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Keywords: Beam models, Shear deformation, Timoshenko beam, Variational formulation, Higher order beam models
Beam Models - II
1
beam cross-section.
Pure bending
w,x
Simple shear
(1)
where w(x, t) represents the displacement field of a neutral fiber of the beam.
The relation (1) allows us to choose of w(x, t) and (x, t) as the two field
variables.
Since the longitudinal strain x in the beam is produced only from bending,
one can write
x =
(R z) d R d
= z,x .
dx
(2)
h/2
x z dA = EI,x .
(3)
h/2
Aw,tt = V,x ,
(4)
(I dx),tt = V
or I,tt
(5)
The two differential equations (4) and (5) in w(x, t) and (x, t) represent the
dynamics of a Timoshenko beam.
In the case of a uniform beam, we have the simplification
Aw,tt = GAs (w,xx ,x ),
(6)
(7)
(8)
c2S 2w
2
S
cL 2 2
w + 2 2 = 0.
x
t
x2 t2
rg t
(10)
(11)
(12)
t2
t1
t2
t1
dx dt = 0,
(T V)
Z l
t1
t2
t1
Z l
t1
(14)
The first integral above vanishes from the statement of the variational principle. The integrand in the double integral yields the two equations of motion
(4) and (5). A set of possible boundary conditions is obtained from the
5
[EI,x ](0, t) = 0
or
(0, t) = 0,
or
(l, t) = 0,
or
w(0, t) = 0,
or
w(l, t) = 0.
(15)
(16)
where n (x, t) and wn (x, t) are the field variables. It may be noted that
0 (x, t) introduces stretch of the middle plane of the beam. One may then
compute the strain field using the definitions
xx = U,x ,
1
xz = (U,z + W,x ),
2
zz = W,z ,
and the corresponding stress field can be obtained using Hookes law.
6
Z lZ
0
Z lZ
0
In the above energy expressions, one can carry-out the area integration as
done before. Finally, following the variational procedure, one obtains the
equations of motion for the field variables.
Consider the following two special cases.
(A) 1 (x, t) = w,x (x, t) and w0(x, t) = w(x, t):
We have
U (x, z, t) = zw,x (x, t),
and
Thus, xx = zw,xx and xz = zz = 0, and using Hookes law, xx =
zEw,xx . The kinetic energy and potential energy expressions are obtained as
1
T =
2
l
2
(Iw,xt
Aw,t2 )dx,
1
V=
2
l
2
EIw,xx
dx.
0
Figure 2: Visualization of the deformation kinematics in different beam theories (dashed line
represents deformation under Euler-Bernoulli hypothesis)
and
Hence, xx = z,x and xz = 1/2( + w,x ) and zz = 0. The stress
field is obtained as xx = zE,x and xz = 1/2G(w,x ). The kinetic
energy and potential energy expressions are given by
1
T =
2
(I,t2
1
V=
2
Aw,t2 )dx,
l
2
[EI,x
+ GA(w,x )2]dx.
0