A Timeline on Atomic Structure

400 B.C. Democritus atomic theory posited that all matter is made up small indestructible units he called
atoms.
1704

Isaac Newton theorized a mechanical universe with small, solid masses in motion.

1803
John Dalton proposed that elements consisted of atoms that were identical and had the same
mass and that compounds were atoms from different elements combined together.
1832

Michael Faraday developed the two laws of electrochemistry.

1859

J. Plucker built one of the first cathode-ray tubes.

1869

Dmitri Mendeleev created the periodic table.

1873 James Clerk Maxwell proposed the theory of electromagnetism and made the connection
between light and electromagnetic waves.
1874 G.J. Stoney theorized that electricity was comprised of negative particles he called electrons.
1879
Sir William Crookes experiments with cathode-ray tubes led him to confirm the work of earlier
scientists by definitively demonstrating that cathode-rays have a negative charge.
1886

E. Goldstein discovered canal rays, which have a positive charge equal to an electron.

1895

Wilhelm Roentgen discovered x-rays.

1896

Henri Becquerel discovered radiation by studying the effects of x-rays on photographic film.

1897

J.J. Thomson determined the charge to mass ratio of electrons.

1898

Rutherford discovered alpha, beta, and gamma rays in radiation.

1898 Marie Sklodowska Curie discovered radium and polonium and coined the term radioactivity after
studying the decay process of uranium and thorium.
1900

Max Planck proposed the idea of quantization to explain how a hot, glowing object emitted light.

1900 Frederick Soddy came up with the term "isotope" to explain the unintentional breakdown of
radioactive elements.
1903 Hantaro Nagaoka proposed an atomic model called the Saturnian Model to describe the structure
of an atom.
1904

Richard Abegg found that inert gases have a stable electron configuration.

1906

Hans Geiger invented a device that could detect alpha particles.

1914 H.G.J. Moseley discovered that the number of protons in an element determines its atomic
number.

1919

Francis William Aston used a mass spectrograph to identify 212 isotopes.

1922
Niels Bohr proposed an atomic structure theory that stated the outer orbit of an atom could hold
more electrons than the inner orbit.
1923

Louis de Broglie proposed that electrons have a wave/particle duality.

1929 Cockcroft / Walton created the first nuclear reaction, producing alpha particles
1930

Paul Dirac proposed the existence of anti-particles.

1932

James Chadwick discovered neutrons, particles whose mass was close to that of a proton.

1938

Lise Meitner, Hahn, Strassman discovered nuclear fission.

1941-51 Glenn Seaborg discovered eight transuranium elements.

1942

Enrico Fermi created the first man-made nuclear reactor.

Making Inferences/Drawing Conclusions

NOTE: Making an inference and drawing a conclusion are very similar skills. Each
requires the
reader to fill in blanks left out by the author. An author may not include information
for several
reasons: they may think you already know it, it may not seem important to them, or
they may
want you to find the result.
How to make an inference or draw a conclusion
Observe all the facts, arguments, and information given by the author
Consider what you already know from your own experiences
When faced with multiple choice answers, determine whether each is true or
false based
on the information in the passage
The woman waited nervously in line. When the counter was empty, she carefully
unloaded her items from her cart. Lines creased her forehead as if to show the
calculations ringing up in her head. Finally, the cashier began ringing up the
items as the woman clutched her purse.
Inference/conclusion: The woman may not have enough money to cover the
cost of her groceries.
Think about the facts of the passage and what may result from them
Think about causes and effects
The writer may only provide a list of effects, so you have to figure out the cause.
The child stood on the sidewalk clenching her ice cream cone. Beads of sweat
collected on her little nose as she furiously licked at the ice cream dripping down
her hand.

Inference/conclusion: It must me a hot day because her ice cream is melting, and
she is sweating.
Try saying If then
If the girl is sweating, then it may be warm outside.
Remember
Most writing suggests more than it says
By making inferences, you get more from the story
Conclusions may be missing from the things you read, so you have to draw your
own
Inference: an idea that is suggested by the facts or details in a passage
Conclusion: a decision about what may happen or about the result an event
may haveInferences/Conclusions
Dec. 2008, G: ASC Eng/Read
Practice Activities
Turner almost wished that he hadnt listened to the radio. He went to the closet and
grabbed his
umbrella. He would feel silly carrying it to the bus stop on such a sunny morning.
1. Which probably happened?
a. Turner realized that he had an unnatural fear of falling radio parts.
b. Turner had promised himself to do something silly that morning.
c. Turner had heard a weather forecast that predicted rain.
d. Turner planned to trade his umbrella for a bus ride.
Larry, as your boss, I must say that its been very interesting working with you,
Miss Valdez
said. However, it seems that our companys needs and your performance style are
not well
matched. Therefore, it makes me very sad to have to ask you to resign your position
effective

today.
2. What was Miss Valdez telling Larry?
a. She would feel really bad if he decided to quit.
b. He was being fired.
c. He was getting a raise in pay.
d. She really enjoyed having him in the office.
Bill and Jessica were almost done taking turns choosing players for their teams. It
was
Jessicas turn to choose, and only Kurt was left. Jessica said, Kurt.
3. We can infer that
a. Kurt is not a very good player.
b. Jessica was pleased to have Kurt on her team.
c. Kurt was the best player on either team.
d. Jessica was inconsiderate of Kurts feelings.
Mending
A giant hand inside my chest
Stretches out and takes
My heart within its mighty grasp
And squeezes till it breaks.
A gentle hand inside my chest,
With mending tape and glue,
Patches up my heart until
Its almost good as new.
I ought to know by now that
Broken hearts will heal again.
But while I wait for glue and tape,
The pain!

The pain!
The pain!
by Judith Viorst
4. The poem is probably about
a. a woman.
b. a man.
c. a broken heart.
d. heart surgery.
5. It can be inferred that the subject of the
poem
a. is in a lot of physical pain.
b. enjoys arts and crafts.
c. is a good friend.
d. has had a broken heart before.
1. c
2. b
3. a
4. c
5.d

You light the way,

You light the way
"Flashlight"
When tomorrow comes
I'll be on my own
Feeling frightened of
The things that I don't know
When tomorrow comes
Tomorrow comes
Tomorrow comes
And though the road is long
I look up to the sky
And in the dark I found lost hope that I
won't fly
And I sing along, I sing along, and I
sing along
I got all I need when I got you and I
I look around me, and see a sweet life
I'm stuck in the dark but you're my
flashlight
You're getting me, getting me through
the night
Kick start my heart when you shine it
in my eyes
Can't lie, it's a sweet life
Stuck in the dark but you're my
flashlight
You're getting me, getting me through
the night
'Cause you're my flashlight (flashlight)
You're my flashlight (flashlight), you're
my flashlight
Ooh
I see the shadows long beneath the
mountain top
I'm not afraid when the rain won't stop
'Cause you light the way

I got all I need when I got you and I

I look around me, and see a sweet life
I'm stuck in the dark but you're my
flashlight
You're getting me, getting me through
the night
Kick start my heart when you shine it
in my eyes
Can't lie, it's a sweet life
Stuck in the dark but you're my
flashlight
You're getting me, getting me through
the night
(Light light light you're my flashlight)
Light light you're my flashlight
Light light light light light, oh
(Light light light you're my flashlight)
You're my flash, oh
I got all I need when I got you and I
I look around me, and see a sweet life
I'm stuck in the dark but you're my
flashlight
You're getting me, getting me through
the night
Kick start my heart when you shine it
in my eyes
Can't lie, it's a sweet life
Stuck in the dark but you're my
flashlight
(You're my flashlight)
You're getting me, getting me through
the night
'Cause you're my flashlight
'Cause you're my flashlight
You're my flashlight
Ooh
Ooh
Ooh
Ooh

ooh
ooh
ooh ooh ooh ooh
oh oh

You're my flashlight
Light light
You're my flashlight
Light light ye-yeah

(Light light light

You're my flashlight
Light light)
You're my flashlight