10
STACK ROOM IN LIBRARIES ,BOOK STORES
10.0
GARRAGES LIGHT VEHICLES
4.0
HEAVY VEHICLES
7.5
STAIRS-NOT LIABLE TO OVER CROWDING
4.0
- LIABLE TO OVER CROWDING
5.0
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LIVE LOADS ON FLOORS OF T.E.BLDGS
TYPE OF FLOOR USAGE
LIVE LOAD
(kN/m2)
SWITCH ROOM(NEW TECHNOLOGY)
6.0
OMC ROOM,DDF ROOM,POWER PLANT,

BATTERY ROOM
6.0
MDF ROOM
10.0
WEATHER MAKER
12.0
LIVE LOADS ON ROOFS

ROOF WITH ACCESS
1.5
ROOF WITHOUT ACCESS
0.75
Step3 (a): Preliminary Sizes of structural members. Before proceeding for

load calculation preliminary sizes of slabs, beams,& columns decided. In manual load
calculation preliminary sizes of structural members should be judicially fixed as once
load calculation & analysis is done it is not easy to revise the same. But in computer
aided analysis & design it can be revised easily.
Slab:- The thickness of the slab decided on the basis of span/depth
ratio assuming appropriate modification factor.
Beam : The width the beam generally taken as the width of wall i.e
230 or 300 mm. The width of beam is help full in placement of
reinforcement in one layer & more width is help full in resisting shear
due to torsion. The depth of beam is generally taken as 1/12 th (for
Heavy Loads) to 1/15 th (for Lighter Loads) of span.
Column:- Size of column depends upon the moments from the both the
direction and the axial load. Preliminary Column size may be finalized
by approximately calculation of axial load & moments.
PROCEDURE FOR VERTICAL LOAD CALCULATION ON COLUMNS:
Step(i): First, the load from slab (including Live load & Dead Load) is transferred on
to the adjoining beams using formulas given below|:For computation of shear force on beams & reactions on columns, an
equivalent
uniformly distributed load per linear meter of beam may be taken as :
Equivalent u.d.l. on short beam of slab panel = w B/4.0
Equivalent u.d.l. on long beam of slab panel = w B/4 x [2-(B/L)]
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Where w is the total load on the slab panel in Kn/Sqm & L & B are long span &
short spans of slab panel respectively.
Step(ii): Over this load, the weight of wall (if any), self weight of beam etc. are added
to get the load on beam (in running metre).
Step(iii):The load (in running metre) on each beam is calculated as in Step 1 & Step 2.
Step(iv):Then the loads from the beams are transferred to the columns.
Step(v):Step (i) to Step (v) is repeated for each floor.
Step(vi):These loads at various floors on each column are then added to get the total
loads on each column, footing and the whole building.
Step4: HORIZONTAL (SEISMIC) LOAD CALCULTAION:
The Horizontal Load Calculation or the Load Calculations for Seismic case is carried
out as per the Indian Standard Code IS:1893-2002.
The loads calculated in Para-II above at various floor levels are modified as per the
requirement of Para 7.3.1 of IS:1893-2002. The Seismic Shear at various floor levels
is then calculated for the whole Building using the values from IS 1893-2002.
Calculation of horizontal loa ds o n buildings
(As p er is-1893 -2002)
As per clause 7.5 .3 of IS -1893-2002 Des ign base shear v b
V
b
= Ah W
(F)
Where A h = Design Ho rizo ntal a cceleratio n spectrum va lu e as per 6.4.2

of the code
= (Z/2) (I/R) (Sa /g)
Where
I
R
(S a /g)
= Zo ne factor as per table 2 of IS Code (1893-2002)

= 0.24 (in this ca se)
= Importance factor as per table 6 of IS- 1893-2002)
= 1.5 (Assuming t hat the bldg. is T.E. Bld g.)
= Respons e redu ction fa ctor as per table 7 of IS co de
= 3.0 (for ordinar y R. C. Moment res isting frame (OMRF)
= Avera ge response a cce lerat io n coefficient for soil t ype
& appropriate natura l p eriods and lamping of the
structu re.
For calculat ing of (Sa/ g) va lue a s above we have to calcu lat e value of
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T i.e. Fund ament al Nat ional Period (S econds) (Clause 7.6 of IS Code)
T
h
= 0 .075 h 0 . 7 5 (For RC Frame building)

= 0.0 85 h 0 . 7 5 (For Steel frame building)
= He ight of bu ilding in Meter
In case o f b uilding w it h brick in fills wall s.

T = 0.09 h /d 1 / 2
Where h
and d
= height of build ing in Meter

= Base dimens ion of t he building at the plint h le vel in
Meter alo ng t he cons idered directio n of the lat eral
force.
Va lu e of (Sa/g) is to be read from fig 2 on pag e 16 of IS Cod e

depending upon Soil co nd it ion & Fund ame ntal Natu ra l period T.
Or the value of (S a/g) ma y be calculat ed on the basis of
Follow ing.
Formulas:(i)
For rocky, or hard soil s ites
(Sa/g)
= 1+15 T
if
0.00T 0 .10
= 2.50
if
0.10T 0 .40
=1.00/T
if
0.40T 4 .00
(ii) For medium soil s ites
(Sa/g)
= 1+15 T if
= 2.5 0 if
= 1.36/T if
0.00T 0 .10
0.10T0 .55
0.55T 4 .00
(iii) For so ft soil s ite s

(Sa/g)
= 1+15 T if 0.00T<0.10
= 2.50
if
0.10T0 .67
=1.67/T if 0.67T 4 .00
W= S eismic weight of the bu ilding a s per clau se 7.4.2 o f the code.
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Step5. VERTICAL LOA D ANALYSIS:

a ) GENERAL:
The skeleton frame work of a multi storied R.C.C. framed structure is made
up of a system of columns, beams and slabs. It is presumed that the reinforcements
are always so arranged that all joints of the frame are monolithic.
In view of the uncertain property of material creep, shrinkage and a number
of approximate simplifying assumptions made in the detailed analysis of multi
storied framed structures (such as conditions of end restraints etc.) it is considered
sufficient to obtain reasonable accuracy of analysis for the design of structure. If
the normal moment distribution is applied to all joints, the work involved is
enormous. However with certain assumptions, it is possible to analyze the frames
and get results which will be adequate for design purposes.
To simplify analysis the three dimensional multistoried R.C.C. framed
structure are considered as combinations of planer framed in two directions. It is
assumed that each of these planer frames act independently of the frames.
b) METHODS O F ANALYSIS:
Analysis of large framed structures beams too Cumbersome with the
classical method of structure analysis such a Clapeyrons theorem of three
moments, Castingilianos therefore of least work, Poisons method of virtual work
etc. Therefore, it becomes necessary to evolve simpler methods.
Some of these are:a.) Hardy cross method of moment distribution.
b.) Kanis method of iteration.
Step6. HORIZONTAL LOAD ANALYS IS:Frame analysis for horizontal loads calculated in step 4 is carried out by using :(a)Approximate Method:i) Cantilever method.
ii) Portal method.
Approximate methods are used for preliminary designs only. For final design we
may use exact method i.e (i) Slope deflection or matrix methods (ii) Factor
method.
We will not discuss these methods in detail as now modern computer
package as STAAD PRO is available for analysis.
Step7: DESIGN OF COULMN, FOUNDATIONS, BEAMS & SLABS:

After load calculation & analysis for vertical & horizontal loads, design of
Columns ,Foundations, Beams, Slabs and are to be carried out as per the various
clauses of IS codes, IS 456-2000, IS:1893-2002, IS:13920-1993 etc.
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The Design of Column, Foundation, Beams and Slabs are discussed in details in
following section.
A. Design of columns: - With the knowledge of (i) Vertical load (ii)

Moments due to horizontal loads on either axis;(iii) Moments due to vertical loads
on either axis, acting on each column, at all floor levels of the building, columns
are designed by charts of SP-16(Design Aids) with a load factor of 1.5 for vertical
load effect and with a load factor of 1.2 for the combined effects of the vertical and
the horizontal loads. The step confirms the size of columns assumed in the
architectural drawings. The design of each column is carried out from the top of
foundation to the roof, varying the amount of steel reinforcement for suitable
groups for ease in design. Further, slenderness effects in each storey are considered
for each column group.
Impo rtant Co nsiderations in design o f Columns:(i)Effective height of column:- The effective height of a column is defined as the
height between the points of contra flexure of the buckled column. For effective
column height refer table 28 (Annexure E) of IS: 456-2000.
For framed structure effective height of column depends upon
relative stiffness of the column & various beams framing into the column at its two
ends. (Refer Annexure E of IS: 456-2000.)
(ii)Unsupported Length: - The unsupported length l, of a compression member
shall be taken as the clear distance between end restraints except that:In beam & slab construction, it shall be the clear distance between the floor &
under side of the shallower beam framing into the columns in each direction at the
next higher floor level.
(iii) Slender Compression Members A compression member may be
considered as short when both the slenderness ratios lx/D and ly/B are less than 12.
It shall otherwise be considered as a slender compression member.
The design of slender compression members shall be based on the forces and the
moments determined from an analysis of the structure, including the effect of
deflections on moments and forces. When the effect of deflections are not taken
into account in the analysis, additional moment given in clause 39.7.1of IS456
shall be taken into account in the appropriate direction.
(iv) Slenderness limits for columns: - The unsupported length between end
restraints shall not exceed 60 times the least lateral dimension of a column.
(v) Minimum Eccentricity: - All columns shall be designed for minimum
eccentricity equal to unsupported length of column/500 plus least lateral
dimension/30, subject to a minimum of 20 mm.
Or emin
l/500+ D/30 20 mm
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Where l= unsupported length of column in mm.

D=Lateral dimension of column in the direction under consideration in mm.
(vi)Design Approach: - The design of column is complex since it is subjected to
axial loads & moments which may very independently. Column design required:I.
II.
III.
Determination of the cross sectional dimension.

The area of longitudinal steel & its distribution.
Transverse steel.
The maximum axial load & moments acting along the length of the column
are considered for the design of the column section either by the working stress
method or limit state method.
The transverse reinforcement is provided to impart effective lateral support
against buckling to every longitudinal bar. It is either in the form of circular rings
of polygonal links (lateral ties).
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B. Design of foundations: - With the knowledge of the column loads and moments
at base and the soil data, foundations for columns are designed
The following is a list of different types of foundations in order to
preference with a view to economy: (i) Individual footings (ii) Combination of
individual and combined footings (iii) Strip footings with retaining wall acting as
strip beam wherever applicable; (iv) Raft foundations of the types (a) Slab (b)
beam-slab.
The brick wall footings are also designed at this stage. Often, plinth beams
are provided to support brick walls and also to act as earthquake ties in each
principal direction. Plinth beams, retaining wall if any, are also designed at this
stage, being considered as part of foundations.
Important Considerations in design of Foundations:a) Introduction: - Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from
the building or individual column to the earth. If these loads are to be properly
transmitted, foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or
rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide adequate safety
against sliding and over turning.
b) Depth of foundation:Depth of foundation below ground level may be obtained by using
Rankine's formula
2
Where
h
p
p
--
1 Sin
--- ----- --- 1 + Sin
=
=
=
=
Minimum depth of foundation

Gross bearing capacity
Density of soil
Angle of Repose of soil
c) Recommendations of IS 456 -2000, limit state design, bending, shear,

cracking & development
i) To determine the area required for proper transfer of total load on the soil,
the total load (the combination of dead, live and any other load without
multiplying it with any load factor) need be considered.
Plan Area of footing =
Total Load including Self Weight

------------------------------------Allowable bearing capacity of soil
ii) IS 1904 1978, Code of Practice for Structural Safety of Buildings:

shallow foundation, shall govern the general details.
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iii) Thickness of the edge of footing:-(Reference clause 34.1.2) The thickness

at the edge shall not be less than 15 cm for footing on soils.
iv) Dimension of pedestal:In the case of plain Cement Concrete pedestals, the angle between the plane
passing through the bottom edge of the pedestal and the corresponding junction
edge of the column with pedestal and the horizontal plane shall be governed
by the expression.
Tan (should not be less tha n) 0.9 x
100 q o
----------- + 1
F ck
Where
qo
=
o f the
fc k
N/mm 2
Ca lculated maximum bearing p ressure at the b ase

p edestal/ fo oting in N/mm 2
Characteris t ic strengt h of concrete at 28 da ys in
(v)
Bending Moment
(Refere nce Clauses- 3 4.2.3.1 & 34 .2.3.2)
The bending Moment will be considered at the face of column, Pedestal or wall
and shall be determined by passing through the section a vertical place which
extends completely across the footing, and over the entire area of the footing
or, one side of the said plane.
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Column
COLUMN
BASE
PEDESTAL
Y
FACE OF
PEDESTAL
FACE OF
COLUMN
ISOLATED COLUMN FOOTING
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PLAIN
CONCRETE
PEDESTAL
Rev date: 01-06-11
(vi)Shear (Reference Clause 33.2.4.1)

The shear strength of footing is governed by the following two factors:a) The footing acting essentially as a wide beam, with a potential diagonal
crack intending in a plane across the entire width, the critical section for
this condition shall be assumed as a vertical section located from the
face of the column, pedestal or wall at a distance equal to the effective
depth of the footing in case of footings on soils.
FOR ONE WAY BENDING ACTION
For one way shear action, the nominal shear stress is calculated as follows:Vu
v =
------b.d
Where
v
Shear stress
Vu
Factored vertical shear force
Breadth of critical section
Effective depth
v < c ( c = Design Shear Strength of Concrete Based on % of

longitudinal tensile reinforcement refer Table 61 of SP-16)
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CRITICAL
SECTION
d
d
CRITICAL SECTION FOR ONE -WAY SHEAR

FOR TWO WAY BENDING ACTION
For two may bending action, the following should be checked in punching
shear. Punching shear shall be around the perimeter 0.5 time the effective depth
away from the face of column or pedestal.
For two way shear action, the nominal shear stress is calculated in
accordance with lause 31.6.2 of the code as follows:Vu
v
---------b0.d
Where
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Shear stress
b0
Periphery of the critical section
Effective depth
Vu
Factored vertical shear force
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When shear reinforcement is not provided, the nominal shear stress at the
critical section should not exceed [Ks. c]
Where
Ks
0.5 + Bc (But not greater than 1)

Short dimension of column or pedestal
Bc =
---------------------------------------------------Long dimension of column or pedestal
0.25
fek
N/mm2
Note:-It is general practice to make the base deep enough so that shear
reinforcement is not required.
(vii)Development Length
(Reference Clause 34.2.4.3)
The critical section for checking the development length in a footing
shall be assumed at the same planes as those described for bending moment
in clause 34.2.3 of code (as discussed 4.5 of the handout) and also at all
other vertical planes where abrupt changes of section occur.
Reinforcement:- The Min % of steel in footing slab should be 0.12%
& max spacing should not be more than 3 times effective depth or
450 mm whichever is less. (Reference Clause 34.3)
Only tensile reinforcement is normally provided. The total
reinforcement shall be laid down uniformly in case of square footings. For
rectangular footings, there shall be a central band, equal to the width of the
footings. The reinforcement in the central band shall be provided in
accordance with the following equation.
(viii)
Reinforcement in central Band width

-------------------------------------------------Total reinforcement in short direction
2
=
-----B+1
Where
B
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Long side of footing

--------------------------Short side of footing
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(ix)Transfer of Load at the Base of Column

(Reference Clause 34.4)
The compressive stress in concrete at the base of column or pedestal shall
be transferred by bearing to the top of supporting pedestal or footing.
The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall not exceed the permissible
bearing stress in direct
A1
Compression multiplied by a value equal to
-----A2
but not greater than 2

Where
A1
A2
Supporting area for bearing of footing, which is sloped or

stepped footing may be taken as the area of the lower base
of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone contained wholly
with in the footing and having for its upper base, the area
actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to two
horizontal.
Loaded area at the column base.
For limit state method of design, the permissible bearing stress shall be = 45 fek
4.91
If the permissible bearing stress is exceeded either in column concrete or in

footing concrete, reinforcement must be provided for developing the excess
force. The reinforcement may be provided either by extending the longitudinal
bars into the footing or by providing dowels in accordance with the code as
give in the following:1) Minimum area of extended longitudinal bars or dowels must be 0.5% of
cross sectional area of the supported column or pedestal.
2) A minimum of four bars must be provided.
3) If dowels are used their diameter should not exceed the diameter of the
column bars by more than 3 mm.
4) Enough development length should be provided to transfer the
compression or tension to the supporting member.
5) Column bars of diameter larger than 36 mm, in compression only can
be dowelled at the footing with bars of smaller diameters. Te dowel
must extend into the column a distance equal to the development length
of the column bar. At the same time, the dowel must extend vertically
into the footing a distance equal to the development length of the
dowel.
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C. DES IGN OF FLOOR SLABS:-. Design of floor slabs and beams is taken up with the First Floor & upwards .The slabs are designed
as one-way or two-way panels, taking the edge conditions of the supporting edges in to account, with the loading already decided as per
functional use of slab panel.
The design of floor slab is carried out as per clause 24.4 & 37.1.2 & Annexure D of IS: 456-2000. The Bending moment
coefficients are to be taken from table- 26 of the code depending upon the support condition & bending moment calculated & reinforcement
steel may be calculated from the charts of SP-16. The slab design for particular floor may be done in tabular form as shown below.
SLAB DESIGN
Na me of p r oj ect:Le vel of sl a b
Sla
b
ID
E dg e
c o ndit i
on
S1
Tw o
Adj .
Ed ge.
Di scon
t.
(Case
No. 4 )
To t a l
lo a d
in
KN / S
q.m w
8 . 50
S h or t
s pa n
lx m
lo ng
s pa n
ly m
ly/ l
x
1.5
*w *
lx
* lx
s la b
t hic k
ne s s
in
mm
S ho r t s p an M o me nt
x
(-)
mu x
+
mu x-
S teel
y
(+)
y(- )
13
14
15
10
11 =
7 x 9
1 2=
7 x1 0
3. 5 0
5.25
1. 5
15 6.
80
12 0
0. 0 56
0. 0 75
8. 7 8
1 1. 76
Lo ng s p a n m ome nt KN -M
x
(+)
S2
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KN -M
Steel
in
short
s p an
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0 . 03 5
0 . 04 7
muy
+
1 6=
7
x 14
5 . 49
muy
1 7=
7
x 15
7 . 37
S t ee l
in
lo ng
s pa n
Ste el
18
Rev date: 11-03-11
Method of calculation of steel from Tables of SP-16 for slab design

Determine the main reinforcement required for a slab with the following data:
Factored moment
Mu
9.60 kN.mper Metre width
Depth of slab
10 cm
Concrete mix
M 20
Characteristic strength
a) 415 N/mm2
Referring to table 35 (for fck=20 & fy = 415 N/mm2), directly we get the following
reinforcement for a moment of resistance of 9.60 kN.m per Metre width:
8 mm dia at 13 cm spacing
or
10 mm dia at 210 cm spacing
Reinforcement given in the table is based on a cover of 15 mm or bar diameter whichever is greater.
Check for Deflection:-Slab is also checked for control of Deflection as per clause
23.2.1, 24.1 & Fig 4. of the IS:456-2000.
D. DESIGN OF FLOOR BEAMS:The beams are designed as continuous beams, monolithic with reinforced concrete
columns with their far ends assumed fixed. The variation in the live load position is taken
into account by following the two-cycle moment distribution. the moments are applied a
face correction to reduce them to the face of the members. The moments due to
horizontal loads are added to the above moments. Each section of the beam is designed
for load factor of 1.5 for vertical load effect and with a load factor of 1.2 for the
combined effects of the vertical and the horizontal loads.
The effect of the shear due to vertical and horizontal loads is also similarly
taken care of. It may be noted that the shear component due to wind or earthquake may
be significant and it may affect the size and the range of shear stirrups. Bent- up bars are
not effective for earthquake shear due to its alternating nature. The beam design can be
easily done by a computer program which will give reinforcement at various critical
sections along the length of the beam and also shear stirrups required it saves
considerable time and labour of a designer.
In manual method span of a beam is generally designed at three sections i.e at
two supports & at Mid span. The each section is designed for factored Moment, Shear &
equivalent shear for Torsion if any at a section. Two examples of beam design are given
below illustrating calculation of steel reinforcement with help of SP-16.
Example1.Singly Reinforced Beam
Determine the main tension reinforcement required for a rectangular beam section
with the following data:
Size of beam
30 X 60 cm
BSNL, India
Page: 45

Concrete mix
M 20
Characteristic strength
415 N/mm2 of reinforcement
Factored moment
170 kN.m
Rev date: 11-03-11
Assuming 20 mm dia bars wit h 25 mm clear co ver,

Effect ive depth= 600 25 20/2 = 565 mm
From Table D for f y = 415 N/ mm 2 and f c k = 20 N/mm 2
M u, li m/ bd 2
= 2 .76 N/ mm 2
= 2 .76/1 000 X (1000 ) 2
= 2 .76 X 10 3 kN/m 2
M u, lim
= 2.76 X 10 3 bd 2
= 2 .76 X 10 3 X 0.300 X0.565 X0 .565
= 264.32 kN.m
Actual moment of 170 kN.m is less than Mu,lim. The section is therefore to be
designed as a singly reinforced (under-reinforced) rectangular section.
Referr ing to table 2 of SP-16 we have to calculate Mu /bd 2
Mu /bd 2 = 170 x10 6 /(300x 565 x565) = 1.78
From Table 2. p t = 0.556
A st =0.556 x 300x 565/100 =942.42mm 2 =9 .42 cm 2
Exa mple2.Doubly Reinfo rced Bea m
(i)Determine the main reinforcements required fo r a recta ng ula r with
the fo llowing data:
Size of beam
3060 cm
Concret e m ix
M 20
Character ist ic strengt h o f
415 /Nmm 2
Reinforcement
Factored moment
320Kn.m
Assuming 20 mm dia b ars wit h 2 5 mm clear co ver,
D=600 -25 20/ 2 =565 mm
From table D, for f y = 415 N/mm 2 and f c k = 20N/mm 2
Mu 2 lim/bd 2 = 2 .76 N/mm 2 = 2 .76 10 3 KN/m 2
BSNL, India
Page: 46
Rev date: 11-03-11
Mu 2 lim= 2.76 10 3 0.3000.5650.5 65

= 264.32 KN-M
Actual moment of 320 Kn.M is greater than Mu2 lim hence the section is to be designed
as a doubly reinforced section.
Reinforcement from Tab le 50
Mu /bd 2 = 320 10 6 / (300565 2 ) = 3.34 N/mm 2
d /d = (25+10 )/565 = 0.062
Next higher value of d 1 /d = 0.1 , will be u sed fo r referr ing to Table
50
Fo r Mu/bd 2 = 3.34 and d /d = 0.1 0,
p t = 1.152, p c = 0.207
A st = 1.152 x 300x 565/100 =1952 .64 mm 2 =19.52 cm 2
And
A sc = 0.207 x 300x 565 /100 =3 50.86 mm 2 =3.51 cm 2
(ii) Determine the Shear reinforcement (vertical stirrups ) required for the same
beam section if factored shear force is Vu =250 KN.
Shear stress v = V u /b d = 250 10 3 /(300 5 65) =1.47
N/mm 2
v < m a x ( 2.8 N /mm 2 )
stress.
hence sect io n is ad equ ate regarding shear
From table 6 1 for p t =1 .15

c =0.65 N/mm 2
Shear capacit y o f co ncret e sect io n = c b d
=
0.65
300
565/1000=110.18 kN
Shear to be carr ied b y st irrup s V u s =V u - c b d = 250 - 110.1 8
=139.82 kN
V u s /d = 139 .82 /5 6.5 = 2.47 kN/ cm
Referring to table 62 for steel fy = 415 N/mm2 Provide 8 mm diameter two legged
vertical stirrups at 140 mm spacing.
BSNL, India
Page: 47
Rev date: 11-03-11
Questions:1 . Which ar e t he important BIS Co d es/ handouts u sed fo r stru ctural

design of RCC build ings?
2 . In which seism ic zones pro visio ns o f IS 139 20 is to b e adop ted fo r
all reinforced co ncrete stru ctu res?
3 . (a) What ar e t he basic valu es of span to effect ive d epth r at ios fo r
beams as per IS 456 for sp an upto 10meter for
(i)
Cant ilever
(ii)
Simpl y supported
(iii)
Co nt inuous
(b) What are t he b asic values o f sp an t o overall dep th ratio s fo r
two-way slab s upto 3.5 m sp an & wit h Fe415 steel reinfo rcement
and loading class upto 3KN/m 2 ?
4 . What are t he provisions o f IS 4 56 for no minal co ver to meet
du rab ilit y requirement s? As per IS 4 56 how mu ch m inimu m co ver
should be provided for
a) Column
b) Footing
5 . (a) What are t he m inimum reinfo rcement pro visio n o f IS 4 56 fo r
beams in respect of:
(i) Tension reinfo rcement
(ii)
Shear reinforcement
(b) What are t he IS 456 pro visio ns for maximum reinforcement in
beams for:(i) Compression reinfo rcement
(ii) Tension reinforcement
6. What is t he maximum p ermissible sp acin g fo r shear reinforcement
in beams? E xplain IS 4 5 6 p rovisio ns fo r sid e face reinfo rcem ent in
beams.
7. Ho w much m inimum reinfo rcement mu st be p ro vided in slab s?
8. As p er IS189 3 give fo rmu lae fo r calcu lat ing
a) Design Base S hear (V b )
b) Design Hor izont al accelerat io n (A h )
9. Give formu lae for calcu lat ing t im e p erio d as p er IS1893 fo r
a) RCC Frame Build ing b) RCC Bu ild ing Br ick in fill walls
10 . How vert ical load s on colu m ns are calculated ? Give nam es o f
simp ler met hods of anal ysis of stru ctures.
11 . What is t he minimu m eccentr icit y for which all co lu mns shou ld b e
d esigned ? List ou t minimum and maximum lo ngitu dinal
reinforcement requ ired to b e p ro vid ed in co lu mns? Give in brief
p ro visions for maximu m spacing o f lat eral ties in a column?
BSNL, India
Page: 48

Rev date: 11-03-11
12 . What are t he cr it ical sect io ns in iso lated foo ting d esign for t he
following:a) Bending moment
b) One wa y shear
c) Two way shear
13. How many m inimum lo ngitud inal reinforcement b ars sho u ld b e
p ro vided in:a) Circu lar colum n
b ) Rect angular column
14. What is t he m inimu m diameter b ar that can be u sed in
longitudinal reinforcem ent in co lu mn?
BSNL, India
Page: 49
BSNL, India
Rev date: 11-03-11
Page: 50

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E3-E4 Technical Architecture

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Rajendra Mathur Dy. Dir(BS-C) 09412739 232(M)

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Understanding Structural Design of RCC Building

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Structural syste m Load bearing Masonry Stru cture

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Structural syste m- Framed Structu re

2.0 Basic Codes for Design.

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Firs t l y, t he y e nsure adequate stru ctural sa fet y, b y spec ifying certain

General Design Consideration of IS: 456-2000.

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MINIMUM GRADE OF CONCRETE

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26.4 Nominal Cover to Reinforcement

For main reinforcement up to 12 mm diameter bar for mild exposure

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mm may be made, where concrete grade is M35 and above.

26.4.3 Nominal Cover to Meet Specified Period of Fire Resistance

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21.4 Minimum Dimensions of RC members for specified Period of Fire

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CRITICAL SECTIONS FOR MOMENT AND SHEAR

For monolithic construction, the moments computed at the face of the

Critical Section for Shear

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CONTROL OF DEFLECTION SOLID SLABS

Slabs Continuous Over Supports

Slabs spanning in one direction and continuous over supports shall be

Slabs Monolithic with Supports

(a) Minimum reinforcement:- The minimum area of tension reinforcement shall

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26.5.1.2 Compression reinforcement

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