8.

4 Trigonometric Integrals Powers of Sine and Cosine

sin

u cos udu

cos

u sin udu

n
m
sin
u
cos
udu

1. If n is odd, leave one sin u factor and use

sin2 u = 1 cos2 u for all other factors of sin.
and take the substitution v = cos u.
2. If m is odd, leave one cos u factor and use
cos2 u =1 sin2 u for all other factors of cos.
and make the substitution v = sin u.
3. If both powers is even, use power reducing formulas:
1
1
2
2
sin u = (1 cos 2u ) or cos u = (1 + cos 2u )
Ziad Zahreddine
2
2

Powers of sin and cos

sin (2 )d
3

2
3
sin
(

)
cos
( )d

2
2
sin
(

)
cos
( )d

Ziad Zahreddine

Powers of sin and cos

3
2
2
sin
(2

)
d

=
sin
2

sin
2

=
(1

cos
2 ) sin 2 d

1
1
3
(sin
2

cos
2

sin
2

)
d

cos
2

+
cos
2 + C

2
6
2

2
3
sin

cos
d =

2
2
sin

cos
cos d =

sin (1 sin )cos d =

2
2
(
sin

sin
) d (sin ) =

2
4
(sin sin ) d (sin ) =
2

1
1
3
5
sin sin + C
3
5

Ziad Zahreddine

Powers of sin and cos

1
1
sin ( ) cos ( )d = 2 (1 cos 2 ) 2 (1 + cos 2 )d
2

1
1
1
2
(1 cos 2 )d = (1 (1 + cos 4 )d

4
4
2
11
1 11 1
11 1
1
((1
1 cos
( coscos
cos44))dd =
4)d)d =

(
4
44
22 2
44 22 2
1
1
(1 cos 4) d = sin 4 + C

8
8 32

Ziad Zahreddine

Example :
4
sin
x cos x dx

( sin x )

cos x dx

du

Let u = sin x
du = cos x dx

1 5
u +C
5
1 5
sin x + C
5
Ziad Zahreddine

3
2
cos
x
sin
xdx

cos

x sin x cos xdx

2
2
1

sin
x
sin
) x cos xdx
(

sin

x cos xdx sin x cos xdx

4

cos x cos x

+C
3
5
Ziad Zahreddine

Example :

sin x
dx
cos x
Because you expect to use the power rule with the
cos term, save one of the sin(x) for the du part and
use trig to convert the rest

1/ 2
2
(cos
x
)
sin
x
(sin
x )dx

(cos x )

1/ 2

( (cos x )

1/ 2

sin x(1 cos x )dx

2

sin x (cos

3/ 2

x )sin x ) dx

Ziad Zahreddine

 ( (cos x )

1/ 2

sin x (cos

3/ 2

x )sin x ) dx

( 1) (cos x )1/ 2 ( 1) sin xdx ( 1) (cos3 / 2 x )( 1) sin xdx

5/ 2
x
2(cos
)
1/ 2
2(cos x ) +
+C
5

Ziad Zahreddine

Example :

sin

xdx

Powers are even use Identities

1 cos 2 x
sin x =
2
2

1 cos 2 x
2 dx
2

1
2
(1 2cos 2 x + cos 2 x )dx

4
Do it again for the last term
Ziad Zahreddine

 sin

xdx
1
2
(1

2cos
2
x
+
cos
2 x )dx

1
1 cos 4 x
(1 2cos 2 x +
)dx

4
2

1
1
1
1
+ cos 4 xdx
dx 2cos 2 xdx + dx

2
4
28
2
8
x sin 2 x x 1

+ + sin 4 x + C
4
4
8 32
Ziad Zahreddine

Tangents and secants

n
2
tan
u
sec
udu

sec

n
sec
u sec u tan udu

u tan udu

These identities are useful.

tan = sec 1
2

or

tan + 1 = sec

Ziad Zahreddine

 sec

u tan udu

1. If m is odd, leave one sec u tan u factor and use

tan 2 x = sec 2 x 1 for all other factors of tan.
and take the substitution v = sec u.
2. If n is even, leave one sec2 u factor and use
sec 2 x = tan 2 x + 1 for all other factors of sec.
and make the substitution v = tan u.
3. If m even and n odd, use
tan 2 x = sec 2 x 1 for all other factors of tan to get
integrals in odd powers of sec, then integrate by parts.
Ziad Zahreddine

3
3
sec
x
tan
xdx

Example

2
2
sec
x
tan
x(sec x tan x) dx

Take u = sec x

and use

tan2 x = sec2 x - 1

du = sec x tan x dx
2
2
2
2
sec
x
(sec
x

1
)(sec
x
tan
x
)
dx
=
u
(
u
1)du

= (u u )du
4

u u
=
+C
5 3

sec x sec x
=

+C
5
3

Ziad Zahreddine

4
4
sec
x
tan
xdx

Example

2
4
2
sec
x
tan
x
(sec
x) dx

Take u = tan x
and use

sec2 x = tan2 x + 1

du = sec2 x dx
2
4
2
2
4
(tan
x
+
1
)
tan
x
(sec
x
)
dx
=
(
u
+
1
)
u
du

u
u
= (u + u ) du =
+ +C
7
5
5
5
tan x tan x
=
+
+C
Ziad Zahreddine
7
5
6

3
4
sec
x
tan
xdx

Example
Use

tan2 x = sec2 x - 1

3
2
2
sec
x
(sec
x
1
)
dx =

3
4
2
sec
x
(sec
x

2
sec
x + 1)dx

= (sec 7 x 2 sec 5 x + sec 3 x)dx

Integration by parts may be used to integrate
odd powers of sec x.

Ziad Zahreddine

 sec

Example

We integration by parts

xdx

u = sec x,

dv = sec2 x

du = sec x tan x dx,

v = tan x

3
sec
xdx = sec x tan x (tan x)(sec x tan xdx)

= sec x tan x tan 2 x sec xdx

= sec x tan x (sec 2 x 1) sec xdx
= sec x tan x (sec x sec x)dx
3

= sec x tan x + sec xdx sec 3 xdx

2 sec 3 xdx = sec x tan x + sec xdx

Ziad Zahreddine

Example

sec

xdx

2 sec 3 xdx = sec x tan x + sec xdx

1
1
sec xdx = 2 sec x tan x + 2 sec xdx
3

1
1
sec xdx = 2 sec x tan x + 2 ln | sec x + tan x | +C
3

Ziad Zahreddine

4
tan
xdx

Example

4
2
2
tan
xdx
=
tan
x
tan
xdx =

2
2
tan
x

(sec
x 1)dx

= tan x sec xdx tan xdx

2

= tan 2 x sec 2 xdx (sec 2 x 1)dx

= tan 2 x sec 2 xdx sec 2 xdx + dx
1
= tan 3 x tan x + x + C
3
Ziad Zahreddine

Products of Sines and Cosines

sin(mx) sin( nx)dx

sin(mx) cos(nx)dx

cos(mx) cos(nx)dx
The following trigonometric identities will be useful.

Ziad Zahreddine

Sum
Sum and
and Difference
Difference Formulas
Formulas

sin( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

sin( A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B
cos( A + B ) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
cos( A B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
Ziad Zahreddine

ProductProduct- identities
identities
sin (+) + sin ()
sin cos =
2
cos () cos (+)
sin sin =
2

cos (+) + cos ()

cos cos =
2
Ziad Zahreddine

Example

sin 3x cos 5 xdx

sin 3x cos 5 xdx =

1
[sin(8 x) + sin( 2 x)]dx

1
= [sin(8 x) sin( 2 x)]dx
2
cos 8 x cos 2 x
=
+
+C
16
4

Ziad Zahreddine

Section 8.4, P. 585

Assignment: 1, 5, 11, 22, 25, 31, 33, 37

Ziad Zahreddine