DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED PHYSICS

M. Tech. (Sensor Technology)

Brief Description: The aim of this programme, is to train the sponsored candidates
from Army, Navy, Air Force, DRDO Laboratories, Public Sector Undertakings and
other departments in the field of sensors, nanotechnology, lasers, fiber optics,
electro-optics and photonics. The programme also intends to educate and train bright
fresh students in the relevant field of technology to carry out challenging
responsibilities in their future carrier. This is an interdisciplinary course concerning
broadly Lasers, Electronics, Instrumentation, Sensors, Optics, Electromagnetism,
Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials.
Eligibility: The candidate should possess a Masters degree or equivalent in
Physics/Applied Physics / Electronics /Electronic Science/ Instrumentation or a B.E.
/ B.Tech. / B.Sc. (Engineering) degree or equivalent in Electronics / Electrical /
Communication / Telecommunication / Electronics/ Instrumentation /

E&TC

Engineering / Engineering Physics with a minimum of second class. Departmental

candidates, who are possessing AMIE / Grad IETE degree, are also eligible.

Organization: The M. Tech. programme is of four-semester duration. In each of the

first two semesters there are six courses and practical each. There will be a mid
semester examination and a final semester examination for every course. Half yearly
evaluation of the project takes place at the end of the third semester. At the end of the
final semester the student submits a thesis and makes a presentation about the
project, which is evaluated by the Internal and External examiners. Course syllabus
has been updated periodically to keep pace with the contemporary technological
advancement.

Semester I

SI
No

Course
Code

Course Name

AP 601

2
3
4

AP 602
AP 603
AP 604

5
6

Contact hours

Marks

L/T

100

3
2
3

0
1
0

100
100
100

AP 605
AM
602

Quantum Mechanics and Solid State

Physics
Materials Science and Engineering
Fabrication Technology
Instrumentation:
Devices
and
Systems
Electromagnetics
Mathematical
Modelling
and
System Analysis

3
3

0
0

100
100

AP 621

Laboratory I

0
14

4
5

50
650

TOTAL

Semester II
SI
No

Course
Code

1
2
3
4
5
6

AP 610
AP 613
AP 614

Course Name

Contact hours

Nanotechnology
Physics of transduction
Sensors & Actuators
Elective I
Elective II
Elective III
TOTAL

L/T

2
3
3
3
3
3
14

1
0
0
0
0
0
1

Marks
100
100
100
100
100
100
600

List of Electives

Sr. No.

Course Code Course

Elective I, II, III

AP 611

Nanophotonics

AP615
AP 612

Energy Conversion systems

Foundations of Imaging Science and Technology

3
4

AP 607
AP 609

Fiber Optics & Applications

High Power Laser

5
6

AP 616
EE 604

Mathematical Methods in Physics

Embedded Systems

AE 610

Flight instrumentation

AE 615

Estimation with Applications to Tracking & Navigation

AM 621

Advanced Modeling Techniques

10

EE 618

DSP System Design (Lab Oriented)

11

BT611

Nano- biotechnology

12

BT616

Biomedical Physics and Biomechanics

13

BT617

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

14

EE 613

Electronic Warfare

15

EE 608

Radar Engineering

16

MS 613

Advanced Functional Materials

17

ME 609

Computational Fluid Dynamics

Semester III
Sl
No
1
2
3
4

Course Code
AP 651
AP 621

Course Name
M. Tech. Dissertation 1
Seminar Course
Elective III
Elective IV
Total

Contact Hours

Marks

20

300
50
100
100
550

Sr. No
1

Course Code
AM 602

ELECTIVE III & IV

Course
Mathematical Modelling and System Analysis

AM 605

Graphics and Visualization

CE 660

Advanced Computer Networks

EE 605

Embedded Systems

Semester IV
Sl
No
1

Course Code
AP 652

Course Name
M. Tech. Dissertation 2

Contact Hours

Marks

20

400

AP 601

QUANTUM MECHANICS & SOLID STATE PHYSICS

3-1-100

1. Introduction to quantum mechanics: Need of quantum mechanics, Black body

radiation, photoelectric effect, Compton effect
2. Wavelike properties of particles: Wave particle duality, uncertainty principal,
properties of matter, Origin of Quantum Theory
3. Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics: Hilbert space, observables,
Eigen functions of a Hermitian operator, generalized statistical interpretation
4. Time independent Schrdinger equation: Schrdinger wave equation, quantum
wells, statistical interpretation, probability, normalization, momentum, harmonic
oscillator, free particle, quantum well, potential barrier, delta function
5. Quantum mechanics in 3D: Schrdinger equation in spherical coordinates,
hydrogen and multi-electron atoms, angular momentum and electron spin, harmonic
oscillators and molecular structure
6. Applications of Schrodinger equation in periodic semiconductor: Free electron
model, Bloch theorem, Kronig-Penney model, effective mass semiconductor
superlattices. Fermi Dirac statistics and electron distribution in solids, density of
energy states and Fermi energy
Text/References
1. Quantum Mechanics, AK Ghatak & S Lokanathan, Macmillan India, 5 th Ed., 2005.
2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D. J. Griffiths (2 nd Edition Pearson Prentice Hall,
2005)
3. Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles, Wiley, Robert
Eisberg and Robert Resnick (2009)
4. Solid State Physics, S. O. Pillai, New Age International Publisher, 2010
5. Concepts of Modern Physics, Beiser, TMH, 2009
Further Reading
1. Quantum Mechanics, LI Schiff , 3rd Ed., Mc Graw-Hill, 1985
2. Quantum Mechanics, A Massiah Vol. I & II, Dover Publications, New York, 1999

AP 602

Materials Science and Engineering

3-0-100

1. Introduction: Historical perspective, Materials science and engineering, Study of

materials science and engineering, Classification of materials, Advanced materials.
2. Crystal Geometry and structure determination: Crystal structures and bonding,
Unit cells, Crystallographic directions and planes, Hexagonal crystals, Crystalline and
Non-crystalline Materials, X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of crystal structures,
Crystal symmetry.
3. Semiconducting & Dielectric materials: Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors,
conducting
polymers, Metal Oxide semiconductor transistors, Polarization, Internal fields,
Frequency response, Piezoelectric, Pyroelectric and Ferroelectric materials, Types of
Piezoelectric materials: Quartz, Organic semiconductors; Introduction to material,
Basic Properties such as Optical, Charge Carrier Transport, Device Structures of
Organic Semiconductors.
4. Electro-optic and magneto-optic materials: Principle of electro optics, qualitative
discussions on nonlinear materials, electro-optic effect in nonlinear crystals,
microscopic description of magneto-optic effect
5. Magnetic & Superconducting materials: Magnetic materials and units:
Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic materials, Antiferromagnetic, Ferromagnetic and
ferrimagnetic materials, Ferromagnetic domains and hysteresis, Basic phenomena,
Meissner effect, Magnetic properties of type-I and type-II superconductors, London
equations, Cooper pairs, BCS theory (qualitative), Josephson effect, Introductory
information about high temperature superconductors, applications.
6. Imperfections in solids: Types of imperfections, Point defects, Dislocations: Edge
dislocation & Screw dislocation, Burgers vector, Concepts of dislocation density,
Surface defects, Volume defects.
7. Phase Equilibrium: Phase diagrams, Phase rules. Fe-C phase transformations in
ferrous alloys, properties of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys and their applications,
Single & Binary phase diagram, Levers rule, Gibbs phase rule.
8. Mechanical Properties of Materials: Elastic and plastic deformation, Creep.
Fracture and Fatigue, factors affecting mechanical properties of solids, strengthening
mechanics, cold working and annealing, Hardening.

Text/ References

1. Material Science and Enginerring by V. Raghavan.

2. Fundamentals of Material Science and Enginerring by William D. Callister.
3. Principles of Materials Science & Engineering by W. F. Smith.
4. Physics of Organic Semiconductors by W. Brtting.
5. Fundamental of Photonics, B E A Saleh and M C Teich, John Wiley and Sons, 2007

AP603

Micro and Nano Fabrication Technology

3-1-100

1. Materials Processing Methods: Thin films, epitaxial growth, substrates

selection, carrier gases, metastable growth of materials. Chemical Vapour
Deposition - Principles, apparatus, examples of CVD growth of thin films,
advantages and disadvantages; Chemical Vapour Transportation; Molecular Beam
Epitaxy, Liquid Phase Epitaxy, Vapour growth of Nitrides. Metal-organic Vapour
phase epitaxy. Plasma Energetics; Laser ablation, Plasma Enhanced CVD, PVD,
PLD, sputter coating, spin coating, dip coating, fiber extrusion, electrospinning.
2. Lithographic techniques: Top down approach to nanolithography-Immersion
lithography- Optical lithography, UV photolithography- Phase lithographyIncluding Plasma X-ray sources- E-Beam Lithography- Focused Ion beamsPhotoresist. Soft lithography for nanofilms and nanoscale patterning. Lithographic
techniques and surface chemistry for the fabrication of PEG- passivated protein
microarrays, micromachining, RIE.
3. Crystal Growth: Nucleation, Different kinds of nucleation, Concept of formation
of critical nucleus, Low temperature solution growth: Solution - Solubility and
super solubility, Expression of super saturation, Bridgman technique - Basic
process , Vertical Bridgman technique, Czochralski technique Experimental
arrangement Growth process, Zone melting.
4. Biological and Chemical Methods: Biological synthesis, Biomimetic method,
bacterial synthesis of nanoparticles; Electrochemistry - solvent selection,
apparatus, deposition, growth of thin films, coatings, Growth of organic crystals,
Extrusion, Electrospinning.
5. Case Studies : Thin films for microelelctronics, MEMS, optical coatings,
photodetectors, smart sensors, xerographic devices, TFTs, switching devices, antiabrasive coatings, solar cells, superconducting and GMR devices, integrated

optics, thin film superlattices, quantum and nano devices, bioelectronics devices
etc.
References:
1. Mark J Jackson, Micro and Nanomanufacturing , Springer; First Edition, (2006) ISBN
2. Dieter K, Schroder, Semiconductor Material and Device Characterization, Wiley-IEEE
Press, 3rd Edition, (2006) ISBN- 10:0471739065
3. L. B. Freund and S Suresh, Thin film materials: Stress, Defect formation and surface
Evolution, Cambridge University Press, (2004) ISBN-10:0521822815
4. Zheng Cui, Micro-nanofabrication: Technologies and Applications, Springer First
Edition (2006), ISBN-10:3540289224
5. R. Kassing, P. Petkov, W. Kulish, C. Popov., Functional Properties of Nanostructured
Materials. Springer (ISBN: 978-1-4020-4595-0 (Print) 978-1-4020-4594-3 (Online)

AP 604

Instrumentation: Devices and Systems

3-1-

100
1. Basic Electronic Devices: Photomultipliers; Image Intensifier; Detectors for X-rays,
Ultra-Violet, infrared, and Microwave radiations. Digital Charge Coupled Devices;
Color separation and recognition Devices; Solar Cells, Focal plane arrays: IR, visible,
Read out ICs.

2. Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Basic Characteristics, DC amplifiers, Operational

Amplifiers, Instrumentation Amplifiers, Isolation Amplifiers, Lock-In Amplifiers,

Signal Conditioning.

3. Process Control: Final Control Operation; Signal Conversion, Actuators and Control
Elements. Signal Conversion; Analog Electrical Signals, Digital Electrical Signals
and Pneumatic Signals. Power Electronics; Switching, Controlling Devices.
Actuators; Electrical, Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuators. Control Elements;
Mechanical, Electrical and Fluid Valves

4. Data Acquisition, Signal Conversion and Signal Transmission: Introduction,

Single and Multi Channel Data Acquisition Systems, Signal Conversion: A/D and

D/A Converters, Multiplexer and Sample Hold Circuit. Signal Transmission; Data
Transmission System Pulse Code Formats, Modulation Techniques, Serial Data
Communication, Telemetry Systems.

5. Discrete-State Process Control (DSPC) and Controller Principals: Definition of

DSPC, Characteristics of the System, Relay Controllers and Ladder Diagrams, PLCs.
Controller

Principals;

Process

Characteristics,

Control

System

Parameters,

Discontinuous, Continuous and Composite Control Modes, computer based

controller: hardware configuration, software requirement.
6. Mini project on system development
Reference Books:
1. Process Control Instrumentation Techniques-Curtise D. Johnson;PHT,2011
2. Instrumentation Devices and Systems- Rangan, G.R. Sarma and V.S.V. Mani, Tata
Mcgraw-Hill, 2006
3. Digital Fundamentals- Floyd Thomas L, 2nd Edition, Perason, 2006
4. Sabaree Soloman-Sensors Hand Book, McGraw Hill, 1998.
5. Linear Integrated Circuits- Roy Choudhury, D. and Shail B. Jain 4th Edition, New Age
International,2011
6. Physics of Semiconductor Devices-S. M. Sze, 2 nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2000
7. Semiconductor Optoelectronics Devics, Pallab Bhattacharya, PH, 1993
AP 605

Electromagnetics

3-0-100

1. Electric charges, field and potential: Brief introduction, columbs law, electric field,
Gausses law and applications, Poissions equation and Laplace equation, basic
properties of conductors, induced charges, the surface charge on conductor, capacitor
2. Electrostatic field in matter: Polarization, dielectrics, induced dipoles, alignment of
polar molecules, bound charges, the filed inside the dielectric, Gausses law in
presence of dielectrics, susceptibility, permittivity, dielectric constant, Polaraiziblity
and susceptibility
3. Magnetic field in matter: Lorentz force, Biot-Savart Law, Magnetization: dia, para
and ferro magnetism, torque and forces on magnetic dipoles, amperes law and its
application, magnetic susceptibility, and permeability, Ohms law, emf, Faradays law

4. EM waves: Beginning of electromagnetism and Maxwells correction, Wave

equation, Maxwells equation in various format and media, Dispersion and dispersion
in non-conductors
5. Crystal optics: Double refraction, wave propagation in anisotropic media, wave
refractive index, ray refractive index, index ellipsoid

References:
1. Introduction to Electrodynamics, D. G. Griffiths, PHI 2006
2. Fundamental of Photonics, B E A Saleh and M C Teich, John Wiley and Sons, 2007

AP607

Fiber Optics and Applications

3-0-100

1. Optical Wave Guides: Light propagation in a linear dielectric media, Cylindrical

wave guide, Boundary conditions, Cut-off frequencies, Modes, Linearly Polarised
Modes, SM & MM fibers, Graded Index Fiber. Comparison of Optical fibers with
other interconnects, Types and classification of optical fibers.
2. Characteristics of Optical Fibers: Fiber Attenuation, Absorption losses, Scattering
losses, Radiation losses, Bending losses, Measurement of losses, Dispersion in fibers,
Effect of dispersion in communication link, Dispersion reduction and compensation
techniques.
3. Fiber Optic Components: Fiber optic passive components such as splices,
connectors, couplers and associated losses, Fiber end preparation for power launching
and coupling, Multiplexers and de-multiplexers, Optical Switches.
4. Sources and Detectors for FO Systems: LED & Laser Diodes, Direct Band gap
materials, Population Inversion in Laser Diodes, Gain guided index guided
LDs,DFB/DBR lasers, Quantum lasers, Semiconductor detectors p-n, p-i-n and
Avalanche Photo diodes- functioning and noise effects, Detector parameters.
5. Optical Fiber Link: Fiber-optic communication system, Link Design, Link Loss
Budget - Power budget and time budget.
6. Communication Subsystem & Optical Amplifiers: Transmitters and Receivers,
Optical Modulation, Digital transmission system, Intersymbol interference, Bit Error
Rate, Repeater, applications and types, Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers, Erbium
doped fiber Amplifiers, Long distance communication syestems.

7. Optical Networks: Multiplexing and Bandwidth, TDM, WDM, CWDM and

DWDM; SDH and SONET, Photonic Switching (architecture, spatial Domain &
Multidimensional Photonic switching)
8. Integrated optics and Waveguides: Type of Waveguides, Integrated Optical devices

Text/References
1. Optical Fiber communication, Gerd Kaiser , 4th Edition, TataMcGraw Hill,
2008.
2. Fiber optics in Telecommunications and sensor systems, S K Sarkar, S
Chand &
Co., New Delhi, 2002.
3.

Optical Fiber Sensors, J P Dakin and B Culshaw , Vol. 1 & 2, Artech

House,
Boston and London, 1998.

AP 609

High Power Lasers

3-0-100

1. Introduction to Directed Energy Applications: Technology Development: History

and Status, Types of DEW Systems (Laser based, Microwave based etc), Technology
Advances: Relevance for India, Opportunities and Priorities for India
2. High Power Lasers Source: Basic Laser Physics, Criteria for High Power Capability,
Laser Resonators and Beam Quality Considerations, High Power Lasers: CO2 Gas
Dynamic Laser, Semiconductor Laser, Solid State Laser, Free Electron Laser.
3. Overview of DEW Technology Module: HPL Beam Control and Beam Propagation,
Beam Combining Technique, Adaptive Optical Systems, Deformable Mirrors,
Thermal Blooming, HPL Beam Directing and Target Tracking, Thermal
Management.
4. Fiber Laser: Population inversion, 3 level 4 level systems, optical fiber amplifier,
fiber laser thresholds and efficiency, gain and loss in laser resonators, fiber laser
resonators, high power fiber laser

5. Atmospheric Effects on Laser Beam Propagation: Atmospheric Turbulence,

Significance and Measurement of Cn2, Atmospheric Attenuation, Numerical Methods
for Atmospheric Effects on Laser Beam Propagation.
6. Laser matter interaction: Laser Heating, Ionization, Types of Target Material,
Absorption and Reflectivity of the Target Materials, Thermal Conduction,
Temperature Rise due to Laser Irradiation, Measurement and Evaluation of
Temperature Rise, Convective Cooling.
7. Defence Application of HPL: Laser Countermeasures and Battlefield Applications,
Airborne Laser TechnologyImpact on Missile Defence, Advanced Tactical Laser
Regional Security Implications, HPLDEW for Missile Defence, HPLDEW for
Space Defence.
References:
1. High Power LasersDirected Energy Weapons Impact on Defence and Security, A.

Mallik, DRDO MONOGRAPHS/SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS SERIES, 2012

2. High Power Laser Handbook, H. Injeyan and G. Goodno, McGraw-Hill

Professional; 1 edition (April 25, 2011)

3. Lasers, A.E. Seigman, McGraw Hill, 1986.
4. Fundamentals of fiber lasers and fiber amplifiers by Ter-Mikirtychev V 2014.

AP 610

1.

Nanotechnology
0-100

3-

Implications of nano size on physical and chemical properties: Density of States,

2D, 1D, 0D, Quantum size effect, large surface to volume ratio, surface
functionalization, tenability of properties, : Physical Chemistry of solid surfaces,
crystal structures, surface energy, chemical potential, Fundamentals of nucleation and
growth, Electrostatic Stabilization Surface charge density, Electric potential at the
proximity of solid surface, Van der Waals attraction potential, Interactions between
two particles: DLVO theory, Solvent and polymer, Interactions between polymer
layers, Mixed steric and electric interactions

2.

Nanoscale Phenomenon: Nanoparticles, nano-clusters, nanotubes, nanowires and

nanodots. Electronic structure: quantum dots, quantum wires and quantum wells,
confinement of electrons energy quantization semiconductor nanocrystals, carbon
nanotubes, quantum wells.

3.

Characterization and properties of nanomaterials: Structural Characterization, Xray diffraction (XRD), Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning probe
microscopy (SPM), Surface plasmon resonance, Quantum size effects,
scattering,

Change

of

electronic

structure,

Quantum transport,

Surface

Effect

of

microstructure, Ferroelectrics and dielectrics, Superparamagnetism.

4.

Nano Sensors: Metal nanoparticle-based Sensors, Quantum Dot, Nanowire-based

Sensors, Carbon Nanotubes-based Sensors, Sensors Based on Nanostructures of Metal
Oxide, Mass-Sensitive Nanosensors, Arrays of Nanomaterial-based Sensors: A
representative example for the imitation of human senses by means of
nanotechnology and nanosensors: electronic skin based on nanotechnology.

Text/References
1.

Nanostructures & nanomaterials Synthesis, Properties & Applications, Guozhong

Cao, Imperial College Press (2004).

2.

Introduction to Nanotechnology, Charles Poole Jr and Frank J Owens, Wiley India,

New Delhi (2006)

3.

Nanophysics and Nanotechnology, Edward L Wolf, Wiley-VCH, Verlag (2006)

4.

Ramsden Jeremy, Nanotechnology, an Introduction. Elsevier (2011).

5.

Florinel-Gabriel Banica, Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: Fundamentals and

Applications, John Wiley and Sons (2012)

AP 611
1.

Nanophotonics

3-0-100

Introduction: Definition of Metamaterials (MTMs) and Left-Handed (LH) MTMs,

Fundamentals of LH MTMs Left-Handedness from Maxwells Equations,
Entropy Conditions in Dispersive Media, Boundary Conditions, Reversal of
Doppler Effect, Reversal of Vavilov-Cerenkov Radiation, Reversal of Snells Law:
Negative Refraction, Focusing by a Flat LH Lens

2.

Metamaterial in Optics: Optical Properties of Metal-Dielectric Composites,

Optical Magnetism, Negative-refractive Index, Perfect lens and Cloaking objects.

3.

Surface Plasmon Resonance: Evanescent waves, Surface Plasmon dispersion

equations, resonance, excitation od surface plsmons, surface Plasmon properties,
SPR spectroscopy

4.

Photonic band gap crystals: Photonics Band-Gap: Introduction to Photonics

crystal, Photonic Band Structures, One dimensional, Photonic crystal: Origin of
Photonics Band Gap, Size of the band gap, Evanescent Modes in Photonics Band
gaps, Two-dimensional Photonic crystal: Two-dimensional Bloch States, Square
Lattices (Dielectric Columns and Veins), Three-dimensional Photonic crystal:
Three-dimensional lattices, Designing photonics crystal for application: A Mirror,
A Waveguide and A Cavity.

5.

Silicon Photonics: Introduction to Silicon Photonics, Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI)

Photonics: Coupling to the Optical Circuit, Optical Modulation Mechanisms in
Silicon, Fabrication of Silicon Waveguide Devices, Prospects for Silicon Lightemitting Devices, Advantages and Disadvantages of Silicon Photonics.

Books:
1. Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory And Microwave Applications,
Christophe Caloz,Tatsuo Itoh, John Wiley and Sons,2006
2. Optical Metamaterials, Fundamentals and Applications, Wenshan Cai Vladimir Shalaev,
Springer, 2010.
3. John D. Joannopoulos, Steven G. Johnson, Joshua N. Winn, and Robert D. Meade, Photonic
Crystal: Molding Light Flow of Light, Princeton University Press, 2008.
4. Graham T. Reed and Andrew P. Knights, Silicon Photonics: An Introduction, John Wiley and
Sons Ltd, 2004
References:
1. Metamaterials : Physics And Engineering Explorations, Nader Engheta Richard W.
Ziolkowski, Wiley And Sons,2006
2. Negative-Refraction Metamaterials Fundamental Principles And Applications, G. I.
Eleftheriades K. G. Balmain,Wiley And Sons,2005

AP 612
1.

Foundations of Imaging Science and Technology

3-0-100

Introduction: Historical perspective with major milestones in the development of

Imaging technology, Overall perspective of the course in the light of the various
models to describe light: Ray optics, Wave optics, Electromagnetic optics & Quantum
optics

2.

Sampling: Whittaker-Shannon Sampling theorem, Multiresolution analysis and

wavelet theory, Samples and Pixels, Image plane sampling on electronic detectors,
generalized sampling strategies, compressed sensing.
a. Tutorial: MATLAB exercises in pixel transfer function, aliasing

3.

Coherence Imaging: Coherence and Spectral fields, Coherence Propagation,

Measuring coherence, Fourier analysis of coherence imaging, Optical Coherence
Tomography, Modal analysis, Radiometry
a. Tutorials: Modelling of an incoherent imaging system using MATLAB,
exercises in coherent and incoherent imaging
Polarimetric Imaging: Polarisation, Concepts of polarimetric imaging, Architectures
for polarimetric imaging, Applications.

4.

5.

Tomographic imaging: Tomographic sampling geometries- Parallel beam and fan

beam geometries, Radon transform, Fourier Slice Theorem, Convolution back
projection algorithm, Cone beam tomography.

References:
1.

Harrison H. Barrett and Kyle J. Myers, Foundations of Image Science, WileyInterscience.

2.

J.W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics, Roberts & Company Publishers, 3rd Ed.

3.

D. J. Brady, Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy, OSA & Wiley, 2009.

4.

M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, Cambridge University Press, 7th Ed., 1999.

5.

M. Vollmer and K. -P. Mollmann, Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research

and Applications Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010.
6.

G. C. Hoist- Electro-optical system performance

AP 613

Physics of Transduction
100

3-0-

1. Importance of sensing: Sensor fundamentals, Application considerations, Definition of

Sensors; sensors, signals and systems, Sensor classification
2. Principles of sensors:
I. Resistive sensors: Potentiometers, strain gauges, thermistors, resistive temperature detectors,
magnetoresistors, light dependent resistors, resistive hygrometers
II. Capacitive sensor: variable capacitor, differential capacitor
III. Inductive sensor: reluctance variation sensor, eddy current sensors, linear variable differential
transformers, magnetoelastic sensors

IV. Electromagnetic sensors: sensors based on Faradays law and Hall effect sensors
V. Generating sensors: thermocouples, piezoelectric sensors, pyroelectric sensors, photovoltaic
sensors, electrochemical sensors
VI. Mechanical sensors: Basics temperature, pressure, force torque, density, liquid level, flow
and gyroscope.
4. Other sensing methods: sensors based on semiconductor devices, charge coupled and CMOS
image sensors, fiber optic sensors, ultrasonic based sensors and biosensors.
Texts/References
1. Sensors and signal conditioning by Ramon Pallas Arrny and John G Webster, John Wiley &
sons (1991).
2. Handbook of Modern Sensors: physics, designs and applications by Jacob Fraden, Springer
(2010).
3. Sensor Technology Handbook by John S Wilson, Elsevier, (2005)

AP614

Sensors & Actuators

3-0-100

1. Sensor Basics: Input output relationship, interfering and modifying inputs,

compensation techniques, static and dynamic characteristics, impedance, reliability
2. Actuation and actuators: actuator principles, actuators as system components,
actuators in mechatronics and adaptronics, intelligent and self sensing actuators,
design of actuators
3. Sensor based measurement systems: Generalized measurements, zero order system,
first order system, first order system, dead time element, specification and testing of
dynamic response
4. Sensor systems: Simulink: Getting started with SimElectronics, actuators and drivers,
mechanical control and motor devices, sensors, analog and digital sensors, for eg:
proximity sensors, thermistors, MEMS gyro accelerometer
5. Sensor networks: Applications, characteristics, platforms, distributed sensor network,
data integration and sensor web, in-network processing
6. New approaches towards sensing: MEMS based sensing approach, fiber based
approach, use of lasers in sensing, requirements of sensors in defence.

7. Explosive detection: Basic working principle of sensing different types of gases, such
as hydrogen, oxygen, NH3, H2S, etc. Smoke detector. Sensors for toxic gases, land
mining and degaussing.
8. Sonar sensors: Ultrasonic sensors, measurements for anemometers, tank or channel
level, and speed through air or water, Robot sonars, counter measures, active sonar
systems, sonars for military applications, antisubmarine warfare, submarine navigation,
intercept sonar
9. Extra Low Frequency Electromagnetic (ELFE) sensors: sensors for 3-30 Hz,
requirements of such sensors, submarine applications, underwater communications,
other applications such as pipeline gauges, ham radio, night vision.

References:
1. Foundations of MEMS, C. Liu, Prentice Hall, 2011, 2nd edition
2. Microsystem Design, S. D. Senturia, Kluwer, 2001
3. "Micromachined Transducers Sourcebook," G.T.A. Kovacs, McGraw Hill, 1998
4. Actuators basics and applications, H Janocha, Springer

AP 615

Energy Conversion Systems

3-0-100

1. General Energy Sources: Classification of Energy Sources, Principle fuels for

energy conversion: Fossil fuels, Nuclear fuels. Conventional & Renewable Energy
Energy Sources: prospecting, extraction and resource assessment and their peculiar
characteristics. Direct use of primary energy sources, Conversion of primary into
secondary energy sources such as Electricity, Hydrogen, Nuclear energy .Energy
Conversion through fission and fusion, Nuclear power generation.
2. Sensors for Energy Conversion : Importance of Electrical energy in modern
industrial society, Product ion of electricity using coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear fuels
and hydro electricity, its relative advantages and disadvantages (i.e. conversion of
Thermal, Nuclear, hydel energy into electric energy) Electricity generation using
Renewable Energy Sources: Basic Principles and Applications. (Conversion of

electromagnetic energy and natural energy sources like solar radiation, Wind, Ocean
waves, Solid waste etc. to electricity)Conversion of chemical energy into electrical
energy (fuel cell),Thermal and Mechanical Energy, Thermal energy using fossil fuels.
Conversion of Thermal Energy to Mechanical energy & Power. Turbines: Steam
turbines, Hydraulic turbines.
3. Role of Sensors in Solar Energy: Solar spectrum on the earth surface and estimation
of energy received per unit area on the earth surface at different location in the
country. Concept of Air Mass Zero Condition(A.M.O.) Basic principle of conversion
of solar energy in to thermal energy. Working principle of room heaters and drying
systems using solar energy. Photovoltaic effect in p-n junction, and

solar cells.

Hetero junction, interface, and thin film solar cells.Idal conversion efficiency. Large
area Solar panels for electric power generation, power load, and distribution system.
Units of electric power. Power storage in batteries.
4. Energy Measurement & Verification Electrical Energy Measurements, Thermal
Energy Measurements, Mechanical & Utility System Measurements, Measurement &
Verification

References
1. Principles of Energy Conversion : A.W. Culp.
2. Direct Energy Conversion : M.A. Kettani
3. Energy Conversion systems : Begamudre, Rakoshdas
4. Direct Energy Conversion : W.R.Corliss
5. Alternative Liquid fuels : B.V. Desai
6. Renewable Sources of Energy and Conversion Systems: N.K.Bansal and M.K.Kleeman.
7. Principles of Thermal Process : Duffie Beckman.
8. Solar Energy Handbook: Kreith and Kreider (McGrawHill)

AP 620

Laboratory 1

1. Laser Diffraction pattern: Analysis of the diffraction pattern by a He: Ne

Laser through a small slit and measurement of laser wavelength from the bulk
parameters.
2. Malus law verification: Determination of the polarization of He:Ne laser for
various angles, evaluation of the polarized intensity, plot of the intensity with
angle of incidence.
3. Brewster angle evaluation: measurement of the Brewster angle by laser
using turn table and detector, evaluation of refractive index of the transparent
material.
4. Fraunhoffer Diffraction pattern: Generation of Frunhoffer diffraction pattern
by single slit, evaluation of the optical parameter/ slit width using the same.
5. Michelson Interferrometer: Seting up for michelsom interferometer using a
highly monochromatic laser source, evaluation of laser wavelength by fringe
counting
6. Fresnels Biprism : Measurement of wavelength of laser by using Fresnels
Biprism
7. Grating parameters : Study of diffraction effect using a periodic grating,
evaluation of grating periodicity/ wavelength from the analysis of diffraction
pattern
8. Interference at a curved surface Generation of interference fringes by using
highly monochromatic source at a curved surface, evaluation of the radius of
curvature by fringe counting method.
9. Beam Width, Divergence, Laser Characterization.
10. Study of losses in optical fibre
11. Millikan Oil Drop Method for the measurement of charge.
12. Synthesis of nano particles.
13. Thin film deposition using various techniques (PLD & Laser ablation,

sputtering, vacuum evaporation etc).

14. SEM, TEM
15. Probe Microscopy
16. Raman Spectroscopy / FTIR
17. X-ray Diffraction Grain Dimension

18. Kerr Effect