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Ferroics are the materials that undergo one or more ferroic transitions. The ferroic phase transition is
characterized by an order parameter which is non-zero below transition temperature and zero above it.
Ferroics are the one of the most promising candidates for catering future technological needs. The
investigation of size effect on ferroic properties in the nano-regime is critical for understanding the physical
phenomena and potential for applications. When the size of ferroic particle is made smaller, four successive
stages of behavior is observed. They are Polydomain, Single domain, Superpara-electric/magnetic/elastic,
and Para-electric /magnetic/elastic. The structural transition is observed to take place at critical size of
ferroic particle. The order parameter (spontaneous polarization or magnetization or strain) of ferroic
nanoparticles decreases with particle size and disappears at critical size. In the vicinity of critical size of
particle (phase transition), the derivatives of order parameters become very large. Domain size in
nanoferroic materials decreases linearly with the square root of film thickness. The variation in the
properties of ferroics in the above four stages provides interesting and multi functionalities, which have
wide applications in science and technology.
CONTENTS
I.
II.
III.
I. INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Ferroic materials
A.
Properties
B.
Thermodynamics of ferroic
phase transition
C.
Classification of ferroics
D.
Multi-ferroics
Ferroic properties at nanoscale
A
ferroics
1.
2.
3.
B
IV.
V.
Conclusions
References
2
involves a loss of one or more point symmetry
elements in the prototype (Widhawan, 2000).
Now, a ferroic material is the one which can
undergo one or more ferroic phase transitions.
These ferroics exhibit different and interesting
properties in the nano-regime as their size is
reduced. This paper presents the review of ferroic
properties of materials at nanoscale.
II. FERROIC MATERIALS
A.
Properties
(1)
(2)
3
1
g = 0 + 0 + 0 +
2
1
1
+ +
2
2
+ +
+
+
(4)
0
0
Here 0 = 2
1
is the difference between
th
the values of the i component of the spontaneous
polarization in the states S1 and S2. kij, ij and sijkl
are the elements of the electric susceptibility
tensor, magnetic susceptibility tensor and the
compliance tensor respectively. ij, dijk and Qijk
are the elements of magnetoelectric, piezoelectric
and piezomagnetic tensors respectively. The
equation (4) serves to define the various types of
ferric materials. A ferroelectric material is
defined as one for which at least one pair of
orientation states exists such that 0 0 for
one or more values of i. Similarly, the
ferromagnetic and ferroelastic materials can be
defined.
C.
Classification of ferroics
Example
H2
Ferrobimagnetic
NiO
Ferrobielastic
Quartz
EH
Ferromagnetoelectric Cr2O3
Ferroelastoelectric
NH4Cl
Ferromagnetoelastic
FeCO3
SrTiO3
4
above types of ferroics, a large number of
multiferroics with other structures are known.
In multiferroics, more than one primary ferroic
order parameter (spontaneous polarization or
magnetization or strain) coexist simultaneously
in single phase. The coupling between these order
parameters, which has numerous applications in
modern electronics, may or may not be present.
One of the multiferroics in which all order
parameters are coupled is Ferromagnetoelectric.
Both spontaneous polarization and magnetization
are strongly coupled to each other. Hence, the
spontaneous polarization (or magnetization) can
be induced and controlled by the application of
external magnetic field (or electric field)
respectively (Kimura et al., 2003; Astrov.D,
1960). Among single-phase crystals, the largest
magnetoelectric effect has been observed in
TbMnO3, BiMnO3 and BiFeO3. In composite
materials, large magnetoelectric effect can be
achieved by coupling of piezomagnetic materials
with piezoelectric ones. When magnetic field is
applied, mechanical deformation is induced in the
magnetic components which in turn induces the
electric polarization via piezoelectric component.
III.
FERROIC
NANOSCALE
PROPERTIES
AT
ON
PRIMARY
5
important properties of nanomaterials, occurs as
BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 become cubic. So, the ferroic
phase transition can be arrested below critical
size. The existence of ferroelectricity (Ps)
requires non-centrosymmetric lattice. In other
words, below critical size the crystal becomes a
non-ferroic material as its crystal structure
becomes centrosymmetric (cubic) lattice.
Similarly, the film thickness has same influence
on lattice parameters (Fattuzo.E et al., 1967).
The dielectric permittivity of BaTiO3 powder has
maximum near 70nm, which defines the critical
size. The difference between this value and other
values
obtained
by
lattice
constants
measurements could originate from the influence
of electrodes as well as from different quality of
the samples investigated by different authors. At
critical size 70nm, BaTiO3 undergoes phase
transition from ferroelectric (ferroic phase) to
para-electric (non-ferroic phase) due to crystal
structural transformation. The influence of film
thickness on lattice parameters has been reported
to have same effects as nanoparticles do.
The dielectric permittivity at critical size is
observed to be very high. It is due to the fact that
in the vicinity of ferroic phase transition the
respond function or macroscopic physical
properties ( = )
7
a phase change will occur in material from one
phase to an equally stable phase, either of
different crystal structure or of different
orientation (a twin phase). This stress-induced
phase change results in a spontaneous strain in
material (Widhawan 2000).
The size effect on ferroelastic has not been
investigated experimentally as extensive as for
other primary ferroics. The theoretical and
experimental studies show that the spontaneous
strain decreases with particle size and vanishes at
critical size. Similar to its counterparts, the lattice
parameters of ferroelastic materials decrease with
size which in turn influence the ferroelastic
properties such as domain size and transition
temperature. The size dependence of spontaneous
strain for PbTiO3 is shown fig 7 below.
8
larger than that of non-ferroic phase i.e., paraelectric/magnetic/elastic. In the last stage, as the
particle size is reduced to molecular dimensions
all traces of cooperative ferroic ordering
disappear and it undergoes phase transition to
non-ferroic phase. In other words the particle
becomes
para-electric/magnetic/
elastic
(Widhawan 2000).
These different properties in four stages give
ferroic materials exotic and multi functionalities.
The multiple functionalities of ferroic materials
have numerous applications in information
storage, spintronics, sensors and actuators. The
subset of these materials are considered smart
materials for technological applications.
IV. CONCLUSION
9
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