Section A

(a)

F/A
e/l

Y=

[ F ] [l ]
[ A] [e]

[Y]

MLT

L L

= ML1 T2

or
Y=

N
m2

or

kg m
s2 m2

N m2

= kg m-1 s2
= ML1 T 2

(b)

Let

Y = (k)x v y z or Y

x v y z

[] = L
[v] = LT1
[] = ML3
Then ML1T 2 = (L)x (LT1)y (ML3)z
M:

1=z

or

z=1

T:

2 = y

L:

1 = x + y3z

or

y=2

1 = 3 + x+ 2
x=0
Y = k v 2

E=K+U
Total energy E = kA
2

Energy in spring U at displacement

A
is
4

U=

1 2
kx
2

4
2

= kA
32
Kinetic energy K = E U
2

= kA kA
2
32
= 15kA
32

or
x = A sin t
A
x=
4

; v = A cos t
1
sin t =
4
1
Kinetic energy =
mv2
2
1
=
mA2 2 cos2 t
2
1
k
1
=
mA2
(1
)
2
m
16
15 2
=
kA
32
or

v = w A2 x 2
1
mv2
2
1
=
m2( A 2 x 2 )
2
1
k
1 2
=
m(
)(A2
A)
2
m
16
15
=
kA2
32

Kinetic Energy =

0.47

(a)

Particles of string is vibrating vertically/ perpendicular to the string

maximum amplitude at the middle / minimum at both ends.
Particles perform simple harmonic motion.
Motion of the particles forms a standing wave
All particles vibrate at the same phase
Adjacent particles vibrate with different amplitudes
2

Accept diagram labelled

with antinode and node
(nodes at both ends in
fundamental mode)

(b)

The mass = 1.45 g, l = 0.5 m.

Frequency, f =

1
2l

m
l

or

v= 120 m s-1

= 2.9 103 kg m1
T 2lf

= 41.8 N

The heat required to raise the water temperature 2 C is

Q = mwatercwaterTwater
= (1.0 kg) (4180 J kg1 C1) (2 C)
= 8360 J
Heat loss by copper cube = heat gained by water
mcopperccopperTcopper

= mwatercwaterTwater
= 8360 J

m
V

m = (8900 kg m3) (0.02 m)3

= 0.0712 kg
mcopperccopperTcopper

= (0.0712 kg) (385 J kg1 C1) Tcopper

= 8360 J

Tcopper = 305 C
Tcopper = Ti 7 / = Ti - 280
Ti 7 = 305 C
Ti = 305 C + 7 C
= 312 C / 585 K

5
3

v
2

2.00 cm

I = 100 A
4.00 cm

(a)

R=
=

A
2.65 10 8 4.00 10 2
(1.00 10 2 ) 2

= 3.37 106
(b)
V = VL VR
V= IR
= 100 3.37 106
= 3.37 104 V
or
= 0.337 mV

(a)

(i)

A shunt is a resistor with small resistance connected in parallel

(ii)

Use to deviate/bypass/draw away/divert current flow in a circuit

(b)
G
(IG)
(Shunt)
(IA)

(IS)

Small current IG flows through the galvanometer.

IS
Remainder of the current flows
through the shunt
IG is a small fixed proportion of large current IA

.
7

(a)In term of production.

4

 Continuous spectrum due to deceleration of electrons /

kinetic energy losses of electrons/ bremsstrahlung
Characteristic spectrum due to transition of electrons to
innermost energy levels

min =

(b)

hc
eV
=

(6.63 10
(1.6 10

34

19

)(3.0 10 )
4

)( 2.0 10 )

= 6.2 1011 m
8

(a)

Two hydrogen nuclei fuse to form a deuterium or 1 H 1H 1 H 1 e

Deuterium fuse with hydrogen nucleus to form light helium or

2
1
3
1 H 1 H 2 He

Two light helium nuclei fuse to form helium atom

and two protons or 23 He 23 He42 He 211 H
or
very high temperature/velocity
proton-proton or hydrogen-hydrogen fuse to form heavier nucleus /
proton-proton cycle
Large amount of energy/ Large amount of heat is released
(b)

Area of sphere = 4r2

= 4 (1.50 1011)2
Power = Intensity Area
= (1340) [4 (1.50 1011) 2]
= 3.79 1026 W
In one year = 3.15 107 3.79 1026
= 1.19 1034 J

Section B
5

(a)

Work done on an object is the product of the magnitude of

displacement and the magnitude of the component of the force
in the direction of displacement.
or

W = F cos d

or

F dr

or

W F d

F is the force, d is the displacement and is the angle

between F and d

F is the force, dr is the displacement

F is the force, d is the displacement

( F , dr and d are written in vector form, i.e.

F , dr and d )

Work-energy theorem: The net work done/work done by resultant force on an

object is equal to the change/increase/gain in the kinetic energy of the object.
or Wnet = K.E

(b)

Part of mechanical energy is lost in doing work/work done against friction

This work appears as heat/ internal energy of the system.

(c)

Velocity at the bottom of the plane

Using Ki + Ui = Kf + Uf or Ei = Ef
but Ki and Uf are both zero, therefore
mgh =

1
2

mv 2

v = (2 9.81)0.5
= 4.4 m s1
or

a = g sin
2

v = u2 + 2as or v2= 2as

v = 4.4 m s-1
(d) (i) Work done against friction: Wf
Angle of inclined plane:

cos =

3
3 12
2

= 0.949
Wf = k N d

F = k N

= k mg cos d

N = mg cos

= 0.2 (5 9.81) (0.949) (3.16)

= 29.41 J/ 29.42 J/29.4 J/ 29 J /30 J
6

(ii) Work done on the mass

W = mg sin d or W=mgh
= 5 9.81

1
3.16
3.16

= 49.1 J
Wnet = 49.1 29.4 or Wnet = W - Wf
= 19.7 J / 19.6 J/ 20 J (1 s.f.)

(iii)

1
2

mv2 = 19.7

or Wnet =

1
2

mv2

2 19.7
5

v =

= 2.8 m s-1 /3 m s-1 (1 s.f.)

or a = g sin g cos
v2 = u2 + 2as
v = 2.8 m s1 /3 m s-1
10 (a) (i) Ability of waves to bend/spread around obstacles/aperture/slit
or diagram showing wavefronts or direction of waves around
an obstacle or through a slit or aperture

(ii) Points on a wavefront at the slit can be considered/act as

secondary sources.
They are coherent sources/in phase
or interference of the waves from these point sources
(iii)

(b)

(i)

a
2

a
sin
2

For destructive interference, x =

x

2
1
a sin
2

sin
2
2
sin

So,

or 1.22
a
a
if very small, sin

(ii) sin

so,

or 1.22
a
a

500 10 9
500 10 9
or

1
.
22

3.0 10 3
3.0 10 3

= 1.7 104 rad or 2.0

10-4 rad / (9.6 10-3)o or (1.2 10-2)o

(iii) e shorter than visible wavelength, light

is smaller (depend on the 1st mark)

11 (a)

(i)

Q kA(TB TC )

t
L
8

or

e < light

= 205 W m1 K1

For aluminium k

Q
[ (0.005) 2 ](100 0)
205
t
1
= 1.6 J s1/ 1.6 W

(ii)

At 0.25 m from C
1.6 = 205

(7.85 10 5 )(T 0)
0.25

T = 25 C/298 K
Q

(b)

dQ
t
dt

Q = 1.6 (10 60)

= 960 J
Latent heat of fusion of ice is 3.34 105 J kg1
Q = mLf
m =

960
3.34 105

= 2.9 103 kg

(c)

Q
is the same in the aluminium and in the brass
t

(i)

Q
t

= kal

A
(100 T)
L

= kbrass (T 0)

A
L

kal (100 T) = kbrass (T 0)

T =
T =

k al (100)
k brass k al
( 205)(100)
109 205

= 65 C /338 K

(ii)

Q
t

( 205)(7.85 10 5 )(100 65)

0.5

= 1.1 J s1/ 1.1 W

9

(d)

For the same T and A,

Q
is the same in the two materials
t

k al k cu
d

/1.61= 385r 2
dx
Lal Lcu
205 385

1
Lcu
Lcu =

385
205

= 1.9 m
12 (a)

(i)

Plate

5.0 cm
vo

0.5 cm

1.5 cm

+Plate
(ii)

Motion in x has constant speed ax = 0

x = v0 t .................................. (1)
Motion in y in the uniform field (E upwards) gives
uniform acceleration downwards (ay 0)
ay =

F
m

F=ma

or

qE
m

= (-)

F =qE or F=eE

eE
............................. (2)
m

Its vertical position is given by the linear equation

y =

1
2

= ()

a y t2
1
2

Formula but uy =0

eE t
m

.................................. (3)

Substitute (1) into (3)

y = ()

1
2

eE
mv o

x ............................... (4)

10

(iii)

It is a parabola

(iv)

Let y = 0 at the point of entry,

so equation (4) becomes
1.5 102 =

(1.6 10

19

)(500)(5.0 10

(9.11 10

31

) vo

vo = 2.7 106 m s-1

(b)

(i)

The proton carries positive charge. Initially its kinetic

energy is zero (starts from rest). It gains kinetic energy as it
moves from region of high potential(energy) to
region of lower potential(energy)/ loss in potential energy

(ii)

From (i), change in energy U is positive

U = + K.E.
=

1
2

mv2

Change in potential is negative (decrease)

The relation between electric potential energy U and electric
potential difference gives
U = q V
V =

U
q
1

mv 2
q

(1.67 1027 )(2.0 106 ) 2

(1.6 1019 )

= 2.1 104 V or 21 kV
13 (a)

(i)

Stopping potential Vs is the minimum potential difference between emitter

and the collector when the kinetic energy Km of the most energetic
electrons is just equal to the potential energy of the collector
relative to the emitter
or
The minimum potential required to stop the most energetic electron.
or
The minimum potential difference required to bring the current to zero

(ii)

1. When the intensity of the light is increased, the magnitude

11

of the (saturation) current increases.

2. When the intensity of the light is increased, the stopping potential
remains constant
3. When the frequency of the light is increased, the stopping
potential increases (in a linear fashion)/the maximum kinetic energy
of the electrons increases.
4. There exists a cut-off/threshold or lowest/minimum frequency
below which no electron is ejected (no matter how intense the light)
5. The ejection of photoelectrons is immediate (even when
the light is made exceedingly dim)

(b)

(i)

W = hv or

hc

hc
W
(6.63 10 34 )(3.00 10 8 )
=
2.14 1.60 10 -19

max =

= 5.81 107 m or 5.79

10-7 m

= 581 nm or 579 nm
(ii)

Kmax = hv W
hc
=
W

(6.63 10 34 )(3.00 10 8 )
2.14 eV
4.52 10 7 1.6 10 19

Kmax = 2.75 eV 2.14 eV

= 0.61 eV or 9.8
(c)

(i)

10-20 J

P = AI
= 120 1.0 104
= 1.2 102 W

(ii)

E=

nhc

P=

E
t
12

n
t

=
=

1.2 10

6.63 10

5.5 10
34

3 10

= 3.3 1016 or 3.3 1016 s-1 or 3.3 1016 cm-2 s-1

14 (a)

Half-life T 12 is the time required for half of the nuclei/mass of radioactive

sample to decay
or
Half-life T 12 is the time required for activity of radioactive
sample to be halved.
Decay constant is the probability/fraction of a radioactive nucleus
to decay in one second/unit time
or

dN
() dt
N

[Explain all the symbol used]

(b)

(i)

A
Z

226
88

(ii)

A 4
Z 2 Y

Ra

222
86

4
2

Rn +

He
4
2

He

KE = (mra mrn mHe) c2 or KE = m c 2 or KE = mc2

KE = (226.025402 u 222.017570 u 4.002603 u) c2
= (5.229

10-3 u) c2

or 8.68 x 10-10 kg

= 4.88 MeV or 4.87 MeV

(using 1 u = 934 MeV or 931.5 MeV or 931 MeV)
(c)

Radio isotope
1. Has short half-life
2. Can easily combine with a large variety of compounds
3. Easily injected into a patient
4.

Use as a tracer

13

P
hc

(d)

(i)

Atomic mass = 131

131 g/1 mole will contain 6.02 1023 nuclei (Avogadro No.)
We have 1.49 106 g, the number of nuclei, No
That we have initially is given by the ratio
No
1.49 10 6 g

131 g
6.02 10 23

so

(ii)

No = 6.85 1015 nuclei

0.693 ln 2
= T1
/ T1
2

0.693
8.0 24 60 60

= 1.0026 106 s1
Then at t = 0,
N

=
o

= (1.0026 106) (6.85 1015)

= 6.9 109 (decay) s1/Bq
(5.93

14

1014 day-1)

No