(Aptitude) LCM, HCF, GCD - Basic Concept, Calculation, Applications Explained Mrunal

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[Aptitude] LCM, HCF, GCD: Basic concept, calculation, applications explained Mrunal
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[Aptitude] LCM, HCF, GCD: Basic concept, calculation, applications explained

Introduction
What is Prime number?
What is LCM?
LCM4 EXam
How to find LCM using Prime-Factorization?
LCM of two numbers (56, 96)
LCM of three numbers: (12,15,20)
LCM of prime numbers
LCM of co-prime numbers
What is HCF or GCD?
HCF finding: Prime Factorization
HCF of two numbers (4, 6)
HCF of three numbers (12,24,36)
HCF of prime numbers (13,29)
HCF of co-prime numbers (12,25)
HCF vs LCM: #1 multiplication
HCF vs LCM: #2 Magnitude
HCF vs LCM: of fractions
for more practice on LCM, HCF
Introduction
1.
2.
3.
4.
Concept of LCM, HCF important for number theory and remainder based problems (generally asked in SSC CGL, CAT.)
LCM is important for time and speed, time and work problems.
LCM is also important for circular racetracks, bells, blinking lights, etc.
HCF is important for largest size of tiles, largest size of tape to measure a land etc.
But before getting into LCM, HCF, lets understand
What is Prime number?

Consider this number : 12. This number can be found in many multiplication tables for example
1 x 12=12.
2 x 6 =12
3 x 4=12
That means, 12 has many factors (1,2,3,4,6,12). Such number is called a composite number.
On the other hand, consider this number: 29. You cannot find it in any table except 29 x 1 =29. Such number is called a prime number.
Lets make a shortlist from exam point of view
Prime
Non-prime (composite)
2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29 4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15.
Now hold this prime number thought in your mind for a while.
What is LCM?
First, lets create multiplication tables of 4 and 6.
4s table multiple 6s table multiple
4x1=
6x1=
4x2=
6x2=
12
4x3=
12
6x3=
18
4x4=
16
6x4=
24
4x5=
20
6x5=
30
4x6=
24
6x6=
36
4x7=
28
6x7=
42
4x8=
32
6x8=
48
4x9=
36
6x9=
54
Do you see any common numbers in the multiples of 4 and 6?
mrunal.org/2013/03/aptitude-lcm-hcf-gcd-basic-concept-calculation-applications-explained.html
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Yes I see 12, 24 and 36 are common in both tables. Lets isolate them.
4 x 3 = 12 6 x 2 = 12
4 x 6 = 24 6 x 4 = 24
4 x 9 = 36 6 x 6 = 36
Ok so 12, 24 and 36 are common multiples of 4 and 6. But what is the smallest of these multiples? Ans 12 is smallest.
In the exam, weve no time to make such ^big tables to find LCM. So how to quickly find LCM of two or three numbers? There are
many tricks, the easiest one is prime-factorization. Well learn that in a bit, but before that:
LCM4 EXam
1. Suppose there is a circular race track. Tarak Mehta takes 4 minutes to finish it and Jethalal takes 6 minutes to finish it. Now both of them start running
from the same point at the same time in the same direction. Theyll continue running on this track forever. So after how many minutes will they meet for
the first time on the starting point? Ans. LCM of time = LCM (4,6)=12 minutes. Theyll meet again on the starting point after 12 minutes.
2. Two bells ring at an interval of 4 and 6 minutes respectively. After how many minutes will they ring together? Ans LCM (4,6)
3. Two traffic lights blink at an interval of 40 and 60 seconds respectively. After how many minutes will they link together? Ans LCM (40,60).
4. HCF is also important for remainder related questions. but Ill cover that in a separate article.
5. How to apply LCM in time-speed-distance/work, pipes-cistern etc questions, is already covered in old articles. (Mrunal.org/aptitude)
How to find LCM using Prime-Factorization?

Suppose in the exam, we need to find LCM of 4 and 6.
Make a table like this
Number Factors
4
6
Now you need to find the prime factors of 4 and 6.
Number Factors
4
2x2
2x3
Express it in terms of powers. For example 2 x 2 =22

Number factors
4
22
2x3
Now make the third row called LCM.

Number factors
4
22
2x3
LCM
Now write all prime numbers in this LCM row
Number factors
4
22
2x3
LCM
2, 3
Write maximum power of each prime number

Number factors
4
22
2x3
LCM
22, 3
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As you can see, maximum power of 2 was 22 (in 4s row).

Now multiple the numbers given in LCM row
Number factors
4
22
2x3
LCM
22 x 3 =12
Thats our answer. LCM (4,6)=12.

If I plot this LCM situation on a Venn Diagram, itll look like this:
Anyways, Lets try a difficult one: 56 and 96.
LCM of two numbers (56, 96)

Numbers Factors
56
96
First recall, in which tables do they come? Well 56 comes in 8s table and 96 comes in 12s table.
Number Factors
56
8x7
96
12 x 8
but we need factors in prime number format. 12 and 8 are not prime numbers. So lets Simplify further.
56 = 8 x 7 = 23 x 7 (; because 8 = 4 x 2 = 2 x 2 x 2)
96 = 12 x 8 = (43)x(42)=( 2 2x3) (23)=25x3 (please note you have to do this things in your head, if you start making every calculation on a piece of
paper, youll run out of time in the exam).
Number Factors
56
23 x 7
96
25x3
Now lets make the LCM row. Write all prime numbers (2,3 and7) in ascending order.
Number Factors
56
23 x 7
96
25x3
LCM
237
Now write maximum powers of each prime number.

Number Factors
56
23 x 7
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96
25x3
LCM
25 3 7
Multiply these numbers

Number Factors
56
23 x 7
96
25x3
LCM
25 x3x7=3221=672
So LCM (56,96)=672
lets try finding LCM of three numbers.
LCM of three numbers: (12,15,20)

Approach is same. Make prime factors
Number Prime factors
12
22 x 3
15
3x5
20
22 x 5
Make a new row, write all prime factors in ascending order.

12
22 x 3
15
3x5
20
22 x 5
LCM
2,3,5
In the last row, Write the maximum power of those prime numbers.
12
22 x 3
15
3x5
20
22 x 5
LCM
22, 3, 5
Now multiple the numbers in last row

12
22 x 3
15
3x5
20
22 x 5
LCM
22x3x5=60
Therefore LCM (12,15,20)=60.

You can also look at it in following way:
12 x 5 = 60
15 x 4 = 60
20 x 3 = 60.
So 60 is the least common multiple.
LCM of prime numbers

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Find LCM of 7,11,13

We already know these are prime numbers. So theyll not have any common factors. We just have to multiply them together and well
get LCM. But for the sake of conceptual clarity
Numbers Factors
7
7x1
11
11 x 1
13
13 x 1
LCM
1x 7 x 11 x 13 =1001
So 1001 is the answer.
LCM of co-prime numbers

Co prime numbers are those numbers that donot have any common factors. For example, 14 and 15.
Individually none of them is prime number because 14=2 x 7 and 15 = 3 x 5.
But they (14 and 15) donot have any common factors. So theyre called co-prime numbers (when theyre given together).
Any two consecutive numbers are co-prime numbers. (e.g. 11,12 or 1548,1549).
In case of co-prime numbers, just multiply them and you will get LCM. There is no need to find factors. example
2x3
LCM 2 x 3 x 7 = (6)x7 =42
Advantages of this method?

1. Extremely fast when youve to find LCMs of two digit numbers for example 12,15,96.
2. And usually in time speed work, pipe-cistern type questions have number in two digits (e.g. 12, 15, 96)so it is very easy to recall in which multiplication
tables do they come.
Disadvantages?
3. Becomes tedious, as the number grows bigger, for example LCM (235, 512). There are other methods to solve those LCMs, but lets not complicate this
article any further. Lets stick to this Prime-Factorization method for a while.
Ok so far we know what is LCM and how to find HCF/GCD?
What is HCF or GCD?

HCF= Highest common factors.
GCD= Greatest common divisor. Names are different otherwise theyre one and same.
Suppose youve to find the HCF of (4 and 6).
Ill write the tables of numbers that come before 4 and 6 (i.e. 1, 2 and 3.)
1x1= 1 2x1= 2
3x1= 3
1x2= 2 2x2= 4
3x2= 6
1x3= 3 2x3= 6
3x3= 9
1x4= 4 2x4= 8
3 x 4 = 12
1 x 5 = 5 2 x 5 = 10 3 x 5 = 15
1 x 6 = 6 2 x 6 = 12 3 x 6 = 18
1 x 7 = 7 2 x 7 = 14 3 x 7 = 21
1 x 8 = 8 2 x 8 = 16 3 x 8 = 24
1 x 9 = 9 2 x 9 = 18 3 x 9 = 27
Ok, in which numbers table (1, 2 or 3) do you see both 4 and 6 reappearing?
There are two such tables 1s table and 2s table.
4 and 6 are common in 1s table. 4 and 6 are common in 2s table.
1 x 4=4
2 x 2=4
1 x 6=6
2 x 3=6.
What does ^this mean?
If I divide 4 by 1, I get zero remainder. Similarly if I divide 6 by 1, I get zero remainder. In other words, 1 is the factor of both 4 and 6. In other words, 4 and
6 come in the table of 1.
Similarly, If I divide 4 by 2, I get zero remainder. Similarly if I divide 6 by 2, I get zero remainder. In other words, 2 is the factor of both 4 and 6. In other
words, 4 and 6 come in the table of 2.
Thus, 4 and 6 have two common factors (1 and 2) but highest of these common factors is 2. Therefore HCF of (4,6)=2.
5/14
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HCF 4 EXAM?
What is the highest number thatll divide 4 and 6 evenly. Ans HCF (4,6)
There is a 4 x 6m rectangular farm. Find the length of longest tape that can measure this field. Ans HCF (4,6)
There is a 4x 6cm floor. Find the length of largest square tile that can be evenly laid on it. Ans HCF (4,6)
Two drums contain 400 and 600 liters of desi and foreign liquor respectively. What is the biggest measure (cup) that can measure both of them exactly?
Ans. HCF (400, 600).
A teacher has 40 pens and 60 pencils. Find maximum number of students among whom she can distribute these items evenly.
HCF is also important for remainder related questions. but Ill cover that in a separate article.
HCF finding: Prime Factorization

In the exam, we cant make multiplication tables of every number preceding the given numbers! So here is the shortcut technique.
Well use the same approach weve used in LCM method: prime factorization.
HCF of two numbers (4, 6)

First make prime factors of given numbers.
4 22
6 2x3
Now, make third row: HCF and write the prime numbers that are common in both numbers.
4
22
2x3
HCF 21
Therefore, HCF (4,6)=2
If Ive to plot the HCF of 4 and 6 on a Venn diagram, itll look like this:
HCF of three numbers (12,24,36)

12 2 x 6
24 3 x 8
36 6 x 6
But I want them in prime format. So Ill further simplify.
12 2 x 2 x 3=22 x 3
24 3 x 2 x 2 x 2=23 x 3
36 3 x 2 x 3 x 2=22 x 32
In the exam youve to do this in your ^head.
12 22 x 3
24 23 x 3
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36 22 x 32
Now make a new row, write the prime numbers that are common in all of above.
12
22 x 3
24
23 x 3
36
22 x 32
2
HCF 2 x3
^in case youre confused, let me rewrite and do it again

12
22 x 3
24
22 x 2 x 3
36
22 x 3 x 3
HCF 22x3
The numbers highlighted in bold are common. Therefore HCF = 22 x 3=12.
HCF of prime numbers (13,29)

Prime numbers donot have any common factors. So HCF of such numbers is always 1. But for the clarity lets do it
13
13 x 1
29
29 x 1
HCF 1 (because 1 is common in both)
HCF of co-prime numbers (12,25)

Again same: 1, because co prime numbers donot have common factors.
Similarly consecutive numbers (like 456,457) donot have common factors either.
Therefore, in all such cases, HCF =1.
HCF vs LCM: #1 multiplication

If weve two numbers a and b. and their HCF and LCM are given then
HCF x LCM = a x b.
But this relation only work for TWO numbers and not for more than two numbers.
Lets understand this with an example.
You know that LCM (4,6)=12 and HCF (4,6)=2.
Left hand side (LCM x HCF)
Right hand side (multiplication of given

numbers)
12 x 2
4x6
=24
=24
So both sides match. Therefore, in case of two numbers (a and b)

LCM X HCF = a x b.
But this is not always true for three numbers. For example, Find LCM and HCF of 12,15,20. Youll get HCF=1 and LCM=60.
Left hand side (LCM x HCF) Right hand side (multiplication of given numbers)
60 x 1
12 x 15 x 20
=60
=3600
In this case, both sides donot match.
HCF vs LCM: #2 Magnitude

7/14
12/13/13
For any given numbers, their LCM is always greater than or equal to the biggest number. For example
Numbers
LCM
12,15,20
60 so greater than biggest number (20)
15,30
30. which is equal to the biggest

number (30).
Similarly, for HCF, the HCF of given numbers is always less than or equal to the smallest number. For example
Numbers HCF
12,15,20
1 so it is smaller than smallest number 12
15,30
15. so it is equal to the smallest number 15.
Ok this is just the basic overview. In the next article, well see the application of these concepts. In the mean time, try finding LCM and
HCFs of following numbers
Question
Answer (LCM, HCF)
91, 12
1092, 1
46, 69
138, 23
69, 97
6693, 1
63, 33
693, 3
72, 58
2088, 2
5, 84
420, 1
91, 41
3731, 1
65, 57
3705, 1
74, 12
444, 2
44, 55
220, 11
8, 28, 175 1400, 1
LCM, HCF of fractions

Just observe the color pattern in following image:
for more practice on LCM, HCF

Book
Chapter no.
Quantitative Aptitude, R.S.Agarwal
Fast track Arithmetic, Rajesh Verma 2

Quantam CAT, Sarvesh Kumar
Ex.1.3, 1.4
Arun Sharma (CAT)
In all such books, the authors first give 5-6 illustration examples and then exercises. I suggest you solve the the illustration examples as
well. After all aptitude is all about practice.
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56 comments to [Aptitude] LCM, HCF, GCD: Basic concept, calculation, applications explained
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good
Riddhi
its ryl very good n helpful
maheshwari
hello sir, can u explain the probability problems.
Suriya Prakash
Its given in d aptitude section
maheshwari
permutation and combinations.
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ASHISH
Thank siritll help us to solve many questions easily and timely.
Shri
Hi mrunal Ji,The print option is not good as the old one,please take into consideration! The old allows to resize,remove letters and it needs less page than this
new way.Is there anyway to resize the fonts??
karan
P:
prem prakash
HELLO MRUNAL SIR
SIR IN THIS ARTICLE U HAVE GIVEN ONLY AN OVERVIEW OF THAT TOPICS. BUT IN SSC CGL THEY ASK DIFFICULT PROBLEMS FROM THIS SECTION. SIR
PLZ TAKE A LOOK ON THAT TYPE OF QUESTION ALSO.
THANKING YOU IN ADVANCE
Priyanka Khanna
Hey Mrunal please write articles on reasoning topics like direction,ranking,missing number in figure,mathematical operators,analytical reasoning,clock,and also
some non-verbal reasoning topics if you may.
I seriously need tips to solve these topics as the SSC exam is round the corner.
Please help!
Also,your aptitude topics have been very helpful to me.Keep up the good work! :)
ravi
respected sir i think that one of the answer of the question is wrong.plz give me clear explanation..QUESTION IS There is a 4 x 6m rectangular farm. Find
the length of longest tape that can measure this field. Ans HCF (4,6)ans should be 2under root 13..if i m wrong then plz give me right explanation.
thanks
Keshav
Hi Mrunal,
I had filed an RTI for knowing whether i am covered under OBC or not. But they did not reply so on Feb 19 i filed 2nd appeal which is expected to heard in May or
June.
Please tell me whethet i should appear in exam as OBC or General category?
If now i appear for OBC if later on i am not covered under OBC then whether i will be eligiuble for appearance in Mains under General cartegory or not?
If now i appear as General and later on can i appear as an OBC or not?
Please reply.
mayank
sir ji mujhe bhi bata dijiyega is matter me kuch pata chale toh
Dc
Same question here also!
Where did u file RTI and whats ur doubt?
Keshav
I have doubt whether i am covered under OBC or not as some people of my caste has made this certificate but i want to check.
Please reply mrunal if u have any idea,
10/14
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Gagan
One can check in the list of castes provided by National commission of backward class (NCBC).
Keshav
Awaiting your reply mrunal. Please reply
Mrunal
There is no need to file an R.T.I to find out whether youre OBC or not. Its straightforward procedure:
To get OBC reservation you need two certificates
1. OBC caste certificate
2. Non-Creamy layer certificate.
To get these certificates, you need to visit local Mamlatdaar/ Tehsildaar/ Collectors office or Zila Seva Sadan (whatever applicable in your city/town).
so go there, ask questions to concerned officials. Theyll tell you whether your caste is under Central list of OBCs or not. (else check the ministry of
social justices website)
http://socialjustice.nic.in/pdf/bc081211.pdf
for any doubts on Non-creamy layer, visit obcguru.com
aj
http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Civil-Services-exam-back-to-old-format/Article1-1026876.aspx
What is going on, friendss?????
LUCKY
Sir, pls provide the articles for the remaining topics of trigonometry.
sravan
sir can you give guidance for sail exam(MT)
TPK
can any one explain:Life insurers not allowed to participate in repo transactions: IRDA
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Great Job for all
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i think you should gives us a time on skype to personally discuss certain prob with you . you can schedule a time for it ,once in a week for me you are my guru
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I am very glad to say that people like you are still there in our country. You are simply awesome sir. Your knowledge is extremely helpful to all the needy students.
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YE AAPKA GYAN HI HUMHE HUMHARA HAQ DILAYEGA. thanks a lot for ur support sir
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Sir :
Question : A teacher has 40 pens and 60 pencils. Find maximum number of students among whom she can distribute these items evenly.
To distribute the pens and pencils evenly would mean that a student who gets pen , gets a pencil too . Hence , a maximum of 50 students would get a pencil and a
pen . This would be even distriution.
Would this be correct ?
Thanks.Liggy
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(Aptitude) LCM, HCF, GCD - Basic Concept, Calculation, Applications Explained Mrunal

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MARCH 17TH, 2013

[Aptitude] LCM, HCF, GCD: Basic concept, calculation, applications explained

But before getting into LCM, HCF, lets understand

What is Prime number?

Do you see any common numbers in the multiples of 4 and 6?

How to find LCM using Prime-Factorization?

Express it in terms of powers. For example 2 x 2 =22

Now make the third row called LCM.

Write maximum power of each prime number

As you can see, maximum power of 2 was 22 (in 4s row).

Thats our answer. LCM (4,6)=12.

Anyways, Lets try a difficult one: 56 and 96.

LCM of two numbers (56, 96)

Now write maximum powers of each prime number.

Multiply these numbers

LCM of three numbers: (12,15,20)

Make a new row, write all prime factors in ascending order.

Now multiple the numbers in last row

Therefore LCM (12,15,20)=60.

So 60 is the least common multiple.

LCM of prime numbers

Find LCM of 7,11,13

So 1001 is the answer.

LCM of co-prime numbers

LCM 2 x 3 x 7 = (6)x7 =42

Advantages of this method?

Ok so far we know what is LCM and how to find HCF/GCD?

What is HCF or GCD?

HCF finding: Prime Factorization

HCF of two numbers (4, 6)

HCF of three numbers (12,24,36)

^in case youre confused, let me rewrite and do it again

HCF of prime numbers (13,29)

HCF 1 (because 1 is common in both)

HCF of co-prime numbers (12,25)

HCF vs LCM: #1 multiplication

Right hand side (multiplication of given

So both sides match. Therefore, in case of two numbers (a and b)

In this case, both sides donot match.

HCF vs LCM: #2 Magnitude

60 so greater than biggest number (20)

30. which is equal to the biggest

1 so it is smaller than smallest number 12

15. so it is equal to the smallest number 15.

Answer (LCM, HCF)

8, 28, 175 1400, 1

LCM, HCF of fractions

for more practice on LCM, HCF

Quantitative Aptitude, R.S.Agarwal

Fast track Arithmetic, Rajesh Verma 2

Arun Sharma (CAT)

[ACIO-2013] Aptitude (Maths, Reasoning, English) A nswerkey with explanations, shortcuts

Mushinala Vijaya Kumar

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