Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
- I part by JM Caballero
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125 s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125 s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125 s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125 s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125 s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125 s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125 s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63
Trend Communications
PDH limitations
Trend Communications
lack of standardization
between Japan, USA and
rest of the world
2/
63
Trend Communications
Advanced management
needs: computers and telecom must work together
3/
63
frame 1
125 s
0
frame 2
125 s
1 byte
n 0
rate =
8 bits
12510-6seg.
= 64Kbit/s
Standardize since 1988 when appeared the G707, G708, G709 CCITT recommendations
SDH is byte oriented, it means that a byte is the unit for mapping and multiplexing
STM-N is the name for the transport frames. They have always a period of 125 s
Trend Communications
4/
63
direct internetworking
between equipments
fault tolerance
Trend Communications
5/
63
Trend Communications
6/
63
Circuit provisioning
services
Internet
Frame Relay
RTB
ATM
GSM
transport network
SDH
transmission media
cable/fiber/radio
Trend Communications
7/
63
SDH architecture
client
server
Section
inputs
Function of
outputs
connectivity
The complexity of the functions moves to use simplified models which allow to define interfaces
and overheads
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
9/
63
Topologic partitioning
The topology describes the potential connections and are expressed as relations between
points on the network
the network is an encapsulation that is able to be splitted repeatedly in subnetworks interconnected through links
the subnetworks are decomposed until the desired level or when nodes and transmission
media are visible (the last layer)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
10/
63
Functional partitioning
network connection
Client layer
digitalization
codification
Server layer
add/drop
overheads
path
The model allow to define independent structures but connected. Each layer can be seen as a
network which can be divided in sublayers
In PDH the relationships are directs, in SDH are complex and the transport service has been
divided in two layers:
The model permits also a control of the network elements and a full connection compatibility
because all the vendor refer to the same abstract model.
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
11/
63
Reference points
Network connection
Layer Adaptation
Layer Adaptation
AP
AP
Layer Termination
Network connection
Layer Termination
Subnetwork
link
TCP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
CP
AP - Access Point: it is the place where are executed the adaptation functions like framing,
justification, multiplexing, and alignment. There are two by connection. They are the edge
points which can interchange client information
CP - Connection Point: it is the place where are implemented the atomic connections. The
CP association is known a Subnetwork. A link is the association of two subnetworks. These
points are monitored in order to know the network status
TCP - Terminal Connection Point: it is the edge CP where it is checked the data integrity. A
Network Connection is the association of two TCP
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
12/
63
Connectivity
Client Path
Client layer
Server layer
AP
AP
Network Connection
Link Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
Subnetwork
Connection
TCP
TCP
CP
CP
CP
CP
Server Path
A Network Connection is a concatenation of basic elements. The edge points (in/out) are
TCP
Basis elements are subnetwork connections between CP and links between Subnetworks.
The connections can be half-duplex, full-duplex, point to point, point to multipoint, multipoint
to multipoint
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
13/
63
Transport stratification
2 Mbit/s circuit
2 Mbit/s level
VC12 level
DXC
DXC
Subnetwork
Subnetwork
connection
connection
VC4 level
Layer Adaptation
Layer Termination
STM-1 section
transmission media
There is a client/server relationship with headers and adaptation function similar to the OSI
layered model used to explain protocols
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
14/
63
Layer Adaptation
trail
AP
overheads management
overheads management
TCP
CP
CP
CP
TCP
CP
The trail define the transport capabilities and it is able to monitor the integrity and quality of
the information interchanged between AP
These functions allow to implement the OAM functions (Operation, Administration, and
Maintenance)
The trails have associated the overhead between the interchange units
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
15/
63
NNI
NNI
NNI
Tributaries
Tributaries
Tributaries
MUX
sinc.
Media :
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
CXC
DIGITAL CONNETION
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
Media :
fiber
wireless
MUX
sinc.
ACCESS
PDH
ATM
MUX
sinc.
MUX
sinc.
Tributaries
NNI are internal network interfaces used to transmit the STM-N frames
NNI interface is defined at the access, the transport network; and the interconnection units
NNI, PDH, and ATM are SDH network interfaces. They are standards to guarantee the world
network interconnections
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
16/
63
Reference model
IP
Frame
RTB ISDN Relay
IP
ATM
ATM
Frame
Relay ISDN RTB
interchange unit
paths
sections
SDH frame
VC-12
VC-4
seccin
multiplexing
de multiplexin
section
MSOH
multiplexing section
seccin
regeneration
de regeneracin
section
RSOH
regeneration section
physical interface
STM-1
physical interface
optical/electrical/radio
NNI
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
17/
63
Section
Regenerators (REG)
STM-N
REG
STM-N
It maintains the physical the signal by means of strength, shape and delay
delay distortion: the velocity of propagation varies with frequency causing intersymbol interference. Signal needs equalization
noise: different causes like thermal noise, intermodulation, crosstalk, impulse noise is always present. The signal must be digitally filtered
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
19/
63
2M
8M
STM-1
L O -P T E
34M
H O -P T E
SDH
MUX
STM-N
45M
140M
The input and the output of the circuit from the SDH network define the paths
Are useful for line topologies providing easy migration form legacy PDH networks
Overhead management
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
20/
63
Multiplexers (Mux/Demux)
STM-N
SDH
MUX
STM-M
M >N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
21/
63
West
East
STM-M
STM-M
STM-N, PDH
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
22/
63
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
STM-N
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
23/
63
MUX
2M
34M
LPT
HPT
MUX
STM-1 SDH
MUX
REG
STM-N MUX
MUX STM-N
SDH STM-1
MUX
2M
HPT
LPT
34M
45M
45M
140M
140M
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
24/
63
Ring topology
back up ring
ADM
ADM
ADM
tributary
active ring
tributary
ADM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
25/
63
A
B
C
Star PDH network
C
SDH Network
physical topology with star configuration
and logical topology with ring configuration
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
26/
63
Transport design
National Backbone
STM-16
Primary Network
STM-4
Access Network
STM-1 or PDH
The networks are designed with topologies that try to drive a lot of traffic through the same ring
and a few inter rings or inter layer
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
27/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
LTMUX
HO LO
The Virtual Container (VC) across the SDH defining a path and two edge points. One where
the VC is inserted and the other where it is dropped. There are two types of paths:
The High Order Path (HOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 140 Mbit/s or combination of circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The Low Order Path (LOP) links two points with a high rate transport capacity. The content
can be a a circuit of 1.5, 2, 6, or 8 Mbit/s
The circuits of 34 and 45 Mbit/s can be transported both, into High or Low Order Path
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
28/
63
MUX
REG
DXC
REG
ADM
REG
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
LTMUX
HO LO
A section is the space limited by two network elements linked by a transmission media. There
are two types: the Multiplexing Section (MS) and the Regeneration Section (RS)
The MS is the space defined by two contigous multiplexers. Each MS manages an specifc
overhead to control the multiplexers by means of :
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Multiplexers
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
29/
63
MUX
REG
REG
SECT
DXC
REG
SECT
REG
REG
SECT
ADM
REG
SECT
LTMUX
HO LO
REG
REG
SECT
REG
SECT
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
MULTIPLEXING
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
The RS is the space betwen two regenerators united by the any media: fiber, wireless, coaxial.
(Pay attention that a Multiplexer works as a Regenerator too.)
Each RS manages an specifc overhead to control the Regenerators by means of:
provide voice and data channels to configure and operate the Regenerators
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
30/
63
Regeneration process
Regeneration Section
Regeneration Section
Original signal
Regenerated signal
REG
REG
ADM
attenuation
Regenerator
Multiplexer
noise
distortion
Regenerator
The optical signal must be amplified to compense the attenuation, distortion, and noise during the fiber, cable or wireless propagation.
the signal is converted to an electronic signal, then it is filtered and amplified and finally it is
converted back to its original nature
onother technique to amplifly optical signals is to use Optical Fiber Amplifier (OPA). It consists of a fiber segment (about 70 mtr long) doped with erbiumis and pumped with a light
that excites the erbium. And then when a signal passes through the fiber more photons out
than photons in: the signal has been amplified
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
31/
63
Transport Services
2 Mbit/s PSTN
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A
DM
STM-16
STM-1
DXC
STM-1
ADM
ADM
STM-1,4
STM-1
ADM
ADM
2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
C
irc
ui
t
ADM
ADM
Internet
STM-4
LTMUX
140 Mbit/s
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
155 Mbit/s
ISDN
LTMUX
ATM
ATM
2 Mbit/s
GSM
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
32/
63
Security
Section
Security services
When a circuit goes down traffic can not stopped. Reliability is one of the strongest
characteristics of SDH networks. In order to assure that has been defined the following
strategies:
diversification
all the traffic between two sites are divided in several circuits. When one of them goes down
the rest of the circuits continue working on
restoration
when a circuit goes down an specialized multiplexer looks for an available circuit and switches the traffic to the alternate path
protection
alternate circuits have been assigned previously, when a circuit goes down the multiplexer
switched the traffic to the back up resource
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
34/
63
Diversification
route 1 (50% C1-C2)
C1
C2
D
route 2 (50% C1-C2)
The circuits, between two points, are established using different physical routes. A fault in a
transmission route interrupts just a part of the traffic.
In order to provide the same service level it is required to duplicate the number of circuits
But most of the times it is no admissible, or possible, to reserve an unused route for each of
the network circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
35/
63
Restoration
A
(5,2)
(4,2)
(7,0)
(6,0)
(4,5)
(3,4)
(7,7)
(5,2)
(11,3)
If an active circuit gets down then a protection protocol is executed in order to provide an
alternative route
The protection circuits share the same network elements and transmission media that are
used by the active circuits
Pay attention on that: the number of protection circuits is smaller than the active. Using a
relation equals to 1/2 for protection circuits could be enough
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
36/
63
Protection (i)
The mechanism is similar to the restoration technic, but there is an previous assignation of
circuits before the fault appears
with internal supervision (witch uses information about the own network for switching)
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
37/
63
MUX
1+1
MUX
high priority
service (S)
protection (P)
Trend Communications
MUX
MUX
low priority
1:1
1:N
MUX
MUX
SDH architecture
38/
63
A circuit in bakup
B circuit
protection ring
service ring
B circuit
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
A circuit
ADM
A circuit
B circuit
A circuit in bakup
Trend Communications
B circuit
SDH architecture
39/
63
service circuits
ADM
ADM
ADM
service circuits
Trend Communications
SDH architecture
40/
63
A circuit
service&protection rings
ADM
ADM
Trend Communications
ADM
ADM
AD
M
ADM
circuito A
circuito A
en back up
SDH architecture
41/
63
AUG
VC-n
C-n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
Mbit/s
140,
33 44 ,, 44 55
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
TU-n
+ TU
(( pp oo ii nn tt ee rr ))
VC-n
+LO POH
C-n
M
Mbbiitt//ss
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificati on bits
+ overhead bits
Section
STM-64
2,5 Gbit/s
STM-16
622 Mbit/s
STM-4
155 Mbit/s
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG16
x4
x1
AUG4
x1
x1
x4
x1 AUG
STM-1
x1
AU416c
VC416c
AU44c
VC44c
AU-4
VC-4
x1
C416c
x1
C-44c
x1
C-4
ATM:149760 kbit/s
E4: 139264kbit/s
C-3
ATM:48384kbit/s
T3:44736kbit/s
E3: 34368 kbit/s
x3
SI)
( AN
51 Mbit/s
x1
STM-0
x1
TUG-3
x3
AU-3
TU-3
VC-3
(ANSI)
VC-3
x7
(AN
SI)
x7
x1
TUG-2
TU-2
VC-2
C-2
ATM:6874kbit/s
T2: 6312kbit/s
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
ATM:2144kbit/s
E1:2048kbit/s
TU-11
VC-11
C-11
x3
Frame
Pointer processing
Aliingning
Multiplexing
POH addition
Tributary mapping
Trend Communications
SI)
(AN
x4
Container
Group
43/
63
S T M -1
A U G
V C -n
C -n
+ AU
+ HO POH
(pointer)
M b i t /s
140,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
TUG
T U -n
+ TU
(pointer)
V C -n
+L O P O H
C -n
Mbit/s
1.5, 2,
6, 8,
34, 45
+ stuffing bits
+ justificatio n bits
+ overhead bits
Trend Communications
44/
63
Containers
autonomous
master clock
synchronized
master clock
synchronism
PDH frames
SDH container
mapping
stuffing
justification
bit oriented
2Mbit/s
MUX
8Mbit/s
mapping
stuffing
justification
byte oriented
MUX
155Mbit/s
2Mbit/s
Multiplexers adjusts the capacity of containers with the provided info using byte stuffing
The multiplexing function is a synchronous operation because all the network multiplexers
must use the same clock.
Trend Communications
45/
63
270
12
12
12
12
12
1 C-4 row
column 11
column 270
= CSSSSSOO
= I I I I I IJ S
: stuffing byte
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
During the mapping operation the multiplexer receives the tributary which is placed into the
container, justification bytes are used to accomodate the clock differencies, and the stuffing to
fill the extra space up.
Trend Communications
46/
63
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
VC-4 Path
Overhead
(POH) is added
K3
9
N1
C4+POH=VC4
The Path Overhead (POH) is added and will travel together until the termination point
Trend Communications
47/
63
AU pointer association
1
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
AUG
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
The pointer occupies always a fixed position inside the STM-1 frame. The VC-4 does not
occupies a fixed position in the frame to adapt clock impairments
Trend Communications
48/
63
STM-1
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
STM-1
perfect synchronization
Trend Communications
49/
63
VC-4
VC-4
VC-4
155 km/h
STM-1
STM-1
STM-1
Containers allocated
between two frames
common synchronization
Trend Communications
50/
63
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
S T M -1
9 10
RSOH
10
270
VC-4
11
270
J1
Administrative
Unit Group
B3
C2
Multiplexer
Section
Overhead
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
F3
K3
POH
N1
In the carrier STM-1 frame are included the section overheads RSOH y MSOH to control
and manage the network elements
The VC4 is floating inside the STM-1, it may change it position an integer number of bytes
inside the space reserved in the STM-1 frame. In this way, clock fluctuations between the
STM-1 and the VC-4 are absorved
The AU pointer always points to the position where the VC4 starts and follows possible fluctuations
Trend Communications
51/
63
270
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
F2
H4
Z3
Z4
POH
Z5
Composition
Trend Communications
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
1 VC4
3 VC3
21 VC12 + 2 VC3
21
42 VC12 + 1 VC3
42
63 VC12
63
52/
63
x4
0123
4
5
6
7
x4
4567
x4
8
9
A
B
x4
89AB
C
D
E
F
x4
CDEF
direct multiplexing
Trend Communications
x16
0123456789ABCDEF
0123456789ABCDEF
Frame
Short Id.
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
53/
63
J0 A2 A2 A2 A1 A1 A1
A1 A1
A1 A2
A2 A2 J0
Trend Communications
54/
63
45Mbit/s
SDH
45 Mbit/s
Section
TU-3
VC-3
x3
34
+ TU
pointer
STM-1
+ SOH
AUG
+ AU
pointer
VC-n
C-3
+ LO POH
+ stuffing bits
+ justification bits
+ overhead bits
+ HO POH
Trend Communications
56/
63
25
1 1 1
25
Y I
1 1 1
Z I
25
I
Public Network
X = SSC I I I I I
Y = CCSSSSSS
I: Information bit
S: Stuffing bit
C: Justification control bit
J: Justification opportunity bit
O: Overhead bit
Z = CCSSOOSJ
C-3
3
45Mbit/s
86
C-3
VC-3
The public network can be a circuit for Interned, Frame Relay, ATM, leased....
is also used for 34 Mbit/s transport with other mapping in the C-3
Trend Communications
57/
63
2Mbit/s
VC-3
2
1
(85 columnas)
86
J1
C-3
B3
C2
G1
F2
VC-3
H4
F3
K3
9
N1
C -3
TU-3
58/
63
VC-3
T U -3
2
H1
H2
H3
86
J1
x1
B3
C2
G1
TU-3
F2
H4
F3
Pointer bytes
K3
9
N1
V C -3
Trend Communications
TUG-3
59/
63
TU-3
T U G -3
1
1
86
H1
H2
J1
H3
B3
x1
C2
TUG-3
G1
F2
R
H4
x3
F3
9
K3
N1
VC-4
Using only a TU-3 a TUG-3 is created adding the corresponding stuffing bits
Trend Communications
60/
63
11
1
12
13
270
14
TUG-3
J1
B3
x3
C2
G1
F2 R
byte interleaving
3 TUG-3
VC-4
H4
F3
K3
9
( 3 x 86 = 258 columns )
N1
AU-4
stuffing bytes
A new structure is used for group all the three TUG-3 together
Then the POH overhead and the stuffing bits are added until the frame is completed
Trend Communications
61/
63
STM-1
9 10
RSOH
10
VC-4
11
VC-4
270
270
J1
B3
C2
G1
MSOH
AU-4
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
POH
STM-1
A new pointer is added, the AU-4 pointer that points to the first byte of the VC-4
The AU4 is in a fixed position of the frame and thus it can be easily located
Trend Communications
62/
63
VC-4
9 10
STM-1
270
RSOH
AU-4
AUG
MSOH
STM-1
RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead
M S O H : Multiplexer Section Overhead
Trend Communications
63/
63