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Venting
to draw
scrape off
fumes
tile
lead
tubes
brick
ore
harm
Romans used (1) inside the walls to (2) smoke out of bakeries but real chimneys appeared only in northern
Europe in the 13th century. Industrial chimneys became common in the late 18th century.
Chimneys have traditionally been built of (3) .. , both in small and large buildings. Early chimneys were of a simple brick
construction. Later chimneys were constructed by placing the bricks around (4) liners. To control downdrafts (5)
caps (often called chimney pots) with a variety of designs are sometimes placed on the top of chimneys.
In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the methods use to extract (6) from its (7) .. produced large
amounts of highly toxic fumes. In the north of England, long near-horizontal chimneys were built, often more than 3 km (2 miles)
long, which typically terminated in a short vertical chimney in a remote location where the (8) would cause less (9)
. Lead and silver deposits formed on the inside of these long chimneys, and periodically workers would be sent along the
chimneys to (10) these valuable deposits.
Read the text referring to chimneys construction and try to guess in the context of the text the meaning of the underlined words
Construction
Due to brick's limited ability to handle transverse loads, chimneys in houses were often built in a "stack", with a fireplace on each
floor of the house sharing a single chimney, often with such a stack at the front and back of the house. Today's central heating
systems have made chimney placement less critical, and the use of non-structural double-wall metal piping allows it to be bent
around obstructions and through walls. In fact, modern high-efficiency furnaces do not require a chimney and can vent sideways
through a wall.
Industrial chimneys were typically external structures, as opposed to being built into the wall of a building. Most often they were
located near a central boiler, and the gases carried to it with external ductwork. Today the use of single-pour concrete has almost
entirely replaced brick in this role. They can be quite tall. The height is to ensure the pollutants are dispersed over a wider area to
meet legislative or safety requirements.
Drawbacks
A characteristic problem of chimneys is they develop deposits of creosote on the walls of the structure when used with wood as a
fuel. Some types of wood, such as pine, generate more creosote than others. Deposits of this substance can interfere with the
airflow and more importantly, they are flammable and can cause dangerous chimney fires if the deposits ignite in the chimney.
Thus, it is recommendedand in some countries even mandatorythat chimneys be inspected annually and cleaned on a regular
basis to prevent these problems. The workers who perform this task professionally are called chimney sweeps.
malleability health
sealed
seam
pressurized
lead
logs
tapered
plumbing
infant mortality
Water pipes are tubes, frequently made of polyvinyl chloride or copper, that carry (1) .. fresh water to buildings (as part
of a municipal water system), as well as through the building.
An original Roman lead pipe with a folded (2) , at the Roman Baths in Bath, UK.
For many centuries, (3) was the favored material for water pipes, due to its (4) (this use was so common that
the word (5) derives from the Latin word for lead). This was a source of lead related (6) problems in the years
before the health hazards of ingesting lead were fully understood; among these were stillbirth and high rates of (7) . Lead
water pipes were still in common use in the early 20th century and remain in many households.
Wooden pipes were used during the colonial era in Boston. The pipes were hollowed out (8) . These logs were (9)
at the end with a small hole in which the water would pass through. The multiple pipes were then (10) together
with hot animal fat.
Read the following fragment which presents the three means of pipe obtainance. As you read, pay attention to the words underlined
and try to guess their meaning.
There are three processes for metallic pipe manufacture. Seamless pipe is formed by drawing a solid billet over a piercing rod to
create the hollow shell. Seamless pipe provides the most reliable pressure retaining characteristics, and is often more easily
available than welded pipe. Welded pipe is formed by rolling plate and welding the seam. The weld flash is removed from the outside
and inside surfaces and the weld zone is heat treated, so the seam is generally not visible. Welded pipe often has tighter
dimensional tolerances than seamless, and can be cheaper if manufactured in the same quantities. Cast pipe is no longer very
common, but still exists. Pipe is sometimes cast in a centrifuge. Plastic pipe is generally extruded.
Vocabulary activity
A pipe in the kitchen and flooded the floor.
a. had cracked
b. had exploded
c. had burst
d. had broken
b. were putting
c. were lying
d. were laying
c. obliterated
d. filled
c. linked
d. soldered
b. stuck
b. glued
Task 16. Read carefully the next fragment and try to understand the structural elements of a plumbing drainage venting system. At
the end of your reading you are asked to represent graphically what you understood from this fragment.
A plumbing drainage venting system is the component of a drainage system that maintains neutral pressure in the pipework,
allowing flow of water down drains and through waste pipes. Venting also removes foul or combustive air from the system, usually
through vents located above a building's roof.
The abbreviation "DWV" (drain-waste-vent) refers to the piping of a building's complete drainage system.
Venting is important to prevent pressure differentials (trapped pressure or suction) in the system, which could compromise water
seals in the piping.
A sewer pipe is normally at neutral air pressure (equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure). That is, the pipe is not
pressurized or producing suction. When a column of waste water flows through a pipe, it compresses air in the pipe, creating a
positive pressure that must be released or push back on the waste stream. As the column of water passes, air must flow in behind
the waste stream or negative pressure (suction) results. The extent of these pressure fluctuations is determined by the fluid volume
of the waste discharge.
Excessive negative air pressure can siphon water from trap seals at sanitary appliances (such as the p-trap under a sink).
Generally, a toilet outlet has the smallest trap seal, making it most vulnerable to being emptied by induced siphonage. An empty
trap can allow noxious sewer gasses to enter a home.
On the other hand, if the air pressure becomes suddenly higher than ambient, this positive transient could cause wastewater to
spray into the room, with dire hygiene and health consequences.
Tall buildings are particularly susceptible to this problem.
Complete the sentences with a preposition:
1. Im the afternoon shift this afternoon
2. We produce components the car industry.
3. Exports account 70 per cent of total sales.
apprentice
plant
components
people
flexi-time
workforce
shift
turnover
overtime
operations
Production planner
inspector
electronic engineer
welder
electrician
joiner
mechanic
fitter
machine operator
lab technician