OffshoreOilandGas

ProductionSystems

OFFSHOREPRODUCTIONSYSTEMASCHEMATIC

DATA/SCADA

SBM

TANKER

POWER
UMBILICAL(DATA/WELLCONTROL)

LIFTGAS

WELLP/F'S

WELLFLUID

INJETCTIONWATER

INJ.WATER
W

WELLS

PROCESS
PLATFORMS

OILTOREFINERY
OIL
GAS

WELLFLUID
(OIL/GAS/WATER)

LIFTGAS
WELLS

WELLS/CONNECTEDWELLP/F

OILPRODUCERS

WELLTESTING

GASPRODUCERS

PRODNOPTIMIZATION

INJECTIONWELLS

WELLCONTROL

SEAWATERTREATMENTFORWATERINJECTION

WELLSERVICING

PRODUCEDWATERTREATEMENTMODULE

TELEMETRY/SCADA

SEPARATIONMODULEOIL/GAS/WATER
GASCOMPRESSIONANDDEHYDRATIONMODULE

POWERGENERATION
UTILITIESWATER/SUPPLIES
LIVINGQUARTERS
DRILLING/WELLSERVICINGRIGMODULE

ONSHORE
TERMINALS

GASTOCONSUMERS

THEMAJORELEMENTSOFOFFSHORE
PRODUCTIONSYSTEM

WELLS(SUBSEA/PLATFORMWELLS)

WELLPLATFORMS/WELLSERVICINGRIGS

FEEDERSUBSEAPIPELINES

PROCESSINGPLATFORMS

EXPORTPIPELINESFOROIL/GAS

TANKERSFOREVACUATIONOFOIL.

Weshalldiscussabout

PLATFORMS
WELLHEADPLATFORMS
WELLS
PROCESSINGSYSTEM
NEWTECHNOLOGIES

TYPESOFOFFSHOREPLATFORMS

WATERDEPTHANDTYPEOFPLATFORM

Oilplatforms
Anoilplatformoroilrigisalargestructureusedtohouse
workersandmachineryneededtodrilland/orextractoiland
naturalgasthroughwellsintheoceanbed.
Dependingonthecircumstances,theplatformmaybeattached
totheoceanfloor,consistofanartificialisland,orbefloating.
Generally,oilplatformsarelocatedonthecontinentalshelf,
thoughastechnologyimproves,drillingandproductionin
deeperwatersbecomesbothfeasibleandprofitable.
Atypicalplatformmayhavearoundthirtywellheadslocatedon
theplatformanddirectionaldrillingallowsreservoirstobe
accessedatbothdifferentdepthsandatremotepositionsupto
5miles(8kilometres)fromtheplatform.
Manyplatformsalsohaveremotewellheadsattachedby
umbilicalconnections,thesemaybesinglewellsoramanifold
centreformultiplewells.

FIXEDPLATFORMS
Theseplatformsarebuiltonconcreteand/orsteellegs
anchoreddirectlyontotheseabed,supportingadeck
withspacefordrillingrigs,productionfacilitiesand
crewquarters.
Suchplatformsare,byvirtueoftheirimmobility,
designedforverylongtermuse.
Varioustypesofstructureareused,steeljacket,
concretecaisson,floatingsteelandevenfloating
concrete.
Steeljacketsareverticalsectionsmadeoftubularsteel
members,andareusuallypiledintotheseabed.
Concretecaissonstructures,oftenhaveinbuiltoil
storageintanksbelowtheseasurfaceandthesetanks
wereoftenusedasaflotationcapability,allowingthem
tobebuiltclosetoshoreandthenfloatedtotheirfinal
positionwheretheyaresunktotheseabed.
Fixedplatformsareeconomicallyfeasiblefor
installationinwaterdepthsuptoabout1,700feet(520
m).

FixedPlatform

SemisubmersiblePlatform
Theseplatformshavelegsofsufficient
buoyancytocausethestructuretofloat,
butofweightsufficienttokeepthe
structureupright.
Semisubmersiblerigscanbemovedfrom
placetoplace;canbeballastedupordown
byalteringtheamountoffloodingin
buoyancytanks;
Theyaregenerallyanchoredbywithchain,
wireropeand/orpolyesterropeduring
drillingoperations,thoughtheycanalsobe
keptinplacebytheuseofdynamic
positioning.
Semisubmersiblescanbeusedinwater
depthsfrom200to10,000feet(60to
3,050m).

JackupPlatforms
Jackups,asthenamesuggests,areplatforms
thatcanbejackedupabovetheseausinglegs
whichcanbeloweredlikejacks.
Theseplatformsaretypicallyusedinwater
depthsupto400feet,althoughsomedesigns
cangoto550feetdepth.
Theyaredesignedtomovefromplaceto
place,andthenanchorthemselvesby
deployingthelegstotheoceanbottomusinga
rackandpiniongearsystemoneachleg.

CompliantTowers
Theseplatformsconsistofnarrow,
flexibletowersandapiledfoundation
supportingaconventionaldeckfor
drillingandproductionoperations.
Complianttowersaredesignedto
sustainsignificantlateraldeflections
andforces,andaretypicallyusedin
waterdepthsrangingfrom1,500and
3,000feet(450and900m).

Drillships
Adrillshipisamaritimevesselthathas
beenfittedwithdrillingapparatus.Itis
mostoftenusedforexploratorydrillingof
newoilorgaswellsindeepwaterbutcan
alsobeusedforscientificdrilling.Early
versionswerebuiltonamodifiedtanker
hull,butpurposebuiltdesignsareused
today.Mostdrillshipsareoutfittedwitha
dynamicpositioningsystemtomaintain
positionoverthewell.Theycandrillin
waterdepthsupto12,000feet(3,660m).

Floatingproductionsystems
FPSOsarelargeshipsequippedwith
processingfacilitiesandmooredtoalocation
foralongperiod.
Themaintypesoffloatingproductionsystems
are:
FPSO

(floatingproduction,storage,and
offloadingsystem),

FSO

(floatingstorageandoffloading
system),and

FSU

(floatingstorageunit).

Theseshipsdonotactuallydrillforoilorgas.

FPSOANDSUBSEAWELLS

Tensionlegplatform
TLPsconsistoffloatingrigstetheredtothe
seabedinamannerthateliminatesmostofthe
verticalmovementofthestructure.
TLPSareusedinwaterdepthsuptoabout6,000
feet(2,000m).The"conventional"TLPisa4
columndesignwhichlookssimilartoa
semisubmersible.
ProprietaryversionsincludetheSeastarand
MOSESminiTLPs;theyarerelativelylowcost,
usedinwaterdepthsbetween600and4,300
feet(200and1,300m).
MiniTLPscanalsobeusedasutility,satelliteor
earlyproductionplatformsforlargerdeepwater
discoveries.

SPARPlatforms
SparsaremooredtotheseabedliketheTLP,but
whereastheTLPhasverticaltensiontetherstheSpar
hasmoreconventionalmooringlines.
Sparshavebeendesignedinthreeconfigurations:
the"conventional"onepiececylindricalhull,the
"trussspar"wherethemidsectioniscomposedof
trusselementsconnectingtheupperbuoyanthull
(calledahardtank)withthebottomsofttank
containingpermanentballast,andthe"cellspar"
whichisbuiltfrommultipleverticalcylinders.
TheSparmaybemoreeconomicaltobuildforsmall
andmediumsizedrigsthantheTLP,andhasmore
inherentstabilitythanaTLPsinceithasalarge
counterweightatthebottomanddoesnotdepend
onthemooringtoholditupright.
Italsohastheability,byuseofchainjacksattached
tothemooringlines,tomovehorizontallyoverthe
oilfield.
Worldsdeepestspar:Eni'sDevil'sTowerislocated
in5,610feet(1,710m)ofwater,intheGulfof
Mexico;however,whenShell'sPerdidoSparis
installed,itwillbethedeepestat8,000feet(2,438
m

Maintenanceandsupply
Atypicaloilproductionplatformisselfsufficientinenergyandwaterneeds,
housingelectricalgeneration,waterdesalinatorsandallofthe equipment
necessarytoprocessoilandgassuchthatitcanbeeitherdelivereddirectly
onshorebypipelineortoaFloatingStorageUnitand/ortankerloadingfacility.
Elementsintheoil/gasproductionprocessincludewellhead,production
manifold,Productionseparator,glycolprocesstodrygas,gascompressors,
waterinjectionpumps,oil/gasexportmeteringandmainoilline pumps.

Allproductionfacilitiesaredesignedtohaveminimalenvironmentalimpact.

LargerplatformsareassistedbysmallerESVs(emergencysupport vessels)that
aresummonedwhensomethinghasgonewrong,e.g.whenasearchand
rescueoperationisrequired.

Duringnormaloperations,PSVs(platformsupplyvessels)keeptheplatforms
provisionedandsupplied,andAHTSvesselscanalsosupplythem, aswellas
towthemtolocationandserveasstandbyrescueandfirefightingvessels.

Crew
Thesizeandcompositionofthecrewofanoffshore
installationwillvarygreatlyfromplatformtoplatform.
Becauseofthecostintensivenatureofoperatinganoffshore
platform,itisimportanttomaximiseproductivitybyensuring
workcontinues24hoursaday.
Thismeansthatthereareessentiallytwocompletecrewson
boardatatime,onefordayshiftandtheotherfornightshift.
Crewswillalsochangeoutatregularintervals,nominallytwo
weeks.

Essentialpersonnel

Notallofthesepersonnelarepresentoneveryplatform,onsmallerplatformsworkerswillberesponsible
forseveralareas.Thenamesshownarenotindustrywide.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

OIM(offshoreinstallationmanager)istheultimateauthorityduringhis/hershiftandmakesthe
essentialdecisionsregardingtheoperationoftheplatform.
OperationsTeamLeader(OTL)
OffshoreOperationsEngineer(OOE)istheseniortechnicalauthorityontheplatform
PSTLorOperationscoordinatorformanagingcrewchanges
DynamicPositioningOperator,navigation,shiporvesselmaneuvering(MODU),stationkeeping,
fireandgassystemsoperationsintheeventofincident
2ndMate Meetsmanningrequirementsofflagstate,operatesFastRescuecraft,cargoops,fire
teamleader.
3rdMate Meetsmanningrequirementsofflagstate,operatesFastRescuecraft,cargoops,fire
teamleader
BallastControlOperator_alsofireandgassystemsoperator
Craneoperatorstooperatethecranesforliftingcargoaroundtheplatformandbetweenboats.
Scaffolderstorigupscaffoldingforwhenitisrequiredforworkerstoworkatheight.
Coxwainsformaintainingthelifeboatsandmanningthemifnecessary.
Controlroomoperators EspeciallyFPSOorProductionplatforms.
Cateringcrewwillincludepeopletaskedwithperformingessentialfunctionssuchascooking,
laundryandcleaningtheaccommodation.
Productiontechsforrunningtheproductionplant
HelicopterPilot(s)liveonsomeplatformsthathaveahelicopterbasedoffshore.Thehelicopter
flightcrewtransportsworkerstootherplatformsortoshoreon crewchanges.
maintenancetechnicians(instrument,electrical,mechanical)

Essentialpersonnel ONGCSystem
MANAGERS:

OFFSHOREINATALLATIONMANAGER
PROCESSMANAGER
MAINTENANCEMANAGER
WELLPLATFORMMANAGER
HSEMANAGER

TEAMS

Processcontrolroomoperators
Mechanical/Electrical/Instrumentationteam
StaticEquipmentmaintenanceteam
Wellheadteams
Pipelinemaintenanceteam
SkilledandUnskilledtechnicians

Incidentalpersonnel
*
Drillcrewwillbeonboardiftheinstallationisperforming
operations.Adrillcrewwillnormallycomprise:

drilling

oToolpusher
oRoughnecks
oRoustabouts
oCompanyman
oMudengineer
oDerrickhand
oGeologist
*
Wellservicescrewwillbeonboardforwellwork.Thecrewwill
normallycomprise:
oWellservicessupervisor
oWirelineorcoiledtubingoperators
oPumpoperator

Risks
Thenatureoftheiroperation extractionofvolatilesubstances
sometimesunderextremepressureinahostileenvironment has
riskandaccidentsandtragediesoccasionallyoccur.InJuly1988,
167peoplediedwhenOccidentalPetroleum'sPiperAlphaoffshore
productionplatform,onthePiperfieldintheNorthSea,exploded
afteragasleak.Theaccidentgreatlyacceleratedthepracticeof
providinglivingaccommodationsonseparaterigs,awayfromthose
usedforextraction.
However,thiswas,initself,ahazardousenvironment.InMarch
1980,the'flotel'(floatinghotel)platformAlexanderKielland
capsizedinastormintheNorthSeawiththelossof123lives.
Giventhenumberofgrievancesandconspiracytheoriesthat
involvetheoilbusiness,andtheimportanceofgas/oilplatformsto
theeconomy,platformsarebelievedtobepotentialterrorist
targets.Agenciesandmilitaryunitsresponsibleformaritime
Securityoftentrainforplatformraids.

Ecologicaleffects

InBritishwaters,thecostofremovingallplatformrigstructuresentirelywasestimatedin
1995at$345billion,andthecostofremovingallstructuresincludingpipelines asocalled
"cleansea"approach at$621billion.

Furthereffectsaretheleachingofheavymetalsthataccumulate inbuoyancytanksinto
water;andrisksassociatedwiththeirdisposal.

Therehasbeenconcernexpressedatthepracticeofpartiallydemolishingoffshorerigsto
thepointthatshipscantraverseacrosstheirsite;therehavebeeninstancesoffishery
vesselssnaggingnetsontheremainingstructures.

ProposalsforthedisposalatseaoftheBrentSpar,a449fttallstoragebuoy,wasforatime
in1996anenvironmentalcauseclbreintheUKafterGreenpeaceoccupiedthefloating
structure.Theeventledtoareconsiderationofdisposalpolicy intheUKandEurope.

IntheUnitedStates,MarineBiologistMiltonLovehasproposedthatoilplatformsoffthe
Californiacoastberetainedasartificialreefs,insteadofbeingdismantled(atgreatcost),
becausehehasfoundthemtobehavensformanyofthespeciesoffishwhichareotherwise
decliningintheregion,inthecourseof11yearsofresearch.Loveisfundedmainlyby
governmentagencies,butalsoinsmallpartbytheCaliforniaArtificialReefEnhancement
Program.
IntheGulfofMexico,morethan200platformshavebeensimilarlyconverted.

Un-manned Platforms

Normallyunmannedinstallations.
Theseinstallations(called
WellheadPlatforms),are
smallplatforms,consistingof
littlemorethanawellbay,
helipadandemergency
shelter.
Theyaredesignedtooperate
remotelyundernormal
operations,onlytobevisited
occasionallyforroutine
maintenanceorwellwork.

WELLHEADPLATFORMS
Generally4leggedunmannedplatforms
Consistsof4decks,spiderdeck,cellardeck,maindeckandhelideck
PersonnelvisittheplatformforWelltestingandothermaintenance
activities.
Mayhave3to32wells(ProducersandInjectors),oneverticalwelland
othersdirectionalandreachingoutindifferentdirectionupto 6km
fromtheplatform.
WellsaredrillednormallybyJackupRigsthatdockwiththeplatform.
Wellservicing(workover)isdoneeitherbyJackuprigsorbyModular
Rigsthatareassembledovertheplatform.

JACKUPRIGDOCKEDONWELLPLATFORMFOR
DRILLING/WELLSERVICING

SOLARPANELSPOWERTHEWELLPLATFORMS

FacilitiesinWellPlatforms

Wells
ProductionManifoldtoreceivewellfluidfromallthewells
LiftgasManifoldforfeedingliftgastowellalongwithInjectiongas
regulation/Controlandmeasurementsystem.
WImanifoldforfeedinginjectionwatertoWIwellsalongwithmeteringsystem.
TestmanifoldandTestseparatorandassociatedmeasurementsystemforOil,Gas
andWater.
WellcontrolPanel(SDP)
Instrumentgassystem
RTUandSCADA
Batterypack,Solarpowerpanel.
SubsealinescarrywellfluidfromtheplatformtotheProcessplatform
Also,LiftgasandInjectionwaterisbroughtinbysubsealines fromProcess
Platform.
EmergencyGenset.
FirewaterpumpsandFirefightingsystem.
HCGasdetectors
ESD/FSDsystem
Crane.

SDP

Pneumatic control panels are designed to monitor crucial wellhead safety parameters.
Theyprovidesequentialstartupandsafeshutdownofproduction wells.
Inremoteunmannedwellheadplatformsproducedgasisusedasthemediuminsidethe
control panel. Easy availability of pneumatic power source makes pneumatic controls a
desirablechoice.
Thepneumaticshutdownpanelisdesignedasacentralprotection unitforoverallprotection
oftheinstallation.Threelevelsofprotectionforpersonnel,productionwellsandsurface
facilitiesareenvisaged.Thusapanelconsistsof;
a)Fireandgasleakageprotectionsystem: Anygasleakageisautomaticallydetectedand
appropriate shutdown action initiated to prevent formation of combustible mixture. All
sources of ignition are also shutdown. Any eruption of fire is detected and appropriate
shutdownandsuppressionactioninitiated.
b)SurfaceFacilityProtection:Asafetyanalysisorhazardousoperability(HAZOP)analysisof
surfacefacilitiesincludingrotaryandprocessequipmentsiscarriedout.Allpossiblehazards,
interrelationbetweenvariousparametersare identified and listed.Thefunctionalchartthus
evolvedistheSAFE(SafetyAnalysisandFunctionEvaluation)chart.TheSAFEchartformsthe
basisfordesignofpanelinsurfacesafetyprotection.
c)Wellcontrol&Protection: Amajorfunctionofthewellheadshutdownpanelistocontrol
thewellthroughthesurfaceandsubsurfacesafetyvalves.Theinterrelationsbetweenvarious
valvesarewelldefinedandtheirsequentialoperationestablished.

WELLCONTROLSCHEMATIC
FSD FIRESHUTDOWN FUSIBLE
PLUGLOOP

WELL XMAS
TREE

SSV SUFRACE
SAFETYVALVE
PNEUMATICPRESSURETOSSV

HC
DETECTORS

PNEUMATICSUPPLY
GISHUTDOWN
VALVE

PRESSURESWITCH
HIGHLOW

ESD
HYDRAULICPRESSURETOSSSV

WELL CONTROL
SDP
WELLFLOW

REMOTE
CONTROL

RTU(REMOTETELEMETRY
UNIT)

PNEUMATICSUPPLY

LIFTGAS

SURFACECONTROLLEDSUBSURFACE
SAFETYVALVE 150 MFROMP/FDECK

RADIO
SIGNAL

WELLCONTROL
WellsclosebySSV(SurfaceSafetyValve)andSSSV
(SubsurfaceSafetyValve)whenabnormal
conditionsexists.
AbnormalconditionsmaybeHigherPressuresinthe
flowlines,Fire.
WellscanalsobeclosedremotelyfromProcess
platforms/ShorethroughSCADAwiththehelpof
RTU.

SMARTWELLHEADPLATFORMS
ProvidesWellheadrealtimedata.
ProvideRealtimeMonitoringandControlofUnmanned
Platformsandwells.
ProvidesminimumHumanInterventionindaytodayoperations
ProvideStabilisedproductionandTransportationsprocessalong
withOptimisations
ProviderealtimedataConsolidation,Recordingandstoragefor
theanalysisforfutureevaluations.
Reducethedelayindecisionmakingviaonlinemeasurementsof
criticalparameterssuchasWatercut,GasRatesetc.

MajorElementsofSMARTplatform
Instrumentationonwellhead.
AutomatedWelltestingusingRemotelyOperatedMultiSelector
Valveinwellplatform.
AutomationsystemtoMonitorandOptimiseProduction.
RemoteLiftGasoptimization.
Integrationofdifferentautomationsystemtoensuredata
consolidationatcentralfacilities.
WANCommunication:Radio,V satatoffshorewellheadplatform.

WELLS
Producers
Selfflow,GasliftedandESP.
Injectors
Subseawells:
DryTree,WetTreewells.
Directionalwells
Horizontalwells
ERDWells
Multilateralwells
Intelligentwells

GasLiftedwells

SELFFLOWINGANDGASLIFTEDWELLS

ELECTRICALSUBMERISBLEPUMPS(ESP)WELLS

VERTICAL WELL
30

DEPTH

20

13 3/8

GAS
1350

LI

OIL &
GAS

LII

2050 PSI

9 5/8

SI
LIII

1800 psi

OIL
PRESSURE

7 LINER

DIRECTIONALWELL
30/26
20

13 3/8
LI
LII

9 5/8

SI

7
LIII

OIL

HORIZONTAL
WELLS

PRODUCING ZONE

Drain hole

MULTI-LATERAL WELL
MULTILATERALWELL

FISHBONEMULTILATERALWELL

Manyribsbranchoffthemainwellbore.Thepathofoiltothewellisshorter
througharibthanthroughtherock,bothinhomogeneous sandsandevenmorein
heterogeneoussandswithbarriersandbaffles.Ribscanbeadded toanylateral.

WELLMONITORINGANDCONTROL
RTU/SCADA

SCADA FORWELLMONITORING,CONTROLAND
PRODUCTIONOPTIMIZATION

SUPERVISORYCONTROLANDDATAACQUISITION
GathernecessaryDATAfromaREMOTELYLOCATED
Oil/GaswellandWellPlatformwiththehelpofField
Transmitters&RTUandsendittotheDATA
GATHERING&ANALYSISpoint.

SCADA OVERVIEW
RADIOLINK

LIFTGAS
DATAGATHERINGAND

INTERPRETATION
INJECTIONWATER

WELLFLUID
WELLPLATFORM

PROCESSPLATFORM

SCADAMETHODOLOGY
WELLHEAD
PRESSURE&
TEMP

SSV
OPEN/CLOSE
STATUS

OIL,GAS
WATER
FLOWRATES

SSV

GAS/OIL

TOGROUPHEADER
GIACV

GASINJ.
PRESSURE

LIFTGASFROM
PROCESS
PLATFORM

SSSV
OPEN/CLOSE
STATUS

PRODUCTION
TUBING

GLV
ANNULUS

BHP
RESERVOIR

LIFT
GAS
RATE

PARAMETERSAVAILABLEFOR
MEASUREMENTINANOILWELL
ONGASLIFT

SCADA ASCHEMATIC
ANALOGSIGNALSIN
RANGEOF15V(420mA)

MONITORINGPRESSURE,TEMPetcATSANDFACE,
WELLHEADORELSEWHEREWITHTHEHELPOFSENSORS

RTUINSTALLEDONWELLPLATFORM
(ANALOGTODIGITALCONVERSION)
RADIOLINK

INTERFACINGSOFTWARE

INTERPRETATIONOFSTOREDDATA

DATAGATHERINGSTATION
(USUALLYAPROCESSPLATFORM)

DECISIONMAKINGPROCESS

MAJORBENEFITSOFSCADA

24hrsonlinemonitoringofwellstatusandflow,liftparametersfrom
ProcessComplexaswellasfromonshorecontrolcentre.

HistoricalDataandtrendinghelpsinTroubleshooting.

Abilitytoclosewellsremotelyduringemergency.

BetterProductionoptimizationofindividualwells

InstantalertsincaseofWellclosures,ESD,FSDandcontrolpanelfailure

OptimumutilizationofManpowerforattendingtowellproblems

Reductioninnumberofphysicalvisitstowellplatformsresultingin
optimizationofHelicoptersorties.

Toobserveslugginginpipelines.

Liftgasallocationforeachwell.

MONITORINGOFWELLPLATFORMUSINGSCADA THISISACCESSIBLEFROMANY
DESKTOPCOMPUTERINONGCLANNETWORK.

MIMICDISPLAY

MONITORINGOFWELLPLATFORMUSINGSCADA

STATUSDISPLAY

MONITORINGDIFFERENTALARMSWITHTHEHELPOFSCADA

SCADAHELPSINLIFTGASALLOCATION/PRODUCTIONALLOCATION

TRENDINGOFGIPRESSURE,MLGIP,TEMPERATURE,LIFTGASRATEHELPS INKEEPING
WELLSFLOWINGATITSOPTIMUM24x7

WELLAUTOMATION

DESIGNFORAUTOMATEDCONTROLSYSTEMFORGLOPTIMIZATION

FLOWSENSORS

FTHP

OWG
PROD.CHOKE

WHT

GAS/OIL

REMOTELYCONTROLLEDGIACV

CONTROLSIGNAL
FORACVTO
ADJUSTTHELIFT
GASFLOW

LIFTGASFROMPROCESS
PLATFORM

PRODUCTIONTUBING

GIP
LIFTGAS
FLOW

GLV

ANNULUS

BHP
BHT
RESERVOIR

AUTOMATED
FEEDBACK
CONTROLERTO
MAINTAINTHEFIXED
LIFTGASRATE

GASFLOW
REQUIREDFOR
OPTIMUM
PRODUCTION

ALGORITHMFORGAS
LIFTOPTIMIZATION
(BASEDONGASIN
OILOUTCURVE)

OnlineMonitoringandRemotecontrolofInjectionGas
SP
FLOW COMPUTER
With Flow control card

RTU

TT
I/P
RTU

GI HEADER

FCV

PT

FT

TE

Gas injection to
well

VB
FE

CVA

FC is accessed via SCADA from the process complex and

Injection gas Rate is monitored and adjusted, if required,
remotely.

REMOTEOPTIMIZATIONOFWELLUSING
FCMPFMSET
SP
FLOW COMPUTER
With Flow control card

RTU

TT
I/P

RTU

FCV

GI HEADER

PT

FT

TE

MPFM
VB
FE

CVA

Gas injection to
well

WELL
To header

Injection gas is remotely monitored, controlled via RTU-FC-FCV through SCADA

One well is diverted via MPFM and Production rates available through SCADA at
Process PF.

Well can be tested and Optimized REMOTELY for different Injection gas rates by
changing the set point in FC-I/P-FCV Loops via SCADA.

SMARTonline24x7monitoringandOptimizationofeachwellUsing
GasFlowComputer CompactGLCCSeparator CoriolisMassflowMeter Set.
GLCC(GasLiquidCylindrical
Cyclonic)Separator

RTU
(Flow
computer)

InjectionGas
controlled
Remotelythrough
SCADAbyFCFCV

CoriolisMass
FlowMeter

WELL
RTU
ToHeader
(

JackupRigdockedinaWellheadplatform

PROCESSINGINOFFSHORE
PROCESSPLATFORMS

GASCOMPRESSION&
DEHYDRATION

SEAWATERTREATMENT
ANDINJECTION

LIVINGQUARTERS
SEPARATIONANDCRUDE
PUMPING

BRIDGECONNECTED
WELLPLATFORM

PROCESSES
3PhasewellfluidisreceivedfromWells/WellPlatformsandprocessedat
LargeProcessPlatformsgenerallyconsistingofthefollowingfourMajor
ProcessingModules

Separation(Oil,GasandProducedwater)&Oildispatch
GasCompression&dehydration
ProducedWaterConditioning
Seawaterprocessing&injectionsystem

Theseprocesscomplexeswillalsohavethefollowing:

Firedetection&Suppressionsystem

PowerGeneration

Wellservices/drillingModules

WaterMaker/Utilities/SewageTreatment

LivingQuarters

SEPARATION

SEPARATION

Oil,GasandWaterisseparatedfromtheWellfluid.
WellFluidfromvariousWells/WellPlatforms/SubseaManifoldreachestheprocess
complexviasubseapipelinesandrisersandisfurtherprocessed inmorethanone
train.

EachTrainwillnormallyconsistofaProductionManifold,Well fluidheater,Inlet
Separator,CrudeoilManifold,Crudeoilheater,SurgeTanksand MOLPumps.

WellFluidisreceivedintheProductionManifold.DemulsifierChemicalisdozedin
ProductionmanifoldtopromotebreakingupofWaterOilemulsion

ThenitisheatedinwellfluidheaterwithHotoilFlowinginShellSideandwellfluid
intubeside.ThisheatingenablesbetterseparationofoilandwaterinInlet
Separator.

TheWellFluidfromWellfluidheaterreachesInletSeparator.

InletSeparator FirstStageSeparation

InletSeparatorisavesselinwhich3phaseseparationofwellfluidintoOil,Gasand
Wateroccurs.

Separationisbygravitymainlyassistedbychemicalandheat.Residencetimeinthe
vesselisanimportantcriteriaforbetterseparation.

SeparatedGasisroutedtoGascompressionanddehydrationModule.

CompressedgasissenttotheLiftgasnetworkforliftingtheproducersandexcess
gasisexportedviapipelinestoshore.
Separatedoilflowstotheoilmanifold.

SeparatedwaterflowstoProducedwaterconditioningunit.

Fromoilmanifoldcrudeoilflowstocrudeoilheaterinwhichcrudeoilisheatedwith
hotoil.Thisenhancestheseparationofoil&waterinSurgeTanks(secondstage
separation).

Demulsifierchemicaldozedinoilmanifoldfurtherpromotesthebreakingofwater
Oilemulsion.

PFD OIL,GAS,WATERSEPARATION

SurgeTank SecondStageSeparation

Surge tank is maintained at a lower pressure to stabilize crude i.e. to

removemaximumofassociatedgasfromthecrudeoil.

OilfromsurgetankscanbeeitherpumpeddirectlywithMOLpumpsor
canbedivertedtothirdstageseparators(Surgetank3).

Separated crude oil is pumped with CTP / MOL pumps to export trunk
lines.

SeparatedGasisdivertedtoGascompressionmoduleafterboostingthe
pressureLPboostercompressor.

SeparatedWaterisdivertedtoProducedwaterconditioningUnit.

WELL
PLATFORMS

ZA

IU

Gas For Sales

HP Flare

FROM / TO BHS

LP Flare
HP Booster Compressors

WB

C-1470A

C-1470B

LP Flare

FROM / TO BHS

A PB
R

From ICG

P=8 KSC

E-1150

IA

WF
Heater

Separator TR A

B
O
I
L

P=4 KSC
E-1280

A
II stage

II stage

C-1500A
I stage

C-1500B
I stage

V-1300

Crude oil
Heater

LCV-1304B

TO
RESTART
PUMP

LP Flare

M
HP Condensate

N
Hot oil supply

E-1160

WF
Heater

V-1220

LP Flare

A
N
I

Hot oil supply

E-1290

O
L

Stabilization tank

U
T
I
O

P=4 KSC
V-1310

Surge tank TR B

Crude oil
Heater

I
LCV-1314B

TO
RESTART
PUMP

F
O
L

From ICD

IQ

HP Flare

ST

HP Flare
P=8 KSC
Separator TR B

N
SR

P=2.25 KSC
V-1380

Skimmer Oil

SM

U
M

SG

B
P

Surge tank TR A

ID

IC

V-1210

IB

HP Flare

Hot oil supply

Hot oil supply

LP Booster Compressors

IS

SD

SEPARATIONOF
Oil Processing
OIL/GAS/WATER

TO
SUMP

To Produced Water
Flesh Vessel

WASTEHEAT
RECOVERY
HotOilSystem

XSDV

B
Y
P
A
S

Heat
Exchanger
E2810

T=250C

T=400C

NITROGEN

PCV

PSV
PCV

BLANKETING

Hotoil
ExpansionTank

D
U
C
T

catchpot

HIC
281
1

TIC
2814
F
I
L
T
E
R

TGExhaust

SupplyHdr.

F
I
L
T
E
R

PIC
PCV
2853

ReturnHdr.

TIC
FCV
2850

FIC
TCV2881

TrimCooler
E2880

P
P

TO

TOONSHORE
HEERA

Crude Oil Export

TR A

Pump Suction Manifold

TR B

TR A RECYCLE

CTP-1320

CTP-1330

CTP-1340

MOL-1350

MOL-1360

FROM/TO

LCV-1304

BHS

MOL-1370

LCV-1384

T/M-1

T/M-2
LCV-1314

TR A
Discharge Manifold

TR B
TR B RECYCLE TO SURGE
TANKS

CRUDEEVACUATIONBYSBMANDTANKER

GASCOMPRESSION,DEHYDRATION
ANDEXPORT

GasCompression.

GasfromSeparators,SurgeTanksandexportgasesifanyfromotherprocess
platformsarecompressedtoabout90100kg/cm2pressureasperthefield
gasliftrequirement.

Normally Gas turbine driven Centrifugal compressors (PGCs Process

GasCompressors)areused.

Gases compressed in PGCs is dehydrated to prevent formation of GAS

HYDRATES.Gashydratesareformedatlowtemperatureswhenmoistureis
present in Hydrocarbon gases. These gas hydrates are ice like substance
whichpreventthesmoothfloworblocktheflowofgasesingas flowlines.

GasHydratescanbeformedinAdjustableChokeValves,PCVs&GLVsinGI
Lines where Throttling of gases give rise to low temperatures.(Joule
Thomsoneffect).ThiscanaffectproductionphenomenallyfromGas liftwells.

GASCOLLECTIONANDCOMPRESSION
Dehydration Manifold

Cooler

Inlet
Manifold

1st Stage
K.O.D

Cooler

Cooler

2nd Stage
K.O.D

3rd Stage
K.O.D
Discharge
K.O.D

FuelGas

GG
M

Cond Hdr

P/T

LP

INT

HP

GasDehydration

Compressed Gas is dehydrated in a Glycol contactor with Tri Ethylene

Glycol(TEG)asanabsorbentformoisturefromcompressedgas.

Glycolcontactorisbubblecaptraycolumnwithmanybubblecaptrays.TEG
flowscountercurrentwithcompressedgasfromthetopofthecolumn.

TEG coming in contact with compressed gas in the bubble cap trays
selectivelyabsorbsthemoisturefromthegasanddehydratesit.

The dehydrated gas is sent to feed gas lift wells in priority basis and
remainingtoexportgasline.

The TEG rich in moisture is sent for reconcentration , converted to Lean

glycolandrecycledbacktocontactorfordehydration.

GasDehydration

Compressor

LiftGas

OutletMnaifold

NetGas

LeanGlycol/
GasExchanger

Coalescer
Separator
Glycol
Tank

Lean/RichGlycol
Exchangers
Glycol

FlashDrum

Contactor

Still

F
F

Glycol
Scrubber

Reboiler

GlycolStorage

HotOil
Supply
CirculationPumps

BoosterPumps

CondensateHdr
ClosedDrainHdr

GASDEHYDRATION GASGLYCOLEXCHANGER

REGENERATIONOFGLYCOL

PRODUCED
WATER
TREATMENT

ProducedWaterConditioning
ThewaterproducedalongwithOilandGasfromthewellsistobetreatedtowithin
acceptablelevelsofqualityintermsofoilppmbeforeitisdischargedintothesea.
ProducedWaterConditioningunitnormallyconsistsofFlashVessel,CPISeparators,
IGF(inducedGasfloatationUnit)andSumpcaisson.

FlashVessel
ReceiveswaterfromBothInletSeparatorsandSurgetanks.Itismaintainedat0.8kg

pressure. In flash Vessel

mostofthedissolvedgasesintheproducedwaterflashesout whichisroutedtoLPflare header.AssociatedOil
fromtheproducedwaterintheflash vesselisroutedtocloseddrainheaderandiscollectedinthesumpcaisson.

CPIseparators
WaterfromtheflashvesselflowstomanyCPIseparators(corrugatedplateinterceptor)inparallel.OilfromCPI
Separatoriscollectedinatankfromwhichitispumpedtooilmanifold.GasgoestoLPFlareheader.

IGFunit
Water from CPI Separator Flows to IGFunit. IGF is a tank in which gas bubbles are aerated with motor driven
agitators.Thisbubblesfloattheoildropletstosurface.ThiscollectedoilispumpedtoCPIseparators.

SumpCaisson
Water from IGF is routed to Sump Caisson which is a vessel with bottom end open through which water
continuouslydrainsintothesea.Oilfloatinginthesurfaceof thesumpcaissoniscollectedintheblowcaisson
andliftedupandflownintotheskimmerwithgasinjection.

PFD PRODUCEDWATER
CONDITIONING

ProducedWaterConditioning
LPFlare
Produced
Water

Flash
Vessel
IGF

CPISeparator

Sump
Caisson
Tank

SurgeTank

ClosedDrain

Skimmer
LPFlare
FeedGas
ClosedDrain

HotOil
Supply

Skimmer
Blow
Caisson

Sump
Caisson

OpenDrain
SurgeTank

WATERINJECTION

WaterInjection
WaterInjectionisdonetomaintainReservoirpressureaswellasWaterflooding.
TopreventdamagetotheReservoirthequalityofwaterinjectedisstrictlycomplied
with.Also,thehealthofthepipelinescarryingtheinjectionwatertothewellsandwell
platformsistakencareofbydozingchemicalstopreventcorrosionandgenerationof
H2SbySRBcolonies.

TheMajorcomponentsofWaterInjectionsystemsare:
SEAWATERLIFTPUMPS
COARSEFILTERS
FINEFILTERS
DEOXYGENATIONTOWERS
BOOSTERSPUMPS
MAININJECTIONPUMPS
CHEMICALDOSINGSYSTEM
CHEMICALDOZINGSYSTEM
FLOCCULANT
SCALEINHIBITOR
CORROSIONINHIBITIOR
CHLORINATION
BACTERICIDE
OXYGENSCAVENGER

SEAWATERTREATMENT
FORWATERINJECTION

SEAWATERLIFTINGANDFILTERING

WaterfromseaisLiftedwithseawaterliftpumpsandfed
to CoarseFiltersandfinefiltersforfiltering.

Coarsefilterstheparticlesarefilteredto20microns
Finefilterstheparticlesarefilteredupto2microns.
Poly electrolyte and coagulants are added in sea water lift
pump discharge to promote coagulation of suspended
particles.

SEAWATERLIFTING FILTERATION
TOFFIC
FIC

FIC

FIC

FIC

FIC

FINEFILTERS

FLOWRATE/FILTER:425.M3/HR
INLETTEMP:21310C
INLETPR:7KG/CM2

F1170

F1180

F1190

F1200

F1210

F1220

FILTERSUPTO
2MICRONS

BEDLEVELDRAIN

BACKWASHIN

BACKWASHOUT

BACKWASHIN

BEDLEVELDRAIN

BACKWASHOUT

BEDLEVELDRAIN

BACKWASHIN

BACKWASHOUT

BACKWASHIN

BEDLEVELDRAIN

BACKWASHOUT

BACKWASHIN

BEDLEVELDRAIN

BACKWASHOUT

BACKWASHIN

BACKWASHOUT

COAGULANT

BEDLEVELDRAIN

POLYELECTROLYTE

BACKWASHRATE
MIN::225M3/HR
MAX:450M3/HR

TOVACCUMPUMPS
FT

DEFOAMER

TODEOXYGENATION
TOUTILITYWATERHEADER

F1110

CHLORINATORS
FROMUTILITYWATERHEADER

CH1060

CHPRODUCTION
MIN:7.0KG/HR
NORMAL:7.0KG/HR
MAX:8.34KG/HR

CH1070

AIRFILTERS

F1120

F1130

FILTERSUPTO
20MICRONS

COARSEFILTERS

OVER BOARD
CAPACITY:1200M3/HR
NO.OFSATGES:2
MIN.FLOW:218M3/HR

DISCH.PR:7.1KG/CM2
MOTORPOWER:460KW
SPEED:1500RPM

M
BLOWERS

P1010

P1020
SEAWATERLIFTPUMPS

P1030

DEOXYGYNATIONANDPUMPING

The filtered water flows to Deoxygenating towers for removal of

oxygen.

Deoxygenationpreventsformationofaerobicbacterialcolonies(sulfur
reducing bacteria) in the WI flow lines. Vacuum pumps and Oxygen
scavengerchemicaldozedfacilitatesoxygenremovalinthetowers.

Booster Pumps take suction from Deoxygenation Towers and feed

MainInjectionPumps.

Scale inhibitors, Bactericide and corrosion inhibitor chemicals are

dozedinthedischargeofboosterpumps.

MIPsdischargethetreatedwatertoWaterInjectionsubseapipelines
towellsandwellplatformsforinjectingintowaterinjectionWells.

DEOXYGENATIONTOWERTRA

DEOXYGYNATIONANDINJECTION

AIRFILTERS

FIC

VACCUMPUMPS
EJECTOR
M1320

CAPACITY:1129.5M3/HR
NORMAL:982.25M3/HR

AIRRATING:28.2KG/HR P1350

CAPACITY:851M3/HR

DEOXYGENTION
SEPARATOR

OXYGENCONTENTOF
TREATEDWATER:0.02MG/LIT

P1360

OXYGENSCAVENGER
FFIC

M
LIC

BACTERIOCIDEI

DEOXYGENATIONTOWERTRB

BACTERIOCIDEII

SCALEINHIBITORII

OVERBOARD

CORROSIONINHIBITOR

OVERBOARD

SCALEINHIBITORI

SEALWATER

XSPL

AIRFILTERS

FIC

CAPACITY:415M3/HR
MOTORPOWER:2250KW
3/HR
MINIMUMFLOW:103M
SPEED:2985RPM
P:134.7KG/CM2

CAPACITY:851M3/HR
DEOXYGENTION
SEPARATOR

EJECTOR
M1420

M
P1510

P1450

MOTORPOWER:322KW
3/HR
SPEED:1480RPM
MINIMUMFLOW:212M
P:10KG/CM2

PIC

MAININJECTIONPUMPS

P1610

HCV

PCV

P1620
OVERBOARD

SEALWATER

BACTERIOCIDEII

VACCUMPUMPS
LIC

CORROSIONINHIBITOR

SCALEINHIBITORI

M
P1520

OXYGENSCAVENGER

BACTERIOCIDEI

P1460

SCALEINHIBITORII

L1680

L1660

BOOSTERPUMPS

P1630

HCV

OVERBOARD
P1640
PCV

PIC

P1530
OVERBOARD

OVERBOARD
P1650
XSPL

SE WI11 SP

FireDetection&SuppressionSystem
DetectionSystem

SuppressionSystem

GasDetection
FusiblePlug
FireDetection
SmokeDetection
HeatDetection

FIREWATERPUMPS
WaterSprinkler
DryChemical
FM200
CO2 Extinguisher
AFFFSYSTEM

Escape / Abandon

Escape Ladder
Scramble Net
Life Ring
Life Raft
Life Boat
Jumping Rope

91

UTILITIES

POWERGENEARTION GASTURBINEDRIVENGEBERATORS
WATERMAKERS ROWATERMAKERS
LIVING QUARTERS AND ASSOCIATED REQUIREMNETS LIKE
LAUNDRY,GALLEY

EMERGENCYDIESELGENERATORS
COMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS

SEWAGETREATMENT

NEWTECHNOLOGIES
Intelligentwells
DIGITALOILFIELD
MULTIPHASEPUMPING
SUBSEASEPARATIONANDREINJECTION
GASTOWIRE

Intelligent Wells
Wells Equipped at Completion with Downhole Controls
and Sensors

Proactive
Remediation of
Fluid Inflow
z

Pilot well

Remote controlled
Downhole zonal
control valves
Implement
reservoir
decisions without
intervention

Optical Pressure Gauge

Optical Distributed Temperature Gauge.

Data is transmitted up the wellbore via fibre

optics.

Horizontal
producer

Gas Injector

Continuous data from wells

Pressure
Performance

Inflow
Distribution

Downhole
Seismic

Reservoir
Saturation

Flowing
Phase

DIGITAL OILFIELD
Data Store

HIVE
Real-time Data
Transmission

Facilities
4D/4C - Permanent
seismic

Ahighresolubledataisobtainablebya4Cseismic
surveyusing4componentsOBC(marineearthquake
cable)withahydrophoneand3geophonecomponents.

Reservoir
Management

Integration for
Decisions
Control,
Optimisation &
Intervention

Decision
Driven
Facilities
Analysis
model
Business
model
Reservoir
model
Market
Drivers &
intelligence

Export/Transport

Well Construction
Intelligent Wells

e-business

MULTI PHASE PUMPING

Multiphase production systems require the transportation of a mixture of oil, water and
gas, often for many miles from the producing well to a distant processing facility.
This represents a significant departure from conventional production operations in which
fluids are separated before being pumped and compressed through separate pipelines. By
eliminating this equipment, the cost of a multiphase pumping facility is about 70% that
of a conventional facility and significantly more savings can be realized if the need for
an offshore structure is eliminated altogether.
However, multiphase pumps do operate less efficiently (30-50%, depending on Gas
volume fraction and other factors) than conventional pumps (60- 70%) and compressors
(70-90%).
Still, a number of advantages in using multiphase pumps can be realized, including:
1)Increased production through lowering backpressure on wells;
2)Elimination of vapor recovery systems;
3)Reduced permitting needs;
4)Reduction in capital equipment costs; and,
5)Reduction in footprint of operations .

CONVENTIONAL AND
MULTIPHASE PUMPING

Multiphase pumping is a relatively new

technology and acceptance has been hampered
by a lack of engineering design tools.
Recently, pipeline simulation codes have
incorporated the ability to model multiphase
pump performance as part of the overall
multiphase production system

SUBSEA PROCESSING

Normallyusedindeepwater

Separationofheavyoilandwater

Reinjectionofwatertoboostproductioninamaturefield
development.

Theseparationsystemmayalsoincludescyclonemodulesthatwill
performwatertreatmentbeforereinjectionthewaterbackintothe
reservoir.

"atruesubseadevelopmentisveryenvironmentallyfriendly."

THANKS