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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL:
Forged powder is the material used in the forging process which involves the process of
pressing, pounding and squeezing the metal under great pressure into high strength parts.
It is performed by preheating the metal to a desired temperature before it is worked. It is
important to note that the forging process is totally different from the casting process, as
the metal used to make the forged parts is never melted and poured as done in the casting
process. Here mild carbon steel forged powders are used in this experiment.
Beam column joints are critical regions in a multi-storey moment resisting reinforced
concrete frames subject to inelastic response under seismic excitation. Since seismic
moments in columns and beams act in opposite directions across the joint, the beamcolumn joint is subjected to higher horizontal and vertical shear forces.

1.2 NEED FOR THE STUDY:

To ensure the safety of multi-storey buildings in earthquake prone zones.
The forged mild carbon steel is stronger than those manufactured by other metal
working process and hence have great reliability.
To seismically strengthen a non-seismically designed building post construction by
increasing its ductility, stiffness and energy dissipation.

1.3 OBJECTIVES:

The objective of this work is to study the joint capacity of an exterior beamcolumn joint.
To design a beam-column connection using forged mild carbon steel and rubber
polymers having higher strength than for a concrete member of same depth.
To significantly increase the joints ultimate capacity in such a way that the desired
capacity of the beam-column joint can be attained without failure of the joints.
To compare the performance of retrofitted Exterior Beam Column joints with
mild carbon steel and rubber polymers fiber reinforced composite to that of
conventional reinforced concrete.
FORGED MILD CARBON STEEL:
Forged powder is the material used in the forging process which involves the process of
pressing, pounding and squeezing the metal under great pressure into high strength parts.
Any metal like carbon, alloy and stainless steels can be forged. It is performed by
preheating the metal to a desired temperature before it is worked. Each metal has a
distinct strength or weight characteristics that are suitable to various purposes.
ADVANTAGES OF USING FORGED MATERIALS:

Tougher than other alternatives.

Can handle impact better than castings.
The tight grain structure makes it mechanically strong.
Uniformity in composition.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3 : MIX DESIGN (IS 10262:2009)

M30 OPC
1. Target strength for mix proportioning
=

f ck +1.65 s

= 30 + 1.65*5
= 38.25 N/mm2
2. Selection of water cement ratio
Table 5, of IS 456: 2000, Maximum watercement ratio = 0.55
Water cement ratio as per specification = 0.45
3. Selection of water content
From Table 2, maximum water content for 20mm aggregate = 186 litre
Water content for (100mm) slump (medium)

186+

6.6
186
= {186 + (6/100)
100

*186} = 197.16 lit

= 197 litres
4. Cement Content
Water cement ratio = 0.45
W/C
0.45

= cement content

Cement content = 197.16/ 0.45 = 438.13 kg/m3

Cement content = 438.17 kg/m3

5. Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content

From Table 3, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20mm size aggregate
and for water cement ratio of 0.50 = 0.60

Specified w/c ratio= 0.45

Corrected proportion of volume of coarse aggregate for the w/c ratio of 0.45 =
0.63
Volume of fine aggregate

= 1 - 0.63= 0.37

6. Mix calculations:
= 1 m3

a. Volume of concrete

massofcement
1

specificgr avity 1000

b. Volume of cement

=
= (439/3.15) X (1/1000)
= 0.139 m3
massofwater
1

specificgr avity 1000

c. Volume of water

=
= (192/1) X (1/1000)
= 0.192m3

e. Volume of all in aggregate

= (a-(b+c)) = (1-(0.139+0.192))= 0.669 m3

6. Mass of coarse aggregate

= 0.669x0.63x2.41x1000= 1113 kg

7. Mass of fine aggregate = 0.669x0.37x2.68x1000= 664 kg

The mix proportion then becomes:
Water
192 liters

:
:

Cement :
439 kg

Fine aggregate
:
:664 kg

Coarse
Aggregate
1113 kg

The mix ratio is 1:1.51:2.53

CHAPTER 4 : COMPRESSIVE TEST RESULTS

The compressive test after 28 days was done on the cubes and cylinders and the results
are tabulated below:

S.NO

MIX
DESIGNATION

CURING
DURATION

SPECIMEN NO

COMPRESSIVE
LOAD (KN)

STRE
(N/m

1 : 1.51 : 2.53

28 Days

CUBE 1

786

34.93

CUBE 2

793

35.11

CUBE 3

816

36.26

CYLINDER 1

162

1.149

CYLINDER 2

173

1.22

1 : 1.51 : 2.53

28 Days

COMPRESSIVE TEST OF THE CYLINDER

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CHAPTER 5: SCALING DOWN OF PROTOTYPE

5.1 SCALING DOWN OF PROTOTYPE

In general a scale model must be designed and built primarily considering
similitude theory. Similitude is the theory and art of predicting prototype (original object)
performance from scale model observations. The main requirement of similitude is
all dimensionless quantities must be equal for both the scaled model and the prototype
under the conditions the modeler desires to make observations. For structural engineering
scale models, it is important for several specific quantities to be scaled according to the
theory of similitude. These quantities can be broadly grouped into three
categories: loading, geometry, and material properties.
5.2 REQUIREMENTS OF SIMILITUDE
The scale factor is defined as the ratio of the quantity of the prototype to that of the
model.
a. The strain of the prototype must be equal to that of model. Thus strain scale factor
is one (S = 1).
b. The Poissons ratio of model and prototype are equal (S = 1).
c. The length scale factor must be same in all direction (SL = LP/LM).
d. The stress scale factor and pressure scale factor are one as the materials of
prototype and model are same (S = 1, SP = 1).
e. The force scale factor depends on stress and length scale factors
(SF = S x SL2).

5.3 SPECIMEN DIMENSIONS

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The model or test specimen is achieved by scaling down the prototype with the
ratio of 1 : 2.
Thus, The length scale factor, SL =
LP/LM
The area scale factor, SA
=
The Force scale factor, SF
=
The moment scale factor, SM
=
Beam Specimen:
Width of beam specimen, BM
=
Depth of beam specimen, DM
=
Area of Steel in model, AMst
=
Provide two numbers of 8 mm diameter bars.
Column Specimen:
Width of Column specimen, BM
=
Depth of beam specimen, DM
=
Area of Steel in model, AMst
=
Provide four numbers of 8 mm diameter bars.
Axial compression force, FM
=

= 2 (No units)
S L2
= 4 (No units)
2
S x SL
= 4 (No units)
SF x SL = 8 (No units)
BP/ SL = 300/2 = 150 mm
DP/ SL = 300/2 = 150 mm
APst/SA = 305/4 = 76.25 mm2
BP/ SL = 300/2 = 150 mm
DP/ SL = 300/2 = 150 mm
APst/SA = 804/4 = 201 mm2
FP/SF = 425/4 = 106.25 kN

CHAPTER 6: MATERIAL TESTS

The following tests are to be performed to check the suitability of forged mild carbon
steel powder used in the retrofitting process:
1. Mechanical and Physical Testing:
i. Tensile
ii. Imapct

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iii. Compression
iv. Dynamic testing.
2. Corrosion testing:
i. Environmental corrosion
ii. Pitting corrosion
iii. Resistance of materials to stress corrosion.
3. Specialized Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) :
i. Ultrasonic flaw detection
ii. Portable hardness detection.
iii. Raw material inspection.

REFERENCES
1. Architectural Institute of Japan, AIJ Standard for Structural Calculation of
Reinforced Concrete Structures, revised in 1982.
2. ACI-ASCE Committee 352 , Recommendations for Design of Beam-Column Joints
in Monolithic Reinforced Concrete Structures, ACI Journal, May-June 1985,
pp.266-283.
3. Alj. Design guidelines for earthquake resistance reinforced concrete buildings based
in inelastic displacement concept. Alj ;1999.p.440.
4. Mehta PK. Concrete technology for sustainable development 1999;21(11):47-53.

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5. Sudarsana Rao H., Ramana N.V (2008). Behavior of steel reinforced slurry
infiltrated fibrous concrete two-way slabs in flexure with two adjacent simply
supported and other two edges fixed. Indian Journal of Engineering & Material
Scienes 1-6.
6. Uchikawa H. In cement and concrete industry. J Mater civil eng 2000;12(4):320-9.
7. Attala SA. General analytical model for nominal shear stress of type 2 normal and
high strength concrete beam-column joint. ACI Struct J 2004;101(1):65-231.
8. D.S. Ramachandra Murthy et al Seismic Resistance of Reinforced Concrete BeamColumn with TMT and CRS Bars, ICJ Journal, July-Sept 2000
9. S.R.Uma and A.Meher Prasad, Analytical model for beam-column joints in R C
frames under seismic conditions, Journal of Structural Engineering Vol.
30,No:3,October 2003.
10. Rao,H.s and Ramanan N.V (2005) Behaviour of slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete
(SIFCON) simply supported two way slab in flexure .Indian Journal of Engineering
& Material Science
11. Sudarsan Rao H. , Gnaneswar k. and Raman N.V (2008) Behaviour of steel
reinforced slurry infiltrated fibrous concrete (SIFCON) simply supported two way
slab in flexure with two adjacent edges simply supported and other two edges
fixed . .Indian Journal of Engineering & Material Science