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DEWA : (Distance protection schemes currently use a direct intertrip, which results in
a
hybrid scheme when applied to Permissive Overreach schemes. Blocking
schemes in the past were equipped with an additional protection-signalling
channel due to the inherent security risk with these schemes. Blocking schemes
will no longer be used as they are functionally less secure and are slower than
Permissive Overreaching Transfer Trip (POTT) schemes.)
Distance zones :
-
- Zone 1 Setting
Electromechanical/static relays usually have a reach setting ofup to 80% of
the protected line impedance for instantaneous Zone 1 protection. For
digital/numerical distance relays,
settings of up to 85% may be safe. The resulting 15-20% safety margin
ensures that there is no risk of the Zone 1 protection over-reaching
the protected line due to errors in the current
and voltage transformers, inaccuracies in line impedance data provided for
setting purposes and errors of relay setting and measurement
-
Z1X: no communication
Stepped time/distance characteristics
IF WE HAVE FAULT IN THR 20 % IT WILL CLREAD FIRST ZONE-1 AND ZONE-2
THAT WILL
This scheme is intended for use with an auto-reclose facility, or
where no communications channel is available, or the channel has
failed
The Zone 1 elements of the distance relay have two settings. One is set to
cover 80% of the protected line length as in the basic distance scheme. The
other, known
as 'Extended Zone 1'or Z1X, is set to overreach the protected line, a setting
of 120% of the protected line being common. The Zone 1 reach is normally
controlled
by the Z1X setting and is reset to the basic Zone 1 setting when a command
from the auto-reclose relay is received This situation cannot be tolerated in
some applications,
A. faults remaining on the feeder for Zone 2 time may cause the system to
become unstable
Zone 3 Setting0.5-0.8
Remote back-up protection for all faults on adjacent lines can be provided by a third zone of
protection that is time delayed to discriminate with Zone 2 protection plus circuit breaker
trip time for the adjacent line. Zone 3 reach should be set to at least 1.2 times the
impedance presented to the relay for a fault
at the remote end of the second line section.
1.2times the sum of the protected line impedance and the impedance of the longest
adjacent line ( 120% of the protective lines )
It must ensure that the relay that are seen by zone 2 of the remote end relay are also seen
by the zone 3 of the local relay , to prevent tripping of the healthy line for external faults . it
is recommended that reverse zone 3 reach be set directionally in the reverse direction to the
same value as zone 2 setting of the remote end relay .
( reverse reach ):
To protect the local bus bar
1- make zone 3 with offset ( non directional zone)
2Zone 3 problems ( virtual faults )
Load Encroachment:
Encroachment of load into the zone 3 characteristics is one of the main cause for the
maloperation of the relays, The mal-operation of zone 3 impedance relays with mho
characteristics is a factor for causing cascading failures as seen in several previous large
scale blackouts. This mal-operation could be due to the increase of the load level to the limit
that
the relay interprets the system voltage and current into an impedance that its value appears
to the relay as if it is a fault while it is not, e.g. load encroachment,
When using the impedance pickup function on long heavily loaded lines, the risk of
encroachment
of the load impedance into the tripping characteristic of the distance protection
may exist. To exclude the risk of unwanted fault detection by the distance protection
during heavy load flow, a load trapezoid characteristic(setting RLoad and Load may be used
to cut the area of the load impedance out of the polygon may be set for tripping)
characteristics with large R-reaches, which excludes such unwanted fault detection by
POWER SWING :
Two kind :
1- stable power swing
2-unstable power swing ( out of step tripping)
-measured by dz/dt
-modern relays has blocking for power swing and the calculated tripping during unstable
power swing (out-of-step tripping). At particular locations in the system,
out-of-step
tripping devices are also applied to split the system into islanded networks at selected
locations,when system stability (synchronism) is lost due to severe (unstable) power swings.
Defenation : Following dynamic events such as load jumps, short-circuits, reclose dead times or
switching actions it is possible that the generators must realign themselves, in an oscillatory
manner, with the new load balance of the system. The distance protection registers
large transient currents during the power swing and, especially at the electrical
centre, small voltages . Small voltages with simultaneous large currents
apparently imply small impedances, which again could lead to tripping by the distance
protection. In expansive networks with large transferred power, even the stability of the
Even if a power swing has been detected, any subsequent short-circuits will
result in the fast cancellation of the power swing block in the affected phases,
thereby allowing the tripping of the distance protection , due comparator for each
phase
Power swing timer is around 30 to 90 ms
Different between power swing and fault:
The rate of change of the impedance vector is very important for the differentiation
between faults and power swing conditions. This is shown in Figure 2-35. During the
power swing the measured impedance from one sample to the next has a defined
change in R and X, referred to as dR(k) and dX(k). Important is also the fact that from
one sample to the next the difference is small: i.e. |dR(k) dR(k+1)| < threshold.
During a fault entry there is a rapid change that will not cause the power swing detection
function to pick up
for out of step : if the power swing locus moved between the three zone A,B, and
the load
Since the Metal-Oxide Varistors (MOV) bypass level is normally set between 2-3In, they will not
operate during the power oscillations and therefore in majority of applications will not make
any impact on Out of Step operation.
Consider a worst case scenario when the power oscillations are triggered upon fault
clearance on the parallel line. In that case approximately twice the load current will start
flowing through
compensation factor :
the compensation factor better to measure that to ignore high ground or low ground fault to due to wrong
measured
k=zo/zl
K=(Z0-Z1)/3Z1
soil resistivity
starting elements :
- for the static and electro mechanical relays .
1- Current starting.
2-under voltage starting
3-impedence starting
But for Numerical distance relays permit direct detection of the phases involved in a fault.
This is called faulted phase selection, often abbreviated to phase selection.
Several techniques are available for faulted phase selection, which then permits
the appropriate distance-measuring zone to trip. Without phase selection, the relay
risks having over or underreach problems, or tripping three-phase when singlepole
fault clearance is required. Several techniques are available for faulted phase
selection, such as
a- superimposed current
b-change in voltage magnitude
C-change current magnitude
voltage instability :
120( protected + longest line )
Zone 4 : forward-looking zones (typically zone--3) could be set with a small reverse offset
reach from the origin of the R/X diagram, in addition to its forward reach setting.
One advantage of a non-directional zone of impedance measurement is that it is able to
operate for a close-up, zero impedance fault, in situations where there may be no healthy
phase voltage signal
or memory voltage signal available to allow operation of a directional impedance zone. With
the offset-zone time delay bypassed, there can be provision of Switch- On-To-Fault (SOTF)
protection.
impedance measuring principle is the same as that used for the distance protection zones.
The
impedance and the characteristic passing times are measured in all three phases separately.
Oneoutof-three or two-out-of-three operating modes can be selected according to the specific
system
operating conditions.
Power swing condition simulated and checked in HMI : OK
Zout to Zin impedence traveling time 55ms
PSD is detected and less than 55ms relay is Tripping.
ECHO FEATURE:
Relay should not detect any fault. ECHO will be sent on receipt of carrier (If there is a fault,
ECHO will not be sent, If there is a Forward fault, no ECHO will be sent but carrier will be sent
for Teleprotection).
Relay sends ECHO signal with the receipt of CR only when there is no fault detection by the
distance protection function:
Trip / ECHO delay after carrier receipt checked :
mSecs
mSecs
a) ZSchemeCommunication(PSCH,85) Test :
A distance relay is said to under-reach when the impedance presented to it is
apparently greater than the impedance to the fault.
Percentage under-reach is defined as:
Under reach percent = (ZR-ZF)/ZR
In a permissive underreach scheme, a forward directed underreach measuring element
(normally zone1) sends a
permissive signal CS to the remote end if a fault is detected in forward direction.
The received signal CR is used to allow an overreaching zone to trip after the tCoord timer
has elapsed. The tCoord
in permissive underreach schemes is normally set to zero.
Distance Communication Scheme (PUR) Checked : OK
Tcoord setting : 0.0 ms
Distance Aided Trip / ZCOM Trip Time : 23.7ms
b) ZSchemeCommunication(PSCH,85) Test :
The received signal CR is used to allow an overreaching zone to trip after the settable tCoord
timer has elapsed. The
tCoord in permissive overreach schemes is normally set to zero.
Distance Communication Scheme (POR) Checked : OK
Tcoord setting : 0.0 ms
Distance Aided Trip / ZCOM Trip Time : 26.7ms
c) ZSchemeCommunication(PSCH,85) Test :
The principal of operation for a blocking scheme is that an overreaching zone is allowed to
trip instantaneously after
the settable co-ordination time tCoord has elapsed, when no signal is received from the
remote terminal.
Distance Communication Scheme (BLOCK) Checked : OK
Tcoord setting : 0.0 ms
Distance Aided Trip / ZCOM Trip Time : 26.7ms
Starter ( switch distance relay )
Furthermore, protection against earth faults may require different characteristics and/or
settings to those required for phase faults, resulting in additional units being required. A
total of 18 impedance-measuring elements or algorithms would be required in a full
distance relay for three-zone protection for all types of fault
Tele protection :
Under reach :
80%
The permissive transfer trip should only send for faults in the Forward direction
A SEE ZONE-1 , B SEE ZONE -2 OR ZONE-3 ( BOTH RELAY MUST DETECT THE
FAULT )
Z1 SEND AND TRIP
Z2 START + RECIVE FROM THE REMOTE + TIMER OF THE SIGNAL NOT THE STEPED ZONE .
THE DIFFERENT BETWEEN DIRECT AND PERMISSIVE IS THE DIRECT IS NOT LOOK FOR
REMOTE RELAY , NEED ONE RELAY TO START
BUT , PERMISSIVE NEED TO BOTH RELAY DETECT THE FAULT ONE Z1 THEN SEND TO RELAY
B IF IT IS DETECE THE FAULT ZONE 2 OR 3 SO IT WILL TRIP
When the circuit breaker at one end is open, or there is a weak infeed such that the relevant
relay element does not operate, instantaneous clearance cannot be achieved for end-zone
faults near the 'breaker open' terminal unless special features are included,
POTT CHECKS:
{POTT Scheme Checking Relay sends carrier for faults within Z1B only. Relay trips in Z1B time with carrier receive
for faults in Z1B else in Z2 time without carrier receive}.
Transient Blocking
In the overreach schemes, the transient blocking provides additional security against
erroneous signals due to transients caused by clearance of an external fault or by fault
direction reversal during clearance of a fault on a parallel line.
The principle of transient blocking scheme is that following the incidence of an external
fault, the formation of a release signal is prevented for a certain (settable) time. In the
case of permissive schemes, this is achieved by blocking of the transmit and receive
circuit
If, following fault detection, a non-directional fault or a fault in the reverse direction is
determined within the waiting time Transient blocking ,the transmit
circuit and the release of the overreaching zone Z1B are prevented. This blocking is
maintained for the duration of the transient blocking time __'!%_'!_ %____ (address
____) also after the reset of the blocking criterion. But if a trip command is
already present in Z1, the transient blocking time __'!%_'!_ %____ is terminated
and thus the blocking of the signal transmission scheme in the event of an internal fault
is prevented.
voltage supervision :
Modern distance protection relays employ voltage supervision that
operates from sequence voltages and currents. Zero or negative sequence
voltages and corresponding zero or negative sequence currents are derived.
Discrimination between primary power system faults and wiring faults or loss of
supply due to individual fuses blowing or MCBs being opened is obtained by
blocking the distance protection only when zero or negative sequence voltage is
detected without the presence of zero or negative sequence current
in case of weak infeed the VT aux contact is used .
Communication Media:
The communication is enabled via direct optical fibre connections or communication networks. Which kind
of media is used, depends on the distance and on the communication media available. For shorter
distances a direct connection via optical fibres having a transmission rate of 512kBit/s is possible.
Areva P443
In quadrilateral, but in Siemens polygon
The characteristic is provided with forward reach and resistive reach settings that are
independently adjustable, It therefore provides better resistive coverage than any
mho-type characteristic for short lines. This is especially true for earth fault
impedance measurement, where the arc resistances and fault resistance to earth
contribute to the highest values of fault resistance
____________________________________________________________________________
*****
with angle
= 60 o
( in Forward Side )
Calculate : R= Z x COS
Then measure the impedance
( Z )
X= Z x SIN
5- LED tests:
Run the Zone reach test module for both Phase and Earth faults
(auto test) which is created as per Clause 6.1.3., save the results.
Run the Timing test plan which is created as per Clause 6.1.3.,
save the results.
Ensure the reach and timing results are within limits. Print the auto test results and
attach with the test report
Fault Locator:
Apply a fault loop in Phase to phase fault. After the relay trips, percentage of line length
shall be observed from relay display and record the same. Repeat the same tests for
Phase to Earth faults
VT Fuse fail Checks
Current Reversal :
Create a fault in reverse reach for more than the transient bock set
time (according to address 2109A-Transient block: Duration
external fault - 40mSec.) and record the operated time.
Then change the fault state to Z1B forward reach with CR signal input to the relay for
less than the transient bock set time (according to address 2110A-Transient block:
Block time after the external fault - 150mSec.) and ensure that CS output is not
operated. Record the measured operating time of the relay