J. Soc.Cosmet.

Chem.,23, 887-898 (December 6, 1972)

MethodsUsedin the Analysis

of Shampoos
R. F. SCHUBERT, B.S., and P. H. KO, B.S.*

Presented
October11, 1971, Joint Symposium
of theSociety
of Cosmetic
Chemists
and theAssociation
of Ocial AnalyticalChemists,
Washington,
D.C.

Synopsis--Modern SHAMPOOS are designednot only to clean the hair and scalp,but to
impart conditioningproperties,fragrance,luster, and other attributes to hair. As a consequence,
the ANALYSIS of a shampoobecomesa complicated exercisein separationand identification
of components,calling on many of the disciplinesof modern analyticalchemistry.
The literature on shampooanalysisis reviewed and someolder schemesof analysisare discussed. A proposedschemefor the analysisof a modern shampoousing a combination of
SOLVENT EXTRACTION

and ION EXCHANGE

SEPARATION

is presented.

INTRODUCTION

Schwartzand Perry (1) and othersstatethat the main requisitesof

a shampooare: (a) it must clean the hair and scalp; (b) it must leave
the hair lustrous; (c) it mustleavethe hair softrather than harshand dry
(i.e., it must provide conditioning); (d) it must rinseoff easilyand completely enoughnot to interferewith subsequent
treatment; (e) it mustnot
be irritating; and (f) it must be estheticallypleasingin odor, physical
form, visual impact, etc. To achieve these properties, many popular
brands of shampoosare basedon mixtures of syntheticdetergentsor syn-

thetic detergentsand soap(2, 3). Soapin suchmixturesis generallynot

presentasa detergent,but rather asa conditioner.
The physical forms of shampoosfound in the market place include
clear liquids,liquid creams(or lotions),pastes,gels,aerosols,and powders
* The Gillette Company,PersonalCare Division,MerchandiseMart, Chicago,Ill. 60654.
887

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(2). It is obviousthat the formulationsneededto achievethe product

requisitesand physicalforms are an analytical chemist'snightmare when
he triesto analyzethem.
SURVEY OF SHAMPOO ANALYSIS METHODS

Shampooshave been identified by a number of workersas examplesof

complexmixturesof surfactantswhich presentdifficult problemsfor analysis(4-6). Various methodsare usedby theseworkersto classifysurfac-

tants,includingfunctionalgroupanalysis(7), elementalanalysis(6), and

paperchromatographicseparationand identification(6, 8). All methods
usedare qualitative or semiquantitative,at best.
Specificreferencesto the analysisof shampoosare not plentiful in the
literature. The earliest dated referencein the chemical literature is by

Rosenberger(9) who publishedqualitativeand quantitativemethodsfor

determining soap and inorganic saltsin shampoopowders in 1938. In
1942, Ram (10) reportedthe analysisof an alkali sulfateand an alkyl sulfate or sulfonatedoil in the presenceof each other in another shampoo
powder. Ram's work is the first reported analysisof a syntheticdetergent in a shampoo.

In 1949, Parisot (11) describedan analytical schemeapplicableto

liquid shampoos. From a singlesample,he separatedby solventextraction the free fatty acids, fatty acids combined in soap, fatty acids in unsaponifiedmaterial, the unsaponifiedmaterial itself,and sulfonateddetergent. Other componentswere determinedon separatesamples.
In 1958, Newburger (12) describedthe analysisof shampoos
usingion
exchangeresin. Figure 1 showsan abbreviatedschemeof analysis. Note
that the method is applicable to shampooscontaining an alkyl sulfate,a
fatty acid-alkanolaminecondensate,and soap. This methodisstill useful

for shampooswith thesecomponents. Bush (13) cited the Newburger

paper in his review of analysisin the cosmeticindustryin 1959. He indicated the potential error in attempting to determine an alkyl sulfateby
hydrolysisif a fatty alkanolamideis presentand suggested
that the determination of an estervalue of the separatedfats after hydrolysisis a reliable
indication of the presenceof a fatty alkanolamide. Since alkanolamides
are not easily extracted from shampoosby ordinary methods,Bush suggestedthe useof ion exchangetechniques.

Neu (14) and Mapstone(15) contributedmethodsfor determiningthe

foaming propertiesof shampoosand improving the AOAC water determination (16), respectively. Others dealt with problemsof viscositydetermination(17) and phosphoric
acidemulsifiers
in eggshampoos
(18).

ANALYSIS

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Sample n Acidified Alcohol

Acidified
Alcohol

Weakly
Basic
Ion Exchange
Column

Alcohol
Eluate
I Amm.(NH412CO
3Eluate
I

[ Evap.-Dissolve
I
linWaterr:Na2C031

NH
4Alkyl
Sulfate

/Evap.-Ext.
Acer.
I

Sap-Na2C03
Residue
I Extract
Ext.
CHCI
3
Amine
Condensate
Hot
H20-Acid
I
Fatty
Acid-Alkanol
Fatty Acids

Simplified schematicof Newburger'sshampooanalysisscheme(12)

Newburger was the first to useinfrared spectroscopy

in shampooanalysis(19). The spectrumof the nonvolatileresiduewas examinedfor the
possiblepresenceof soap,alkyl sulfates,alkanolamines,fatty acid-alkanolamine condensates,polyoxyethylene compounds, polyhydroxy compounds,and quaternaryammoniumcompounds. Other qualitative tests
wereusedand water wasdeterminedby the AOAC method(16). Separation of the surfactantswas by the ion exchangemethod (12) and is shown
in Fig. 1. The separatedfractionswere examinedby ir and identifiedby
their spectra. Although the procedureoutlined is quite comprehensive
and makesvery good use of technologyavailable, it cannot separate and
identify alkanolamineswhich are popularly usedin many modern shampoos.

Puttham (20, 21) appliedanotherir techniqueto qualitative and quan-

titativeanalysis
of surfactants
in shampoos.
He useda Teflon
* seal
with a backing plate on the back face of a KRS-5 attenuated total reflectance (ATR) prism forming a cell to contain a liquid shampoowhich can
be scannedby ir. Spectraobtained over the "fingerprint region" were
usedto identify an ethoxylatedalcohol, a sulfatedalcohol, and a sulfated
fatty alcoholethoxylate. The qualitative method wasadapted to a quantitative methodfor lauryl ether sulfateby measuringthe sulfateabsorbance
* E. I. dupont de Nemours Corporation, Wilmington, Del.

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tion methodwasclaimedoverthe rangeof 16-19%.

the method

could also be used to determine

sodium

CHEMISTS

with the cationic

titra-

It wasreportedthat
and triethanolamine

saltsof sulfatedfatty alcohols.

Schwarz(22) statedthat the analystmusthave someidea of the componentsto determine how to proceed with the shampooanalysis. He
made useof the titrationsof Epton (23) and Barr etal. (24) beforeand after
acid hydrolysis,and the hydroxyl number of the fatty alcoholor the acid
number of the fatty acid thus liberated. He advisedthe useof gaschromatographyto determinecarbon-chaindistributionof the acid or alcohol.
He alsodiscussed
the practicality of column chromatography,solventextraction, thin-layer and paper chromatography. An ir spectrummight
be usefulif the mixture is not too complex. A very seriousproblem to
analysisof shampoos,he pointedout, is that the raw materialsusedin the
surfactantsare not lure. Schwarzstatedthat, in the analysisof shampoos,
a compromisemust be made betweenthe costand the expenditureof time
and the desiredresults. It was Schwarz' opinion that often the results
obtainedare not worth the expenditure(22).

Thin-layer chromatography(tlc) has been usedfor the separationof

ionic and nonionic surfactants,free fatty alcohols, and free amines in
shampoos(25). Other workers(26, 27) have usedtlc for separatingzinc
lyrithionefrom other shampooingredients.
Gas chromatography has been used to determine triethanolamine
lauryl sulfate(28) and freepropyleneglycolin shampoos(29).
Fairchild (30) suggested
a shampooseparationschemein 1967. The
samplewasdissolvedin water and extractedwith petroleumether. When
the water in the aqueousfractionwasreducedto a smallamount,the cellulose precipitated out and could be removed from triethanolamine lauryl
sulfate. The two fractionswere then dried and determinedquantitatively.
The methyleneblue testof Jones(31) wasusedto confirmthe alkyl sulfate.
Other identificationswere made by ir spectroscopy. The petroleum
ether-soluble componentswere separatedon an alumina column with
increasinglypolar solvents. Infrared was used to identify the material
eluted. The nonionic surfactants were eluted with some of the superamide and soapin the ethanolfraction. Becauseof this, the schemeis not
as completeas one would like, but it goesa long way toward solvingsome
of the problems previously encountered. There is also some question
aboutthe completeness
of the separationsbetweensomeof the fractions.
Perfumesin shampoos
have beendeterminedqualitativelyand quantitatively by uv spectrophotometry
(32).

ANALYSIS

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SHAMPOOS

891

From the foregoing,one might concludethat there is no singleuniversal method which can be usedto analyze all kinds of shampoos. A more

rewarding approach, in our opinion, would be to use a combinationof

extraction and column chromatographictechniquesto separatethe ingredients,without changingtheir chemicalproperties,and identifyingthe
separatedingredientswith somephysicalor chemicalmethods. Infrared
spectroscopy
appearsto be the quickesttool for identificationin most of
the cases.

PROPOSED METHOD

OF SHAMPOO ANALYSIS

The suggestedproceduregiven below is one approach which might

be taken to determine the compositionof a shampoo:
GeneralInformationby Examinationof the
InfraredSpectraof Solids

A thin film of a partially dried sample(previouslyheatedin a vacuum

oven at 70 C for 4 hours) is depositedon a (disposable)silver chloride
optical window and the ir spectrumis recorded. Then, the ir spectrum
of a water-free sampledepositedas a thin film on a salt plate is recorded.
Figure2 is a representative
spectrumof the water-freenonvolatilesfrom a
commercialshampoo. The presenceof polyols and many types of surfactantscan be recognizedfrom the ir spectraof the sample.

.oo

0o0

2500

2000

1800

1600

1400

1:200

1000

800

600

FREQUENCY(CM-I)

Figure2. Infrared spectrumof water-freenonvolatilesof a commercialshampoo(thin film on

KBr plate)

Quantitative
Estimationof Total SoapandAnionicSulfated

(orSulfonated)
Surfactants
The soapand artionicsurfactantspresentare determined at an early
stage of analysisto decide what further proceduresto use. Absenceof
either soapor artionicsurfactantsmay simplifythe analysisby permitting

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omissionof somesteps. The well-known cationic-anionictwo-phasetitra-

tion, alsoknownasthe Epton-Barrtitration (23, 24) method,isoneway to

do this.

Separation
of Cellulosic
Materials
Many shampooscontain cellulosic materials as thickening agents.

Newburger(19) suggested
usingethanolto precipitatewater-solublegums
and then preparing a dried film on which the ir spectrumis run with the
aid of water-repellentglassplates.
The presentauthorsfound that in many casessomewater must be removedfrom the samplein order to precipitate the cellulosicmaterialswith
ethanol. The coagulatedcellulosicmaterial can be removedby filtering
through glasswool and purified by washingwith freshethanol. To prepare the cellulosicmaterial for recordingits ir spectrum,it is preferableto
make a viscoussolution of it with water, deposit a thin film on a silver
chlorideopticalwindow,and dry in a 105C oven.

Separation
of Alkanolamide
from a Shampoo
Containing
lPropylene
Glycol,Soap,anda SulfatedDetergent
It was found that an alkanolamide can be isolated from a shampoo
containing propylene glycol, soap, and a sulfateddetergent by passinga
solutionof it through a cationic-anionicmixed bed ion exchangecolumn

suchas Amberlite* MB-I. Propyleneglycol is retained along with the

ionic materials. Alkanolamideis recoveredby passingethanol through
the column.

In practice,a 2.4-cm i.d. glasscolumn is packedwith 50 ml of Amberlite MB-I resin, 20-50 mesh, and is back-flushed with distilled water to
obtain a good packing. A 2-g sample (preferably containing lessthan

2 meq of total anionicsurfactantand soap)is dissolvedin about 20 ml of

water and passedthroughthe column at 2 ml/min. After the columnis
rinsedwith water (it was noted that very little alkanolamidewas eluted
with water alone), 200 ml of ethanolis passedthroughthe columnat about
4 ml/min, collectingall the effluent. After back-flushingof the resin in
the column with just enough ethanol to get rid of the bubbles (without
overflowingthe ethanol), another 200 ml of ethanol is passedthrough the
column, collected, and combined with the first effluent.

To recover the

alkanolamide,solventis evaporatedoff. Figure 3 is the ir spectrumof an

alkanolamiderecoveredby this procedure.
* Rohm and Haas Go., Philadelphia,Pa.

ANALYSIS

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893

1200

1000

80C

600

FREQUENCY(CM4)

Figure3. Alkanolamiderecoveredfrom AmberliteMB-1 ion exchangecolumn (dried residue

on KBr plate)

Separation
of Soap,ArtionicSurfactant,
andNonionicSurfactant
in a Shampoo
Figure 4 is a schematicrepresentationof the followingprocedure:

Separation
ofSoap
In the analysisof a shampoocontaining soap, artionic surfactant,and
nonionic surfactant,soap is separatedby drying the sample with excess
sodium carbonate, and extracting the artionic and nonionic surfactants
with a mixed solventof 1: 1 diethyl ether and acetone.
About 5 g of the shampoosampleis thoroughlymixed with an equal
weight of pulverized, anhydrousNa2COa and the mixture is dried in a
105C oven until no further lossof weight. The sampleis cooledand
extracted with six 20-ml portionsof 1: 1 diethyl ether-acetone mixture and
the extract is filtered.

The flitrates are combined and evaporated to

drynesson a steambath. This extract is reservedfor the determinationof

detergentand nonionic surfactants. A spectrumof this residuefrom the
analysisof a commercialshampoois shownin Fig. 5.
The soapresidueis dissolvedin 50 ml of water and acidified with HC1.
The fatty acid is extractedwith 3 X 30 ml of chloroformand the solventis
evaporatedoff to recoverthe fatty acid. Most of the fatty acidsrecovered
can be identified by comparingthe gas chromatographicretention times
of their methyl esterswith that of known methyl esters.
Separation
ofArtionic
Surfactants
andNonionic
Surfactants
After isolationfrom soap,the artionic and nonionic surfactantscan be
further separatedby a two-column ion exchangeprocedure modified from
that of Ginn and Church (33). The artionicsurfactantis convertedfrom
its sodiumform to the hydrogenform by passinga solutionof it through a
sulfonicacid-type of ion exchanger,and is retained on a polyamine-type

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IDried
Sample
I
n Na2CO
3

Ext. EtOEt-Acet.

Soap
and
(norgenies

Residue
I Fdtrate

ExtCHCl
3

1,1IPA-H20

Arnoinc
and
Nonlomc

Surfactants

I
Fatty
Acid

IAmberlite
IR-120

Stnp
wth
2NaOH
In1:1
IPA-H20

I
IAmberlite
IR-45

Effluent

Ion
Exchange
I

INeut.
with
H2S041

Nonionic ISat.
with
Na2CO31

Surfactant
! at60C.
I

Strip
with

2N HCI

Evap to

IPA LayerEvap

Dryness

I
Alkanolamlne
(ir)

HCI

1:1
Ether-Acetone
Purification
Sodium Salt of
Arnoinc Surfactant
(It)

Figure4.

Schematicrepresentationof the separationof a soap,anionic surfactant,and nonionic

surfactants in a shampoo

20OO

1goo

16oo

143

1200

lo00

FREQUENCY(CM-I)

Figure5.

Infrared spectrum of a commercial shampoo from which soap has been removed
(dried residueon KBr plate)

ANALYSIS

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895

SHAMPOOS

ion exchangerlocated below the first column. Nonionic surfactantsare

recovered

in the column

effluent.

The artionic surfactant

retained

in the

polyaminecolumn ispartially recoveredby passinga strongalkali solution

throughthe column. After purificationit can be identified,in its sodium
saltform, by comparingits ir spectrumwith known materials.
In practice, a 2.4-cm i.d. glasscolumn is packedwith about 125 ml of
sulfonicacid-type ion exchangeresin (Amberlite IR-120), previously
washedwith 1N HC1 followed by thoroughback-washwith distilledwater.
Another 2.4-cm i.d. glasscolumn is packed with about 125 ml of poly-

amine-typeof ion exchangeresin (Amberlite IR-45), previouslywashed

with 1N NaOH solution followed by thorough back-washingwith distilled water. Both columnsare back-flushedwith 2 1. of 1:1 isopropanol
(IPA)-water mixture beforeuse.

A sample(containingno more than 3 neq of total anionics)is prepared in 50 ml of 1: 1 IPA-water solventand the solutionispassedthrough
the sulfonicacid column mounted over the polyamine column and then
throughthe polyaminecolumnat 2 ml/min. Enoughsolventshouldbe
passedthrough both columnsuntil all the nonionicsurfactantis removed.
It usuallytakesabout 600 ml of the solventto elute all the nonionics. The
nonionic surfactantis recoveredby evaporatingoff the solventand its ir
spectrum is obtained. For accurate quantitative determination of nonionic surfactantsin the sample,oneshouldstart with a fresh sample (without drying with Na.COaand solventextraction)and carry through the
procedurefor separationof alkanolamidedescribedabove.
Recovery
of Alkanolamine
from theCationicExchanger

Alkanolamines, such as triethanolamine, are often used in shampoos.

If an alkanolamine is present, it will be retained on the IR-120 ion exchangecolumn usedin the separationof anionic and nonionicsurfactants.
The columncan be strippedof alkanolamineasthe alkanolamine.HC1 by
passing200 ml of 2N HC1 through the IR-120 ion exchangecolumn at a

rate of 5 ml/min and evaporatingthe effluentto dryness. A smearof the

residueis made on a salt plate to recordits ir spectrum. This spectrumis
then compared with spectraof known alkanolamine-hydrochlorides. A
spectrumof triethanolamineseparatedby this method is shownin Fig. 6.
Recovery
ofAnionicDetergent
fromthePolyamineTypeIonExchanger

A 300-mlsolutionof 2% NaOH in 1: 1 IPA-water ispassedthroughthe

Amberlite IR-45 ion exchangecolumnat a rate of 3 ml/min. The efflu-

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7200

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80o

GO

4oo

FREQUENCY(CM-)

Figure 6.

Infrared spectrum of triethanolamine.HC1 recoveredfrom commercial shampoo

by ion exchangemethod (dried residueon KBr plate)

ent is neutralized with H2SO4, heated to 60 C, and saturated at this temperature with anhydrousNa2COa to separatethe IPA layer from the water
layer. After it is cooled to room temperature, the IPA (top layer) is
drawn off and evaporatedto dryness.The residuecontainsthe sodiumsalt
of the anionic detergentplus somedissolvedinorganic salts. To purify
the anionic detergentfor recordingits ir spectrum,the residueis extracted
with a solventmixture of 1:1 acetone-diethylether (34), the extract is
filtered, then evaporatedto dryness.
Recoveryof the anionicdetergentby this procedureis not quantitative
in the authors' experience. However, the recovered material is pure
enoughfor identificationby comparisonof its spectrumto known spectra.
A sodiumalkyl sulfatespectrumseparatedby this procedureis shownin
Fig. 7.

3500

3000

2500

2000

1800

1600

1400

1200

10oO

800

600

400

FREQUENCY(CM-I)

Figure7. Sodium alkyl sulfaterecoveredfrom polyamineion exchangecolumn (dried residue

on KBr plate)

ANALYSIS

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SHAMPOOS

897

SUMMARY

A comprehensiveliterature surveyof methodsfor the analysisof shampoos has been presented. A proposed schemeof analysis for complex
modern shampoosusinga combinationof solventextraction, ion exchange
separation,and infrared spectroscopy
is presented.

(ReceivedFebruary 2, 1972)
REFERENCES

(1) Schwartz,A.M., and Perry, J. W., SurfaceActiveAgents: Their Chemistry

and Technology,
Vol. I, IntersciencePublishers,Inc., New York, 1949, p. 444.
(2) Schwartz,A.M., Perry, J. W., and Berch, Julian, Surface
ActiveAgentsandDetergents,
Vol.
II, IntersciencePublishers,Inc., New York, 1958, p. 621.
(3) Behrman, H. T., TheScalpin HealthandDisease,The C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, Mo., 1952,
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(4) Schwartz,A.M., Perry, J. W., and Berch, Julian, Ibid., pp. 323, 334 if.
(5) Rosen, M. J., and Goldsmith, H. A., Systematic
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(6) Smith, W. B., The analysisof syntheticdetergents,d. Soc.Cosmet.

Chem.,14 513-27 (1963).
(7) van der Hoeve, J. A., Analysisof textile auxiliary products,J. Soc.DyersColour.,70 14554 (1954).
(8) Drewry, J., Quantitative examinationof detergentsby paper chromatography,Analyst,
88, 225-31 (1963).
(9) Rosenberger,G. A., The rapid analysisof shampoopowderscontainingsoap,SeifensiederZtg., 65, 118-20 (1938); Chem.Abstr.,32, 3649 (3), (1938).
(10) Ram, S., Analysisof washingpowderscontainingsulfatesand sulfonates,Analyst,67
162 (1942); Chem.Abstr., 36, 5581 (2), (1942).
(11) Parisot, Andre, Rapid industrial analysisof soapand soap-likeproducts, Olearia,3 13-20
(1949); Chem.Abstr.,44, 2263 (c) (1949).
(12) Newburger, S. H., The analysisof shampoos,J. Ass.OjSc.
Agr. Chem.,41,664-8 (1958).
(13) Bush,S. J., Chemical analysisin the cosmeticindustry, J. Soc.Cosmet.
Chem.,10 258-71
(1959).
(14) Neu, G. E., Techniquesof foam measurement,Ibid., 11,390-414 (1960).
(15) Mapstone, G. E., The determination of water in shampoosby distillation, Ibid., 12 397400 (1961).
(16) Sallee, E. M., Ed., OjScial
and TentativeMethodsof theAmericanOil Chemists'
Society,
AOCS,
Chicago, Ill., 1970, Method Fla-44.
(17) Oriol Pascual,D. J., Problemsencounteredin determining the viscosityof shampoos
Parrum.Cosmet.
Sayohs,
9, 171-8 (1966); Chem.Abstr.,65, 8662 (h), (1966).
(18) Benk, E., and Treiber, H., Identifying phosphoricacid emulsifiersin shampooscontaining
egg products, Riechst.,Aromen,Koerperpflegem.,
16 306-8, 310 (1966); Chem.Abstr., 66
13997 (t), (1967).
(19) Newburger, S. H., A Manual of Cosmetic
Analysis,Associationof Official Agricultural
Chemists,Washington,D.C., 1962, pp. 36-43
(20) Puttnam, N. A., Lee, S., and Baxter, B. H., Application of attenuated total reflectance
infrared spectroscopyto toilet articles and householdproducts. I. Qualitative analysis,
J. Soc.Cosmet.
Chem.,16, 607-15 (1965).

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(21) Puttnam, N. A., Baxter, B. H., Lee, S., and Stott, P. L., Application of attenuated total
reflectance infrared spectroscopyto toilet articles and householdproducts. II. Quantitative analysis,Ibid., 1779-16 (1966).
(22) Schwarz, G. W. G., Possibilitiesand limitations of shampooanalysis,Ibid., 17, 737-44
(1966).
(23) Epton, S. R., New methodsfor the rapid titrimetric analysisof sodiumalkyl sulfatesand
relatedcompounds,Trans.FaradaySoc.,44, 226 (1948).
(24) Barr, T., Oliver, J., and Stubbings,W. V., The determinationof surfaceactiveagentsin
solution, J. Soc.Chem.Ind., 67, 45-8 (1948).
(25) Yoshikawa, K., Nishina, T., and Takehana, K., Thin-layer chromatographyof detergents. I. Simultaneousanalysisof commercialliquid shampoos
and liquid dishwashing
detergentsby TLC, Yukagaku,
15, 65-72 (1966); Chem.Abstr.,64, 11445(h), (1966).
(26) Fairchild, (2. M., and Kabacoff, B. L., Analytical chemistryof zinc pyrithione,VI, presentedat semi-annualmeetingof the Societyof CosmeticChemists,New York, May 8,
1969.

(27) Graber, M. B., Domsky, I. I., and Ginn, M. E., Thin-layer chromatographicmethodfor
identificationof germicidesin personalcare products,J. Amer.Oil Chem.Soc.,46, 529-31
(1969).

(28) Jones,J. H., Newburger, S. H., Champion,M. H., Kottemann, C. M., and Gross,F. C.,
Gas chromatographyin cosmeticanalysis,Proc.Joint Conf.Cosmet.
$ci., 75-89 (1968),
Toilet GoodsAssoc.,Washington,D.C.; Chem.
Abstr.,70, 109096(g), (1969).
(29) Gross,F. C., and Jones,J. H., Determination of propyleneglycol in cosmeticsby gas
chromatography,J. Ass.Offc.Anal. Chem.,50, 1284-6 (1967).
(30) Fairchild, C. M., Analytical chemistryin the cosmeticsindustry, Anal. Chem.,$9 (10),
22A-24A, 26A, 28A, 30A, 32A, and 34A (1967).
(31) Jones, J. H., General colorimetric method for determination of small quantities of sulfonatedor sulfatedsurface-active
compounds,/. Ass.Offc.Agr. Chem.,28 398-409 (1945);

Chern.
Abstr.,$9, 3951 (q), (1945).
(32) Kecskemethy,L., Szamoskozi,Z., Weber, C., and Bozoki, G., Qualitative and quantitative analysisof perfumesby uv spectrophotometry,Olaj, Szappan,Kozmet,17, 23-6
(1968).
(33) Ginn, M. E., and Church, C. L., New columnar and mixed-bed ion exchangemethods
for surfactantanalysisand purification,Anal. Chem.$1,551-5 (1959).
(34) Ross,L. U., and Blank, E. W., Error in the determinationof the active ingredientin de-

tergentproducts,J. Amer.Oil Chern.

Soc.,$,}, 70 (1957).