MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

INTRAMUROS, MANILA

ELEMENTARY SURVEYING

RESEARCH 2
SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: CORDANO, HAZEL F.

COURSE AND SECTION: CE120-0F/A4

STUDENT NO.: 2013108712

SUBMITTED TO:
PROFESSOR: ENGR. IRA BALMORIS

GRADE

GRADE

Hydrographic Surveying
It is the science of measurement and description of features which affect maritime navigation,
marine construction, dredging, offshore oil exploration/offshore oil drilling and related activities.
Strong emphasis is placed on soundings, shorelines, tides, currents, seabed and submerged
obstructions that relate to the previously mentioned activities. The term hydrography is
sometimes used synonymously to describe maritime cartography, which in the final stages of
the hydrographic process uses the raw data collected through hydrographic survey into
information usable by the end user.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
It is a space-based navigation system that provides location and time information in all weather
conditions, anywhere on or near the earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or
more GPS satellites. The system provides critical capabilities to military, civil, and commercial
users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, and
makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

Concept of Global Positioning System

Fundamentals:
The GPS concept is based on time. The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are
synchronized to each other and to ground clocks. Any drift from true time maintained on the
ground is corrected daily. Likewise, the satellite locations are monitored precisely. GPS
receivers have clocks as wellhowever, they are not synchronized with true time, and are less
stable. GPS satellites continuously transmit their current time and position. A GPS receiver
monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the exact position of the receiver
and its deviation from true time. At a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for
it to compute four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and clock deviation from
satellite time).
Other detailed description:
Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal (carrier frequency with modulation) that
includes:

A pseudorandom code (sequence of ones and zeros) that is known to the receiver. By
time-aligning a receiver-generated version and the receiver-measured version of the code,
the time of arrival (TOA) of a defined point in the code sequence, called an epoch, can be
found in the receiver clock time scale

A message that includes the time of transmission (TOT) of the code epoch (in GPS
system time scale) and the satellite position at that time

User Satellite geometry:

Usually not formed explicitly in the receiver processing, the conceptual time differences of
arrival (TDOAs) define the measurement geometry. Each TDOA corresponds to a hyperboloid of
revolution (see Multilateration). The line connecting the two satellites involved (and its
extensions) forms the axis of the hyperboloid. The receiver is located at the point where three
hyperboloids intersect.
Receiver in continuous operation:

The description above is representative of a receiver start-up situation. Most receivers have
a track algorithm, sometimes called a tracker that combines sets of satellite measurements
collected at different timesin effect, taking advantage of the fact that successive receiver
positions are usually close to each other. After a set of measurements are processed, the
tracker predicts the receiver location corresponding to the next set of satellite measurements.
When the new measurements are collected, the receiver uses a weighting scheme to combine
the new measurements with the tracker prediction. In general, a tracker can (a) improve
receiver position and time accuracy, (b) reject bad measurements, and (c) estimate receiver
speed and direction.

Non-navigation application:
In typical GPS operation as a navigator, four or more satellites must be visible to obtain an
accurate result. The solution of the navigation equations gives the position of the receiver along
with the difference between the time kept by the receiver's on-board clock and the true time-ofday, thereby eliminating the need for a more precise and possibly impractical receiver based

clock. Applications for GPS such as time transfer, traffic signal timing, and synchronization of
cell phone base stations, make use of this cheap and highly accurate timing. Some GPS
applications use this time for display, or, other than for the basic position calculations, do not
use it at all.

Principles and Application:

While originally a military project, GPS is considered a dual-use technology, meaning it has
significant military and civilian applications.
GPS has become a widely deployed and useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking, and
surveillance. GPS's accurate time facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone
operations, and even the control of power grids by allowing well synchronized hand-off
switching.
Principle of Operation
GPS is a satellite based navigation system. It uses a digital signal at about 1.5 GHz from each
satellite to send data to the receiver. The receiver can then deduce its exact range from the
satellite, as well as the geographic position (GP) of the satellite. The GP is the location on the
Earth directly below the satellite. This establishes a line of position (LOP) on the Earth, as
illustrated in figure 1.

Figure 1. Line of position on the surface of the Earth from a single satellite.

A second LOP will provide for two possible locations, as shown in figure 2., and a third LOP will
resolve that to a single position on the Earth.

Figure 2. Fix from two lines of position on surface of Earth (2-D mode).
The range from the satellite is determined by the time the signal is received. The satellite signal
includes the time at which it was sent. By comparing that to the receiver clock, the time delay
and hence the range can be determined. The satellites contain precise atomic clocks and are
updated from the master station. On the other hand, you typical inexpensive GPS receiver does
not contain a precise atomic clock. However, the signal from a fourth satellite can be used to
solve for any error in the receiver's clock. As a result, the receiver obtains an accurate
navigational fix, including altitude, as well as a precise clock update.
In order for the system to work, there must be at least four satellites visible to the receiver at all
times. In fact there are 21 operational satellites, and three spares, in orbit at about 20,000 km,
which circle the globe every twelve hours. A rough calculation will show this to be sufficient.
Assume 21 satellites, evenly spaced over the 4p steradians of the Earth's sphere. That gives
about 4p/21 = 0.6 steradians per satellite. If you can see about of the sky at any one time,
that would be p steradians, which would involve p/0.6 5 satellites on average.
System Components

The basic system is divided into three segments:

Figure 3. Segments of GPS.

Spaced-based segment
The space-based segment consists of the 24 satellites. They travel on polar orbits around the
Earth once every twelve hours at an altitude of about 20,000 km. The position directly beneath
the satellite is called its geographic position. For a polar orbit the geographic position travels

roughly along a particular meridian.

Figure 4. Polar orbit.

The orbits of the various satellites are spaced at 55o intervals. A typical satellite is shown below.

Control segment
The master control station (MCS)is in Colorado Springs, and run by the Air Force. There are
also five unmanned stations in Hawaii, Kwajalein, Diego Garcia, and Colorado, which track the
satellites and relay information to the MCS. There are three uplink antennas at Diego Gargcia,
Kwajelein and Ascension.
The control segment tracks the satellites and updates their orbital parameters and clocks.
User segments
These are the GPS receivers. They receive the satellite transmissions and perform calculations
to determine the position, altitude and time outputs. The antenna is designed to receive the

circularly polarized satellite signal at either 1575.42 (L1) or 1227.60 (L2) MHz. The difference
between these signals will be discussed below. The signal is basically comprised of a 50 bps bipolar phase shift keyed (BPSK) digital signal containing the navigation data, which is carried on
a 1,023 MHz spread spectrum signal which serves two purposes:
To encode the identity of the satellite.
To widen the signal bandwidth which reduces the threat of interference from narrowband
sources.
Performance
The GPS system is accurate to within of about 53 ft. in position, 0.3 fps in velocity and 100 nsec
in time. However, for the purpose of denying a precise navigational system to possible hostile
forces, a random error of anywhere between 130 and 330 feet is intentionally inserted. The
degraded signal is used in the Standard Positioning System (SPS). The unadulterated signal is
known as the PPS (precise positioning system) and is only available to government approved
users. The PPS requires decryption to be useable.
To compensate for the injected errors, a system has been developed, outside of the government
program, to measure and correct for the error. This is known as Differential GPS or DGPS. The
principle of operation is that a fixed site, with well-known position, obtains a SPS fix, measures
the error and broadcasts the correction to other DGPS users.
Application:
The Global Positioning System (GPS) can be used to determine position and velocity on the
Earth or even in space. There are therefore many possible uses ("applications") of GPS.
Design an application of GPS. You can use some of the suggestions below, or think of your
own. Draw a picture showing how GPS is to be used. You pictures should indicate where the
GPS receiver should be located. Also show the locations of any human operators or computers,
and any other equipment that is required.
For example, you might want to design a car that drives itself. Maybe you'll put the GPS receiver
on the top of a car. The GPS receiver needs to be connected to a computer inside the car that a

person gives commands to. Draw a picture showing these connections, and explain how the
system is to be used.
Here are some other suggestions. Use one of these or think up your own.

A space shuttle that navigates by itself using GPS

A tractor that plows fields by itself using GPS

An airplane that lands itself using GPS

A football coach who tracks players on the field using GPS

A hiker who loses her way and returns to safety using GPS

Tracking a species of animal using GPS

Global information system (GIS)

It is an information system which is developed and / or used in a global context. Common to this
class of information systems is that the context is a global setting, either for its use or
development process. This means that it highly relates to distributed systems / distributed
computing where the distribution is global. The term also incorporates aspects of global
software development and there outsourcing (when the outsourcing locations are globally
distributed) and offshoring aspects. A specific aspect of global information systems is the case
(domain) of global software development. A main research aspect in this field concerns the
coordination of and collaboration between virtual teams. Further important aspects are the
internationalization and language localization of system components.
.
Principles and Application:
Principles

GIS is accessible only through password entry or computer IP recognition, to ensure maximum
privacy. The system is fully on-line through the Internet, and keyword searchable. It is
strenuously non-partisan, given that it provides product for use by governments worldwide. Its
confidential data, intelligence and analysis system was built up since 1972 for professional use
by senior policymakers, intelligence officials and military research establishments worldwide.
The system is based on intelligence and analysis undertaken as a result of massive field
collection (HUMINT); and on extensive research and analysis, using primary and open sources
intelligence (OSINT), including considerable "open-but-difficult source" OSINT. The System is
designed to provide a comprehensive global data system both for governments without
extensive global collection and analysis systems as well as for analysts in industrialized states
seeking independent, finished intelligence on literally every country and territory in the world.
GIS can integrate and relate any data with a spatial component, regardless of the source of the
data. For example, you can combine the location of mobile workers, located in real-time by GPS
devices, in relation to customers' homes, located by address and derived from your customer
database. GIS maps this data, giving dispatchers a visual tool to plan the best routes for mobile
staff or send the closest worker to a customer. This saves tremendous time and money.
Application
GIS technology can be used for scientific investigations, resource management, asset
management, archaeology, environmental impact assessment, urban planning, cartography,
criminology, geographic history, marketing, logistics, Prospectively Mapping, and other
purposes. For example, GIS might allow emergency planners to easily calculate emergency
response times in the event of a natural disaster, GIS might be used to find wetlands that need
protection from pollution, or GIS can be used by a company to site a new business location to
take advantage of a previously under-served market.
References: