EE302 Lab Manual Fall 2015

EE302
Lab
Manual
Fall
2015
LabManualfortheIntroductiontoElectricalEngineering
UTEID:
Name:

The University of Texas at Austin
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering

Table of Contents
1.0Introduction.........................................................................................................................................3
2.0EE302LabSchedule..............................................................................................................................4
3.0Grading.................................................................................................................................................5
4.0EngineeringNotebookGuidelines........................................................................................................5
Lab1:IntroductiontoLabView1&myDAQ..........................................................................................7
Assignment:BuildVItoCalculateAreaofaTriangle.......................................................................10
Lab2:IntroductiontoLabView2.........................................................................................................13
Assignment:BuildaVItoconverttemperature..............................................................................13
Lab3:DigitalMultimeterandVoltageGenerator...............................................................................16
Assignment:BuildaDigitalMultimeter...........................................................................................16
Assignment:Buildingavoltagegenerator.......................................................................................20
Lab4:MultisimSimulationofCircuits.................................................................................................24
Assignment1:GettingorientedtoMultiSim...................................................................................28
Assignment2:Simulatingthesecondcircuit...................................................................................31
Assignment3:SimulatingtheThirdcircuit......................................................................................32
Lab5:AudioEqualizer..........................................................................................................................40
Assignment1:Designtheaudioequalizer.......................................................................................40
Lab6:BreadboardandMeasurements...............................................................................................44
Assignment1:Buildthecircuit........................................................................................................49
Assignment2:Measurementsonthesecondcircuit.......................................................................50
Lab7:SolderingandKitAssembly.......................................................................................................60
Assignment1:Practicesoldering.....................................................................................................60
Assignement2:Soldercomponentstotheboard...........................................................................60
Lab8:SolarPowerDataLogging.......................................................................................................63
Assignment1:ExperimentalProcedures.........................................................................................66
Lab9:IntroductionofFinalProject(RobotCar)..................................................................................70
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................70
GradeBreakdown............................................................................................................................70
SubSystemOverview......................................................................................................................71
TrainingModule...............................................................................................................................71
ObstacleCourse...............................................................................................................................72
2
TrainingModule1:Rock,Paper,Scissors.............................................................................................73
Assignment1:BuildingtheCircuit...................................................................................................70
Subsystem:LineFollower.....................................................................................................................77
Lab10:ProficiencyExam......................................................................................................................80
Lab11:TheveninEquivalentCircuits...................................................................................................85
Assignment1:Constructthefirstcircuit..........................................................................................86
Assignment2:Constructthesecondcircuit....................................................................................87
Lab12:FinalProject(MotorControl,CollisionDetection)..................................................................96
Subsystem:MotorControl...................................................................................................................96
Subsystem:CollisionDetection............................................................................................................97
Lab13:FinalProject...........................................................................................................................101
Assignment1:BuildingtheCircuit.................................................................................................101
Subsystem:PathLogic........................................................................................................................104
5.0Appendices.......................................................................................................................................108
AppendixA:MultimeterBasics..........................................................................................................108
AppendixB:KeepinganEngineeringNotebook................................................................................112
AppendixC:ContributionChartforFinalProject..............................................................................112
1.0 Introduction
ThismanualisdesignedtoaccompanytheEE302,IntroductiontoElectricalandComputerEngineering,
labsection.YouwillfindcompletedescriptionsofthelabsforEE302andagreatdealofinformationabout
yourprojects.Youareencouragedtoreadthismanualanduseitasaresourcetoenhanceyourlab
experienceinthiscourse.
2.0 EE302 Lab Schedule
The following sections describe each of the circuit laboratory sessions for the semester.

DAYYOURLABMEETS
LABACTIVITY
Lab1:IntrotoLabVIEW1andmyDAQ
Lab2:IntrotoLabVIEW2
Lab3:DigitalMultimeterandVoltage
Generator
Lab4:MultisimSimulationofCircuits
Lab5:AudioEqualizer
Lab6:BreadboardandMeasurements
Lab7:SolderingandKitAssembly
Lab8:SolarPowerDataLogging
Lab9:FinalProjectRobotCarI
Lab10:ProficiencyExam
Lab11:TheveninEquivalentCircuits
Lab12:FinalProjectRobotCarII
Mon.
8/31
9/14
9/21
9/28
10/5
10/12
10/19
10/26
11/2
11/9
11/16
11/23
11/30
Tues.
9/1
Wed.
9/2
Thurs.
9/3
Fri.
9/4
9/8
9/9
9/10
9/11
9/15
9/16
9/17
9/18
9/22
9/23
9/24
9/25
9/29
9/30
10/1
10/2
10/6
10/7
10/8
10/9
10/13
10/14
10/15
10/16
10/20
10/21
10/22
10/23
10/27
10/28
10/29
10/30
11/3
11/4
11/5
11/6
11/10
11/11
11/12
11/13
11/17
11/18
11/19
11/20
Lab13:FinalProjectRobotCarIII*
12/1
12/2
12/3
12/4
*Mondaylabsectionswillhavetheirfinallabprojectsdueattheendofthelastweekofclass(12/4).All
othersectionswillhavetheirfinallabprojectsdueatthelastscheduledlabmeeting.
4
3.0 Grading
ThelaboratoryforEE302countsas20%ofyourfinalclassgrade.Yourgradeforthelaboratorywillbe
determinedasfollows:
Category
%ofLabGrade
Attendance
Participation
Prelabs
LabReport
LabNotes
ProficiencyExam
FinalProject(Demonstration+Finalreport)
Total
20%
5%
10%
20%
10%
15%
20%(15%+5%)
100%
4.0 Engineering Notebook Guidelines

Fortheconvenience,labmanualincludeslabnotesession;therefore,youDONOTNEEDtobringa
separatenotebook;however,thefollowingguidelinehowtousethenotebookwouldbestillveryhelpful.
Inourlab,TAsmainlychecktheimportantdata,findings,andthoughtsinthenotesessionduringthelab.
GuidelineforEngineeringNotebook
Learningtokeepanengineeringnotebookisanessentialskillthatyouwillusethroughoutyour
educationalexperienceatUT.Fortheteamproject,eachstudentisencouragedtokeepanengineering
notebook,whichchronicleshisorherworkinthelabs.Allinformation,whichmaybepertinenttothe
projectorlabs,shouldbewrittenhere.Youwilluseyournotebooktorecordyourmeasurementsand
otherdatafortheEElabs.HerearesomeguidelinestakenlargelyfromworkdonebyClifKussmaulwhen
hewasanassistantprofessoratMoravianCollege.HeiscurrentlyanassistantProfessorofComputer
ScienceatMuhlenbergCollege.
Engineeringnotebooksareusedinindustrytorecordwhatworkwasdone(incasetheauthorleaves
theprojectorcompany)andwhenworkwasdone(forpatentandcopyrightmatters).Ultimately,your
engineeringnotebookshouldallowanotherknowledgeablestudenttobeabletoexactlyrepeatthework
youhaveperformed.Herearesomebasicguidelinesyouneedtofollow:
Thenotebookmustbepermanentlybound(gluedorsewn).Thebookstorehasseveralstyles
fromwhichtochoose.Spiralboundorlooseleafnotebooksarenotacceptable.
Thenotebookmustbeclearlylabeledwithyournameandthesemester.
Everythingmustbewritteninpermanentink(itmaybeusefultohaveseveralcolorpens).
Everypagemustbenumberedconsecutively,inparttoprovethatyouhavenotaddedor
removedpagesafterthefact.
5
Leaveseveralpagesatthebeginningforatableofcontentssoyoucanlocatekeyinformation
quickly.
Startanewpageeachdayyouworkonthiscourse,andatthetopofthepageclearlyindicate
thedateandhoursyouworked.
Whenyoufinishworkfortheday,drawalinethroughanyspaceleftonthepage.
Donotleaveanyblankpages.
Describeallworkyoudoforthecourse,includingreadings,research,design,coding,
documentation,test,teammeetings,classmeetings,etc.Includesketches,memos,relevant
codelistings,etc.Youshouldgluethemintothenotebook.
Thenotebookismeanttobeapermanentrecordofwhatyouhavedone.Itmustbeneat
enoughforyouorsomeoneelsetounderstandwhatyouhavedoneayearormorelater.Do
notworkonotherpaperandthentranscribeitintoyournotebook!
YournotebookshouldbekeptuptodateatalltimesandbroughttoEVERYlabsession.An
exampleofwhatwouldgointoanengineeringnotebookbaseduponthislabisasshown
below:
Laboratorydatasuchasmeasuredcurrents,voltages,resistancesandtheproceduresyoumay
haveusedtomeasurethesequantities.
Studentsshouldensurethattheygothroughtheappropriatelabnoteanddothenecessaryprelabs
beforecomingforthelabs.
Alsoinfillinginthelabnotes,makesuregraphsandtablesarewellinterpretedintheThoughtsor
Datasectionofthenotes.Andthemainconceptsshouldbewellhighlighted.
Lab 1: Introduction to LabView 1 & myDAQ
Lab Goals:

Learn the basics of LabView programming and to design a simple VI
(Virtual Instrument).
o Compute the area of a triangle, How to use MathScript
Learn the LabView Environment and Graphical Programming

Required Lab Material:

NI myDAQ kit

Due at the end of Lab:

A copy of the simple VI you designed
Background Knowledge: Installing NI LabView Software and Drivers

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5
Step 6

Step 7

Step 8

Step 9

Step 10

Step 11

Step 12
Step 13
Step 14

After installing the SW and drivers, go to the UT Engineering webpage and from the Information
Technology Group(ITG) there are directions on how to obtain a student license to Labview 2010 and
Multisim. http://www.engr.utexas.edu/itg/products/435labview

You do not need to download the software from the website again. Just obtain the license and go
to NI License Manager under National Instruments in All programs. Click active on the top left hand
corner and apply the license information you obtained from ITG
UT School of Engineering Webpage

NI License Manager

Background Knowledge: NI myDAQ
Refertohttp://decibel.ni.com/content/groups/mydaqtogainmoreideasonhowtoutilizetheNI
myDAQoutsideofthelab.
Reference:
LabVIEWIntroduction3HourCourseware
https://lumen.ni.com/nicif/us/academiclv3hr/content.xhtml
http://www.ni.com/mydaq/
http://decibel.ni.com/content/groups/mydaq
Assignment: Build VI to Calculate Area of a Triangle

Ifyouareusingaschool/labcomputerskiptostep3.
1. Google"utexasLabVIEW"andinstallLabVIEWinyoursystem.Orusethislinktodownload
LabVIEWhttp://www.engr.utexas.edu/itg/products/435labview.
**Note:youneedtoinstallLabVIEWonawindowssystem,asNIMyDAQworksonlywith
Windowssystem.
2. Inthesamepageyou'llfind"StudentLicenseInstructionsforWindows",usethattoget
LabVIEWlicenseonyoursystem.Ifyoudon'tdothisyourLabVIEWlicensewillexpirein30
days.
3. Openthislink:www.ni.com/lv101 .
4. Go to LabVIEW Basic Concepts.
5. Go through: 1. LabVIEW Environment, 2. Graphical Programming. Go through detailed
explanation and Model Quiz for both sections.
6. Develop your own VI for "area of triangle" program. The front panel should look like
Figure 1 (You can add decorations and colors n other things to your VI). Be sure to put
your name and UTEID.
10
7. Save the VI. Ex: your_name_lab1.vi.

8. Call your TA over to verify the functionality of your VI.

Figure 1: Area of triangle, Front panel
Figure 2: Area of triangle, Block diagram

(Left: Using Arithmetic functions , Right: Using MathScript)

TA Signature:______________________________________________________________________________________
11
LabNote
Important concepts / Key ideas
Procedure / DATA
Try and error / Thoughts
12
Date
. 2015

Lab 2: Introduction to LabView 2
Lab Goals:

Learn about LabView Programming Tools, Debugging and Handling
Errors, Data Types and Structures, and Execution Structures.
Design a Temperature Convertor using the Case Structure, Enum,
and While Loop data structures.


Assignment: Build a VI to convert temperature
1. Gotohttp://www.ni.com/lv101andreadthesectionsonProgrammingTools,Debugging
andHandlingErrors,DataTypesandStructures,adExecutionStructures.
2. Dotheendofthemodulequizforeachoftheabovesections.
3. DesignaVIthatutilizesanEnum,CaseStructure,andWhileLooptodothefollowing
conversions:
CelsiustoFahrenheit
FahrenheittoCelsius
CelsiustoKelvin
Fahrenheittokelvin
**Note:Lookuptheappropriatetemperatureconversions(viaGoogle,Bing,etc.)**
4. SavetheVI.Ex:your_name_lab2.vi
5. CallyourTAovertoverifythefunctionalityofyourVI
13

Figure 1: Temperature Converter, Front panel

Figure 2: Temperature Converter, Block diagram
TASignature:___________________________________________________________________
14
LabNote
Procedure / DATA
15
Date
. 2015
Lab 3: Digital Multimeter and Voltage Generator
Lab Goals:

Learn how to use your myDAQ as a Digital Multimeter (DMM)
Learn how to output a signal to a specified output port on the myDAQ
and verify its functionality.
Design a Digital Multimeter and Voltage Generator to be used on later
labs.


NI myDAQ kit


Assignment: Build a Digital Multimeter
Create a voltmeter

1. On block diagram, Use Quick Drop (CtrlSpace) to find Multimeter Select NI ELVISmx
Digital Multimeter. Its called an Express VI because it has its own configuration screen
which comes up automatically.
2. Configure for DC Voltage measurement, Auto scale
3. Expand the Express VI down to see all the input/output terminals

4. Right click on Device Name input and CreateControl (this places control on front panel)
5. On front panel, use Quick Drop to find Waveform Chart and Numeric Indicator
6. On block diagram, wire together as shown.
16
7. On block diagram, use Quick Drop to find While Loop. Drag loop around your code
8. Right click on Conditional terminal and CreateControl (this places stop button on front
panel )

Figure 3.1: Multimeter, Front Panel

Figure 3.2: Multimeter, Block Diagram

9. Test by measuring a battery, or 5V / DGND pins on myDAQ using DMM probes.

10. Save your VI as your_name_myDMM.vi
Add Current and Resistance measurements to your DMM

11. On block diagram, drag a Case Structure around the DAQ Assistant.
12. On front panel, use Quick Drop to create an Enum ( an enumerated list ). Label as
Measurement Type (Figure 3.3, 3.4)
13. On front panel, right click on Enum and select Edit Items (Figure 3.5)
17
14. Add Voltage, Current ,and Resistance as the three items on the list
15. On block diagram, wire the Enum to the Case Selector ( denoted by )
16. .Right click on border of Case and select Add Case for Every Value ( This will create all
three cases you need, neatly labeled to match the Measurement Type list. )

Figure 3.3: Front Panel

Figure 3.4: Block Diagram

18

Figure 3.5: Enum Properties Menu

17. Add NI ELVISmx Digital Multimeter.vi to the Current case (Figure 3.6), and setup the
measurement as shown. The NI myDAQ has an internal shunt resistor to measure current
through the analogtodigital converter.

Figure 3.6: Multimeter VI Properties Menu

18. Add NI ELVISmx Digital Multimeter.vi to the Resistance case (Figure 3.7), and setup the
measurement as shown. Note that in order to measure Resistance using an Analogto
19
Digital converter, you supply an excitation current ( Iex ) through a Shunt Resistor. myDAQ
has an Internal current source, allowing the measurement of Resistance.

19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

Figure 3.7: Multimeter VI Properties Menu

Be sure to wire the Data output of each DAQ Assistant to the white tunnel on the Case
Structure. When all Cases are properly wired, the tunnel will turn solid and your VI should
run.
Now you are ready to test your DMM for all three measurements: Voltage, Current, and
Resistance.
Congratulations! You have just created your own Digital Multimeter using LabVIEW and
myDAQ!
Remember to switch the DMM probes to the correct when you want to measure current.
Test Resistance by touchi8ng probes together. Resistance should go to zero. Or get a
resistor and touch the probes to either side of the resistor.
Save your VI.
Assignment: Building a voltage generator
We can either create a new VI to generate voltage from myDAQ, or add this function to your
DMM.vi. The steps below show how to add the Voltage Generator to your DMM.vi

1. Use Quick Drop (CtrlSpace) to find the new functions: DAQ Assistant, and Select.
2. Set the DAQ Assistant to Generate Signal Analog Voltage on AO0 (analog output channel
0). Also set Timing Settings to 1 Sample (On Demand). This tells myDAQ to generate a new
output voltage each time the loop executes.

20

3. Select OK to accept all DAQ Assistant settings

4. Right click on the appropriate terminals of the Select function and CreateControl for the
Dial and Enable Output (Boolean switch)
5. Right click on the False input of Boolean switch to the Select and CreateConstant to enter
0 ( sets the Voltage Generator output to zero )
6. Right click on the output of the Select function and CreateIndicator for the Meter
( Displays the voltage output from myDAQ )

Figure 3.8: Block Diagram for Voltage Generator

** The Select function allows you to shut off the Voltage generator while the VI is still running.

Figure 3.9: Final Front Panel

21

Figure 3.10: Final Block Diagram

7. Test your VI by generating a voltage on AO0 (Analog Output channel 0), and testing it with
the DMM.
8. Call your TA over to check you off for completion of the lab.

TA Signature: __________________________________________________________________________________________

Acknowledgement: A Special thanks to Eric Dean (Academic Field Engineer of NI) for the
example DMM and voltage generator.
22
LabNote
Procedure / DATA
23
Date
. 2015
Lab 4: Multisim Simulation of Circuits
Due beginning of lab:

Completed prelab questions. One copy is to be turned in and one copy
should be placed in your lab manual.

Lab Goals:

Learn how to build resistive circuits in Multisim, a circuit simulation
program.
Learn how to use Multisim to obtain currents and voltages from elements
in circuits
Observe how the values obtained with simulation differ from those
measured from real components.
Gain an intuitive understanding of how the tolerance of a resistor affects
the characteristics of a DC circuit.
Understand how to obtain and graph the IV plot for a circuit element.


Background Knowledge: Brief introduction to MultiSim
Multisim,aproductofNationalInstruments,(formoreinformation,visittheMultiSimWWWpageat
http://www.ni.com/academic/multisim.htm)isadraganddropschematiccaptureandsimulation
programthatallowsyoutoquicklycreatecompletecircuitsandanalyzethem.WithMultisim,circuits
containingindependentanddependentsources,resistors,andothercircuitelementscanbeinstantly
simulatedattheclickofasinglebutton.
ThesimulationengineofMultisimisBSPICE/XSPICEcompliantwhichisthedefactostandardincircuit
simulation.OtherimportantfeaturesofMultisiminclude:
1. The ability to interact with circuits using Virtual Instruments that look and function like their
realworldcounterparts.Someoftheinstrumentsincludedare:
AmmeterForfast,simplereadoutsofcurrent.
FunctionGeneratorProducessquare,triangular,orsinusoidalvoltages.
MultimeterMeasureACandDCcurrentandvoltage,resistanceanddecibelloss(auto
ranging).
VoltmeterForfast,simpleindicationsofvoltage.
24

2. Multiplewaystoanalyzecircuitssothatyoucanexploreandunderstandthemindepth.Someof
theanalysismethodsinclude:
DCSensitivityDisplayssensitivitytoaparticularparameterandpredictshowvariancesin
manufacturingcanaffectcircuitperformance.
DCSweepComputestheDCoperatingpointofnodesinthecircuitforvariousvaluesof
voltageorcurrentsources.
WorstCaseDeterminesthemostextremevaluestobeexpectedinyourcircuit,giventhe
specifiedtoleranceforeachcomponent.
3. Multisimcontainsapartsdatabasethatincludes16,000differentcomponentsincludingallthe
standardcomponentsplusseveralcategoriesofuniquepartsthatenhanceeachdesign.
ItisnotthegoalofthislabtointroduceyoutoallaspectsofMultisim.Insteadwewillfocusonsome
basicanalysistechniques.YouarefreetocontinuetoexplorethefeaturesofMultisimonyourownsinceit
isavailableonallLearningResourceCentercomputers.WewillalsouseMultiSimintheprelabsforthe
remainingcircuitslabs.
Background Knowledge: Brief discussion of diodes and Zener Diodes
Duringthislab,youwilllearnhowasemiconductordevicecalledazenerdiodecanbeusedasa
reasonablealternativetoavoltagesource.Asabriefintroductiontothesedevices,letsstartbydiscussing
asilicondiode.Adiodeisasemiconductordevicethatconductscurrentinonlyonedirection.Thesymbol
foradiodeisshownatthetopofFigure1.Ifweplaceavoltageofslightlymorethan0.7Vacrossthediode
withthereferenceshowninthefigure,significantcurrentwillflow.Thisiscalledtheforwardbiasregion
andcurrentflowsinthedirectionshown.Thetwoterminalsofthediodearecalledtheanodeandthe
cathode.Ifweapplyanegativevoltageacrossthediode,nocurrentflowsandweenterthereversebias
region.Thediodecharacteristicofconductingcurrentinonlyonedirectionmakesitusefulinmanydevices
includingconvertingACvoltagestoDC.
25
Current
Anode
Cathode
Diode Symbol
Current in Amperes
Reverse Bias
Region
Forward Bias
Region
~0.7 V
(Silicon Diode)
Voltage V in Volts
Figure1:DiodeSymbolandCharacteristic
Letsnowexaminewhathappensifwecontinuetoincreasethenegativevoltageacrossthediode.As
shownin
Figure2,thediodeeventuallyenterstheavalanchebreakdownorZenerRegion.Notethatthis
drawingisnottoscale.Thisregionischaracterizedbyanearconstantvoltageregardlessofthecurrent
flow.Whilealldiodesexhibitthischaracteristic,somediodesarepreciselydesignedtoexploitthis
behavior.Thesedevicesarecalledzenerdiodesandaredesignedtodeliverawidearrayofprecisevoltage
references,muchlikeavoltagesource.
26
Current
Anode
Cathode
Zener Diode Symbol

Current in Amperes
Forward Bias
Region
Reverse Bias
Region
~0.7 V
(Silicon Diode)
Voltage V in Volts
Zener Breakdown
Region
Figure2:ZenerDiodeSymbolandCharacteristic
27
Assignment 1: Getting oriented to MultiSim
1.
Start Multisim by going to Programs > Multisim.
2.
Press ControlW.

This will open up the Parts menu. We will need the following components for this lab: resistors,
voltage sources, and a means of measuring current (multimeter or ammeter) and voltage
(voltmeter). We can get to each of these as follows:

The voltage source should be on the current screen. It is called DC_POWER.
Under Groups, select Basic. Under the basic group we are going to use resistors. These
resistors can be set to any value we want with any tolerance we want. They do not directly
relate to resistors that you would use in a handson lab.
Under Groups, select indicators to get to the voltmeter and ammeter.
Instruments are under the menu Simulate > Instruments.

We can also get to these by selecting the appropriate images at the bottom of the menu bar or
the rightmost side of the workspace. You can move the cursor over these images and the text
explaining which group they belong to will be shown. From this point on, you are left to
yourself to make the circuits and take the measurements. Some images are shown for the first
circuit. Keep the following things in mind when building circuits and taking measurements:

When an item is selected, it can be rotated with ControlR
When the cursor is above the wire of a component, it will turn into a circle. Leftclicking on
the mouse will start the wiring process. Move the cursor to where you want the wire to go
and leftclick the mouse again to end the wiring. To complete a specific path for the wire,
you can leftclick the wire at each point where you want a straight path to go.
For nodes that contain more than two components, you need to create a junction by going
to Place>Junction.
All circuits need a ground wired to them before simulation can begin.
Function key F5 begins and ends a simulation

The schematic for the first circuit is shown below. In this simulation, we will be measuring current
either using ammeters or a multimeter set to the current setting. You may choose either method
you wish.
Figure 3: Example Circuit for Simulation

28
3.
4.
Place the appropriate components from Figure 3, including a ground, onto the workspace in
Multisim. You can use ControlW to open the Parts Window or go to appropriate icons
around the workspace. When you use virtual resistors, all of them will default to a value of 1
k.
Doubleclick on a resistor.

This opens a window which allows you to change some properties of the resistor. We are
interested in changing the value of each resistor to the ones shown in Figure 3. This is done under
the Value tab of the open window.

5.
Doubleclick on each resistor and change their values to the ones needed for the circuit
shown.
6.
Rotate (using ControlR) the 10 k resistor and one of the 20 k resistors so that they are
vertical.
7.
Doubleclick on the voltage source and change its value to 3.2 volts
8.
Figure 4 shows what your screen might look like at this point.

Figure 4: Typical display in MultiSim for Example Circuit

We now need to decide whether we want to use ammeters or multimeters to measure the
current. Unlike the measurements you did previously, you can place multiple ammeters or
multimeters so that all currents can be measured at once.

9.
Place the appropriate number of ammeters or multimeters on the workspace. Again,
ammeters can be found by hitting ControlW and then selecting indicators under groups.
Multimeters can be found under the Simulate menu (select the Instruments submenu).

10.
Wire the circuit up so that the ammeters/multimeters are in series with the path for which
you want to measure the current. When each component is connected to a wire, the wire
will turn to red and a number may appear.
11.
Figure 5 and Figure 6 show what the circuit may look like using either ammeters or
multimeters.
29
Figure 5: Simulation of Example Circuit using ammeters

Figure 6: Simulation of Example Circuit using multimeters

If you chose to use multimeters, you need to do the following steps to set it up to measure current.
If you chose to use ammeters, go to Step 15.
30

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Doubleclick on each multimeter. This will open up a new window.

Select A to set this to measure current. Leave these windows open so that you can observe
the current value. Once we are at this point, we are ready to simulate the circuit to obtain
the appropriate current measurements.
Select Use Tolerances from the Simulate Menu.
This opens up a window where we can control the variation in certain parameters. Since we
have a battery and resistors in our circuit, we can change the tolerances of these elements
Set the tolerance for batteries to 0 % and the one for all resistors to 0 %.

To get the results of the simulation, do the following steps.

Press Function Key F5 to start the simulation
Press Function Key F5 to stop the simulation after the values for the ammeters or
multimeters change. Note the values that each ammeter/multimeter has is retained after
the simulation is completed.
Write down the current values obtained for each resistor in the appropriate column of
Table 1 and in your lab note section.
Change one of the 20 k resistors to a 40 k resistor. You can do this by doubleclicking on
the resistor and change the value under the value tab.
Run the simulation again (Function Key F5) and write down the simulation values in the
appropriate columns of Table 1 and in your lab note section.
Show your TA the results of your simulation and get his or her signature before continuing.
Assignment 2: Simulating the second circuit
We will now create a different circuit which is shown below.
Figure 7: Second Circuit to Simulate

23.
24.
25.
Build and wire the circuit shown in Figure 7 using virtual resistors.
Use either ammeters or voltmeters to measure the following quantities in the circuit:
current flowing through the top 10 k resistor, the voltage across the 1 k resistor, and the
current flowing through the 5 k resistor. For clarity, assume that the positive references
for voltages are on the left and positive currents flow left to right through the resistors
Change the resistors tolerances to 0 % by double clicking on the component and finding the
tolerance option under the value tab.
31
Run the simulation five times and write down values for each quantity in the appropriate
place of Tables 2a, 2b, or 2c.
Repeat Step 2526 with resistors tolerances of 1 % and 5 %.
Show your TA the results of your simulation and get his or her signature before continuing.
26.
27.
28.

Note: Change the tolerances of all the resistors in the circuit for observable effects.

Assignment 3: Simulating the Third circuit

The last circuit you will simulate is shown below in Figure 8. As discussed in the introduction, we
will briefly introduce a zener diode which can act similar to a voltage source under the right
conditions. The zener diode is a nonlinear device which means its currentvoltage characteristic
curve cannot be modeled as a straight line as demonstrated in. The Zener diode which we will use
in this simulation produces approximately 4.3 V under the right conditions.

1 k
Current
4.3V
510
16V
- Voltage +
200
2 k
Figure 8: Third Simulation Circuit

1 k
Current 1N749A
- Voltage +
510
Vsupply
2 k
Figure 9: Third Circuit Using a Zener Diode
200

29.
Build and wire the circuit shown in Figure 9. Include a voltmeter to measure the voltage
across the 4.3 V source with the reference shown and an ammeter to measure the current
32
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.

flowing right to left through the 4.3 V source. (Note: for easy wiring, you can rightclick on
the meters in your circuit, and flip them horizontally.)
Change the resistor tolerance to 0 %.
Run the simulation. Enter the voltage and current into the appropriate place of Table 3 of
the Lab Report.
Replace the 4.3 V source with the zener diode (model number 1N749A) as shown in Figure
8. Repeat Step 31 with supply voltages (Vsupply) of between 20 V in steps of 4 V (i.e., 20 V,
16 V, 12 V, etc.) and place your results in Table 4 in the lab report and in your lab note
section.
Plot the IV characteristics of the diode using the data from Table 4 of the Lab Report. You
should either do a **CLEAR** plot by hand or use a program like EXCEL and paste the
results in the space provided.
Turn in your completed lab report to your TA.
FAQs
Q:
When I simulate my values, why are all the values the same all the time even when I have
tolerances?
A: You must have Use Tolerances option checked under the Simulate menu.

Q:
Why are some of my values reading 0?
A:
Check your connections on your circuit. Chances are something's not connected. Move
around some of your components to make sure the correct parts are connected.

Q:
Why am I not getting my calculated values?
A:
Chances are you probably wired a component or multimeter wrong. In addition, check
you're measuring the appropriate value. If you're measuring current through something,
make sure your meter is connected in series with it. If you're measuring voltage, be sure
your meter is connected parallel with the voltage you're measuring.

Q:
Why can't I find tolerance in my resistors?
A:
Do not use RESISTOR_RATED. Go to BASIC=>RESISTOR, and pick out the appropriate
value from there.

Q:
Which voltage source should I use? Where is ground?
A:
Use DC_POWER under SOURCES (it has two parallel lines). For ground, it's under
SOURCES as well.
33
LabNote
Procedure / DATA

34
Date
. 2015
Name:
EID:
By placing by name and EID above, I am certifying that I determined the answer to the
questions posed below and did not copy my answers from a fellow student.
*** Due at the beginning of your lab session ***
You will need 2 completed copies of this prelab. One is to be turned in to your TA at the
beginning of the lab session. The other one is to be done in your lab manual.
1.
Find a description on the operation of a diode on the internet (Places to check: How
Stuff Works, Encyclopedia.com, etc. ). You need to refer to at least 3 different sources.
Provide a summary of the information that you find. At the end of your description,
provide the URLs for the sources that you read to write your description
Description
of Diode
Description
of Zener
DiodeOperation
Operation
URLs Referenced
http://
http://
http://
http://
http://
Pre-lab: Multisim Simulation of Circuits

35
Multisim Simulation of Circuit

Lab Report
Submitted by (Print name)
Lab Report : Multisim Simulation of Circuits
1
36
Table 1: Simulated current values in the circuit in Figure 3 of the Lab. Assume that positive currents flow
left or right or up to down as appropriate. Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures
and include your units.
Simulated Value Simulated Value

(Step 19)
(Step 21)
Current through
8.2 k resistor
Current through
10 k resistor
Current through
20 k resistor
TA Signature (Step 22):
Table 2a: Simulated values for the current flowing through the top 10 k resistor in Figure 7 of the Lab.
Make sure you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.
0% tolerance 1% tolerance 5% tolerance
Run #1
Run #2
Run #3
Run #4
Run #5
Table 2b: Simulated values for the voltage across the 1 k resistor circuit in Figure 7 of the Lab.
0% tolerance 1% tolerance 5% tolerance
Run #1
Run #2
Run #3
Run #4
Run #5
2
37
Table 2c: Simulated values for the current flowing through the 5 k resistor in Figure 7 of the Lab.
0% tolerance 1% tolerance
5% tolerance
Run #1
Run #2
Run #3
Run #4
Run #5
Table 3: Simulated values for Figure 8 of the lab
4.3 V Source Voltage
4.3 V Source Current
Table 4: Voltage and Current Values for the Diode in Figure 9 of the lab.
Supply Voltage
Diode
Diode
Value (V)
Voltage (V) Current (mA)
3
38
Plot the I-V characteristics of the diode using the data from Table 4. You should either
do a **CLEAR** plot by hand or use a program like EXCEL and paste the results in the
space provided below.
Can you use a Zener Diode to replace a voltage source in a circuit? If so, how well does it
match the operation of an ideal voltage source?
Lab Report: Multisim Simulation of Circuits
4
39
Lab 5: Audio Equalizer

Lab Goals:

Learn how to use Labview to program an audio equalizer

Understand how filters are used in signal processing.


NI myDAQ kit
A Sound Source (Please, bring your any sound source such as iPod)


Demonstration of a working audio equalizer
Background Knowledge: Basic concepts of filter and equalizer
Lowpass Filter: A lowpass filter is a filter that passes lowfrequency signals but attenuates
(reduces the amplitude of) signals with frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency. The actual
amount of attenuation for each frequency varies from filter to filter.

Highpass Filter: A Highpass filter is a filter that passes high frequencies well but attenuates
(reduces the amplitude of) signal with frequencies lower than the filter's cutoff frequency. The actual
amount of attenuation for each frequency is a design parameter of the filter.

Bandpass Filter: A bandpass filter is a filter that passes frequencies within a certain range and
rejects (attenuates) frequencies outside that range.

Audio Frequency: An audio frequency (abbreviation: AF), or audible frequency is characterized as
a periodic vibration whose frequency is audible to the average human. While the range of frequencies
that any individual can hear is largely related to environmental factors, the generally accepted
standard range of audible frequencies is 20 to 20,000 hertz. Frequencies below 20 Hz can usually be
felt rather than heard, assuming the amplitude of the vibration is high enough. Frequencies above
20,000 Hz can sometimes be sensed by young people, but high frequencies are the first to be affected
by hearing loss due to age and/or prolonged exposure to very loud noises
Assignment 1: Design the audio equalizer
Design an audio equalizer as shown below to adjust the output audio signal to the speaker.
Use the filter express vi under signal analysis from the functions palette. Also use the Spectral
Measurement express vi to display your signal.
40
Figure 1 shows the template for the Front Panel of your Audio Equalizer. This VI will be provided
by TA. Although the given template provides general concepts to implement an Audio Equalizer, you
need to follow the instructions, modify, and finish building the corresponding block diagram in Figure
2.
Figure 1: Audio Equalizer VI template, Front Panel
Figure 2: Audio Equalizer VI template, Block Diagram

41
Refer to the frequency range given below.

TA Signature: ___________________________________________________________________________
Acknowledgement:
ThankstoEricDean(AcademicFieldEngineerofNI)fortheexampleaudioequalizervi.
42
LabNote
Procedure / DATA
43
Date
. 2015
Lab 6: Breadboard and Measurements

Completed prelab questions. One copy is to be turned in and one
copy should be placed in your engineering notebook.
Blank copy of the Lab Report. One copy of the lab report will be
turned in.
You can either place another copy of the lab report into your
notebook, or copy down the data collected.

Lab Goals:
Learn how to build a circuit on a breadboard from a circuit schematic.
Learn how to measure voltage and current accurately from a circuit
on a protoboard.
Observe how the values obtained from real components differ from
those calculated from ideal components.
Gain an intuitive understanding on how changes in resistance affect
characteristics of a DC circuit.

Equipment needed:
Two resistors, with 5 % precision, with each of the following values:
2 k, 3 k, 5.1 k, 10 k, and 20 k.
One (1) breadboard
Your lab notebook
MyDAQ with connection probes (Black and Red)
A copy of the Resistor Organization Sheet (Search the internet)

Due at the end of lab:
Background Knowledge: Prototyping with a breadboard
Abreadboard(orprototypingboard)isusedtoquicklyconstructcircuitsfortestingandevaluation.You
willbeusingdifferenttypesofprotoboardsduringyourvariouslabsatUT.Thissectionprovidessome
generalcommentsandsuggestionsforthesebreadboards.
Thebreadboardhasmanystripsofmetal(copperusually)whichrununderneaththeboard.Themetal
stripsareconnectedasoutlinedinorangebelow.Thesestripsconnecttheholesontheboard.Thismakesit
easytoconnectcomponentstogetherandbuildcircuits.Tousethebreadboard,thelegsofcomponents
areplacedintheholes(thesockets).Eachholeisconnectedtooneofthemetalstripsrunningunderneath
theboard.Anodeisapointinacircuitwheretwocomponentsareconnected.Connectionsbetween
44
differentcomponentsareformedbyputtingtheirlegsinacommonnode.Onthebreadboard,anodeisthe
rowofholesthatareconnectedbythestripofmetalunderneath.Thelongread&bluerowofholesare
usuallyusedforpowersupplyconnections.
Figure 1: Typical Breadboard
Herearetwoexamplecircuitsconnectingresistorsinseriesandparallel.
Figure2: Resistors in Parallel
45
Figure 3: Resistors in Series
TheConcept
Whenbuildinga"permanentcircuit"thecomponentsaretogether(asinanintegrated
circuit),solderedtogether(asonaprintedcircuitboard),orheldtogetherbyscrewsand
clamps(asinhousewiring).Inlab,wewantsomethingthatiseasytoassembleandeasy
tochange.Wealsowantsomethingthatcanbeusedwiththesamecomponentsthat
"real"circuitsuse.Mostofthesecomponentshavepiecesofwireormetaltabsstickingout
ofthemtoformtheirterminals.
HowitWorks
Theheartofthesolderlessbreadboardisasmallmetalclipthatlookslikethis:
Figure 4: Metal Clip
Theclipismadeofnickelsilveramaterialwhichisreasonablyconductive,reasonablyspringy,and
reasonablycorrosionresistant.Becauseeachofthepairsoffingersisindependent,wecaninserttheendof
awirebetweenanypairwithoutreducingthetensioninanyoftheotherfingers.Henceeachpaircanhold
awirewithmaximumtension.Tomakeabreadboard,anarrayoftheseclipsisembeddedinaplasticblock
whichholdstheminplaceandinsulatesthemfromeachother,likethis:
46
Figure 5: Breadboard Holes with clips
Theholeintheblockaboveeachpairoffingersholdsthewireaccuratelycenteredintheclip.
Dependingonthesizeandarrangementoftheclips,wegeteitherasocketstriporabusstrip.Thesocket
stripisusedforconnectingcomponentstogether.Ithastworowsofshort(5contact)clipsarrangedone
aboveanother(Figure6).
Figure 6: Bus Strip
Thebusstripisusedtodistributepowerandgroundvoltagesthroughthecircuit.Ithasfourlong(25
contact)clipsarrangedlengthwise(Figure7).

Figure 7: Bus Strip
Notethatthemanufacturerelectednottojointheadjacent25contactstripsintoasingle,fulllength,
50contactstrips.Ifthisiswhatyouwant,youwillhavetobridgethecentralgapyourself.
Whenwecombinetwosocketstrips,threebusstrips,andthreebindingpostsonaplasticbase,weget
thebreadboard:
47
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
C
D
E
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
F
G
H
I
J
F
G
H
I
J
Figure 8: Breadboard
Thebreadboardletsusconnectcomponentstogetherandbywiringthebusstripstothebindingposts
andthebindingpoststothepowersupply,toconnectthepowersupplytothecircuit.Nowwhatweneedis
awaytobringconnectionsfromtherestoftheinstrumentsintothebreadboard.
48
Assignment 1: Build the circuit
Oneofthegoalsofthislabistogiveyouexperiencebuildingacircuitonaprotoboard.Youstudied
someaspectsofthisprocessaspartoftheprelabassignment.Ifyoustillhavequestionsaboutthis,review
theinformationinyourlabmanualordiscusstheprocesswithyourpartners.Theschematicforthefirst
circuitisshownbelowinFigure4.
Figure 9: Breadboard and Measurements First Circuit
4. Buildthiscircuitonthebreadboard.GetTAsignature.
5. AportforthepowersupplywillbetheAnalogOutputportofyourNImyDAQ.Theconnectionswill
beAGNDandAO0.
6. ConnectawirefromtheAGNDtothepointDinFigure9.Youmayneedtousemultiplewiresto
makethisconnection.Forclarity,youshouldusewiresofthesamecolor.
7. Connectanotherwire(ofadifferentcolor)fromtheAO0topointAofFigure9.Youmayneedto
usemultiplewirestomakethisconnection.Forclarity,youshouldusewiresofthesamecolor.
8. GetyourTAtoverifythatyourcircuitiscorrect.Ifitis,yourTAwillsigntheappropriateplaceinthe
labreport.
9. WewillnowmeasurevoltagesbetweenpointsA,B,C,andD.Thesevoltagescanbeusedto
calculatethecurrentthroughtheresistors.Youcalculatedtheexpectedvaluesforthesevoltagesas
partofyourprelabassignment.Wewillcomparethoseresultstothoseyouwillmeasure.
10. DrawthecircuitshowninFigure9aboveintheboxprovidedintheLabReport.Includewhereyou
willplacevoltmeters(denotedbyaVinsideacircle;includethepositiveandnegativeterminals)
tomeasureVAB,VBC,andVCD.Youwillhavemorethanonevoltmeterinyourcircuit.
11. EnterthevaluesyoucalculatedfromtheprelabintotheappropriatelocationinTable1oftheLab
Report.
12. Runyourvifromlab3togenerateaDCvoltagetoyourcircuit.
49
13. SettheDCvoltagevalueto5volts.Youcaneitherusetheknobonthefrontpanelofyourviortype
thevalue5V.
14. MeasureVAB,VBC,andVCDusingyourmyDAQandtheDigitalMultimeter(DMM).(Makesureyour
probesareconnectedtotheVoltageslotandnotthecurrentslot).Enterthevoltagemeasuredinto
yournotebookandintheappropriateplaceofTable1oftheLabReport.Makesureyouusean
appropriatenumberofsignificantfiguresandtheunits.ConfirmthatKVLissatisfiedbysumming
yourmeasuredvaluesinthetabletofindVAD.
15. Disassemblethecircuityouhavebuilt.
Assignment 2: Measurements on the second circuit
WewillnowcreateadifferentcircuitwhichisshowninFigure5.
I1
5k
5V
A
I2
20k
I3
20k
I4
10k
Figure10:SecondCircuitforCircuitsILab
1. Buildthiscircuitonthebreadboard.
2. ConnecttheAGNDandAO0wirestotheappropriateplacesinthecircuit.
3. GetyourTAtoverifythatyourcircuitiscorrect.Ifitis,yourTAwillsigntheappropriateplacein
thelabreport.
4. Thistime,wewillmeasurethecurrentsI1,I2,I3,andI4flowingthroughitsresistorbymeasuring
thevoltageacrossitandthencalculatingthecurrentfromthismeasurement.
5. DrawthecircuitshowninFigure10aboveintheboxprovidedintheLabReport.Includewhere
youwillplaceammeters(denotedbyanAinsideacircle;includethepositiveandnegative
terminals)tomeasureI1,I2,I3,andI4.Youwillhavemorethanoneammeterinyourcircuit.
6. EnterthevaluesyoucalculatedfromtheprelabintotheappropriatelocationinTable2ofthe
LabReport.
7. SettheDCvoltagevalueto5volts.Youcaneitherusetheknobonyourviortypethevalue5V
intothespaceprovided.
8. Measurethecurrentvalueflowingthrougheachresistor.UsethecurrentsettingonmyDAQto
dothis.Enterthecurrentmeasuredintobothyournotebookandintheappropriateplaceof
Table2oftheLabReport.Assumethatpositivecurrentsflowfromlefttorightoruptodownas
appropriate.Makesureyouuseanappropriatenumberofsignificantfiguresandtheunits.
RememberthatKCLmustbesatisfied.
50
**Ifyouarehavingtroublegettinganonzerocurrentmeasurement,gototheproperties
menuforyourmultimeterandselectSpecifyRangeto20mAinsteadofAuto**
9. Disassemblethecircuityouhavebuilt.
10. TurninyourcompletedlabreporttoyourTA.
FAQs

Q:
Why wont my circuit work?
A:
Check your connections. Only the 5 holes in a row are connected; the columns are not
connected, and rows across the middle crevasse are not connected!

Q:
Why am I not measuring current correctly?
A:
In the block diagram VI, edit the range option for current to 20mA.

Q:
How do I measure current anyway?
A:
Break the connection, and connect your myDAQ probes in series to complete the connection,
as you would with a resistor. Also, be sure to change your myDAQ red probe into the correct
plug.

Q:
Why do my values fluctuate so much and why am I not getting any good reading?
A:
You need to make a good contact with your probes to the metal leads of the resistors in
order to minimize contact resistance and give a good reading. You may need to press the
meter leads to the resistor terminals or do some other intervention to make it work.
51
LabNote
Procedure / DATA
52
Date
. 2015
Name:
EID:
By placing by name and EID above, I am certifying that I determined the answer to the questions
posed below and did not copy my answers from a fellow student.
***
Due at the beginning of your lab session ***
Required Readings:
APPENDIX A: MULTIMETER BASICS of the lab manual
APPENDIX B: KEEPING AN ENGINEERING NOTEBOOK of the lab manual
1. Determine what the appropriate color bands are for the resistors to be used in this lab. Place your
answers in the table below.
Resistor
1 k
2 k
3 k
5 k
10 k
20 k
First Color
Second Color
Multiplier Color
2. Draw the appropriate schematic diagram in the box provided for each of the following protoboard
circuits.
+10 volts
22
Ground
(a)
Pre-lab: Breadboard and Measurement
1
53
C
C
Ground
BB
E D
+5 volts
(b)
3. Indicate where you'd place a ammeter to measure the current through the voltage source and where
you'd place a voltmeter to measure the voltage of resistor R2 in the diagram below. Place you redrawn circuit in the box provided.
R2
5V
R1
2
54
4.
Use the three circuits below to calculate the quantities requested. Assume that positive current
flows either left to right or up to down as appropriate. Make sure you include units and an
appropriate number of significant figures.
Paramet
Val
Voltage between points A(+) & B(-) VAB

Voltage between points B(+) & C(-) VBC
Voltage between points C(+) & D(-) VCD
(a)
Re-do part (a) assuming that the 5 k resistor is 5.1 k.
Paramet
Val
Voltage between points A(+) & B(-) VAB

Voltage between points B(+) & C(-) VBC
Voltage between points C(+) & D(-) VCD
(b)
3
55
Parameter
Value
I1
I2
I3
I4
(c)
Re-do part (c) assuming that the 5 k resistor is 5.1 k.
Parameter
Value
I1
I2
I3
I4
(d)
4
56
Circuits II - Breadboarding and Measurements

Lab Report
Submitted by (Print names)
Lab Report: Breadboard and Measurement
1
57
Place the drawing asked for in Step 5 in the box below. Also, put your Voltmeters with
appropriate polarity for the measurement.
Table 1: Measured and Calculated voltage values in the circuit in Figure 9 of the Lab. Make sure you
use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.
Calculated Voltage
VAB
Measured Voltage
VBC
VCD
VAD=VAB+ VBC+ VCD
2
58
Place the drawing asked for in Step 2 in the box below. Also, put your Ammeters with appropriate
polarity for the measurement.
Table 2: Measured and Calculated current values in the circuit in Figure 10 of the Lab. Make sure
you use an appropriate number of significant figures and include your units.
Calculated Current
Measured Current
I1
I2
I3
I4
3
59
Lab 7: Soldering and Kit Assembly

Before coming to lab, review these online resources for learning to solder or
find your own using a websearch:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldering
http://www.instructables.com/id/E30LR180T4EWP872BS/?ALLSTEPS
(This site contains videos which you may find helpful.)

Lab Goals:
By the end of this lab, students will:
Learn how to solder electronic components to a printed circuit board.
Learn how to use tools to build the siren and flashing LED circuit.

A kit to assemble along with the following tools and instrument:
Soldering iron, stand, solder, and solder wick
Screwdrivers, wire cutters, and pliers

At the completion of this lab please return the equipment

Demonstration of your assembled and working kit.
Assignment 1: Practice soldering
Usingtheinstructionsstartingonpage4ofthekitinstructions,practicesolderingusingthepractice
padsontheedgeofthecircuitboardasshowninFigure2intheinstructions.Beforeproceeding,haveyour
TAinspectyoursolderingtechnique.
Assignement 2: Solder components to the board
Usingtheinstructionsstartingonpage6ofyourkitdocumentation,solderthecomponentstothe
board.Payspecialattentiontotheorientationofthefollowingcomponents,astheymustbeinstalledin
thecorrectorientation:
C6100Felectrolyticcapacitor
IC1555or1455timerintegratedcircuit
C1,C2,C310Felectrolyticcapacitor
Q1,Q22N3904transistors
LEDs
DemonstrateyourworkingboardtoyourTA.Ifyouhaveproblems,askhimorherforassistancein
diagnosingthecause.
60
FAQs
Q: Which parts have polarity?

A: The electrolytic capacitors have a negative end marked by a white stripe. The LED's have a flat
end that is the negative end; you may have to hold up to the light to see. Also, the negative
terminals of both these devices have shorter leads. Ceramic capacitors (orange), resistors, and
speakers have no polarity.

Q: How do I remove solder? I soldered a part on incorrectly!
A: Use the copper soldering wick by sandwiching it between the soldering iron and the solder
lump. Use pliers to remove the affected part once you remove enough solder (you will know).

Q: My soldering iron won't heat the solder to melt it! What should I do?
A: Chances are your tip is badly oxidized, so either clean the tip or get a new iron.
61
LabNote
Procedure / DATA
62
Date
. 2015
Lab 8: Solar Power Data Logging
Due at the beginning of lab:

Read the background information to this lab.

Lab Goals:
Determine the IV and PV characteristics of a solar panel
Learn about a renewable energy source application
Determine the maximum power delivered by a solar panel
Learn to use Microsoft EXCEL to display data graphically.

Solar Panel
myDAQ
Computer with Microsoft Excel
Background Knowledge: Solar Panels
Incidentsunlightcanbeconvertedintoelectricitybyphotovoltaicconversionusingasolarpanel,which
consistsofindividualcellsthatarelargeareasemiconductordiodes.Lightisabsorbedinthesilicon,
generatingbothexcessholesandelectrons.Theseexcesschargescanflowthroughanexternalcircuitto
producepowerandtheequivalentcircuitofasinglecellamountstoacurrentsourceasshowninFigure5.
Inelectricalengineering,itisoftenofinterestwhencharacterizingadevicetolookatitscurrentand
voltagerelationship,knownastheIVcharacteristicsofthedevicebecauseofthecurrentversusvoltage
graphsthatarecommonlyusedtorepresentthisrelationship.Similarly,anotherrelationshipthatisof
interestforadeviceisthepowervoltageorPVcharacteristics.
TheIVcharacteristicsofasolarpanelarenonlinearandfollowthegeneralshapeandequationshown
inFigure6.Thecurrentismaximumfortheshortcircuitcondition(i.e.,V=0),andthevoltageismaximum
fortheopencircuitcondition(i.e.,I=0).Maximumpower,Pmax,correspondstoVmandIm.
Solar Power and Typical Panel Facts:

Cleardayincidentsolarenergy(i.e.solarinsolation):1kW/m2
63
Solarpanelpoweroutputfacingabrightsun:140W/m2
For24/7poweravailability,deepdischargebatteriesstoreenergyfornighttimeorovercast
daytimeuse.Solarpanelefficiency:14%
Efficiencydecreaseswithhightemperatures.
AneverydayapplicationofsolarpowerissomeoftheLEDflashingsignsfromtheTxDOTin
schoolzones,forinstance.
Vocpercell(refertofigure6):0.50.6V
A12Vbatterychargingpanelhas(refertofigure6):36cells,atotalVoc19V,aVm14V
Eachseriescellinasolarpanelmaycontainmultipleindividualcellsinparalleltoincreasethe
totalsurfaceareaandpowergeneratingcapability.
Solarpowercost:$45/Wperpanel+$45/Wforbatteriesandelectronics
Vm,Im,andtheThveninequivalentresistancevarywithlightlevel,makingoperationat
maximumpowerdifficult.
DCDCconvertersoftenusedtomatchtheloadresistancetotheThveninequivalent
resistanceformaximumpoweroutputandchargestoragebatteriesinawaythatmaximizes
batterylife.
Ideally,asolarpanelshouldbeperpendiculartheincidentraysofthesunandtrackitlikea
sunflowertomaximizeenergycapture.SunpositionsforAustinareshowninFigure7.
Typically,panelsarefixedinpositionfacingtruesouthduetohighwindsurvivabilityand
adjustedonlyseasonallyforaltitude(winterangle=latitude+20,summerangle=latitude
10).ForAustinssuggestedseasonalpanelangles,seeFigure8.
Your Solar Panel System:

LookslikeFigure1.
TranslatestoanequivalentcircuitasinFigure2
ShouldhavecharacteristicsonovercastandsunnydaysasinFigure3
ShouldhaveaVoc=19V(opencircuitvoltage),Isc=0.1A(shortcircuitcurrent),andPmax=1.2W
(maximumpower)
Usesacurrentsampling/sensingresistorof10
Hasapotentiometer(orvariableresistor)asaloadwitharangefrom01k
Canbeusedfortricklechargingautomobileandboatbatteriestoreplenishleakagelossesand
powerdrawnbydashboardelectronics,theftdetectors,etc.
Isidenticaltocommercialgrade(40100W)panelsusedforpoweringremotecommunication
sites,schoolzoneflashers,andotherloadswhereconventionalpowerisnotreadilyavailableor
isexpensive,exceptforthecurrentscalefactor.
64
65
Assignment 1: Experimental Procedures
1. Ifpossible,performtheexperimentsoutsideinfullsunlight.Analternativetothesunistousethe
lampsprovidedinENS212(thepowerlab).
2. Ifyouareperformingtheexperimentinsunlight,orientthepanelsothatitisperpendiculartothe
sun.Shadowsprojectedbythesidesofthepanelwillhelpyoualignit.Holdingapencilalongside
andperpendiculartothepanelisalsohelpful.Theshadowofthepencilwillbeaminimumwhen
thepencilpointsdirectlytowardsthesun.
3. Ifyouareusingalamp,visuallyorientthepanelsothatitisperpendiculartothelamprays.Keep
thepanelatleast12inchesfromthelightbulbtoavoidoverheatingthepanel.Ifyouareusinga
focusedbeam,donotconcentratethelightonasmallpartofthepanel,butinstead,spreadthe
beamovertheentirepanelface.
4. Oncetheexperimentsbegin,donotmovethepanel.
5. Addavoltagedividercircuitacrossthepanelvoltage,whichconsistsoftwohighvalueresisters
connectedinseries.TheTAwillprovidethis.
6. RunwiresfromAI0tooneofthevoltagedividerresisterandalsorunwiresfromAI1tothesensing
resister(10)
7. YouwillusetheVIyoucreatedforprelabtoacquiredata.
8. EnsurethatthefileyouarewritingtoisanExcelfile.Todothis,doubleclickthewritetofilenode
intheblockdiagramandadialogboxwillpopup.SelectMicrosoftExcelundertheFileformat
categoryandcreateafileinaconvenientfolderlocationundertheFilenamecategory.
9. Turnthepotentiometercounterclockwiseuntilitcannotbeturned.
10. StarttheVIandslowlyturnthepotentiometerinaclockwisedirectionuntilyoureachtheend.
11. StoptheVI.
12. YouwillusetheloggeddatatocreateanIVcharacteristicplotandPVcharacteristicplotofthe
SolarpanelonMSExcel.
13. BasedonthedataacquiredyouwillalsousetheequationinFigure3togenerateatheoreticalIV
andPVplot.
14. Haveboththemeasuredplotandthetheoreticalplotonthesamegraphforcomparison.
15. CompletetheSolarPowerLabReportusingthehardcopyyoubroughttolabandturnacopyinto
yourTAattheendoflab.
Acknowledgments:
The solar panels and associated hardware used in this lab were donated by TXU Electric.
The introductory material was taken from Dr. Ewald Fuchs lecture notes for ECEN3170,
Energy Conversion I, University of Colorado at Boulder.

For More Information:
Three excellent web sites for information on solar power are Jade Mountain,
www.jademountain.com, the Texas Solar Energy Society, www.txses.org, and Southwest PV
Systems, www.southwestpv.com.

This lab was created by Dr. Grady on 11/16/01 and modified by Seunghyun Chun on 12/18/2010.
FAQs
Q: What am I supposed to measure?

A: Remove the current sensing resistor and measure the voltage across the terminals where the
resistor used to be. This is your open circuit voltage. Replace the resistor. While sweeping the
variable load resistor, measure the voltage across the load resistor, VL, then measure the
voltage across the current sensing resistor VR. Divide VR by 10 (the value of the current sensing
resistor, and this value will be your measured current IR. Take several data points of (VR, IR).
66
LabNote
Procedure / DATA
67
Date
. 2015
Solar Power Data Logging

Lab Report
Lab Report: Solar Power and Data Logging
1
68
Please, state the Weather Condition (Cloudy, Sunny, or Using a light source in the lab)
Solar Power: I-V plot (Both Theoretical and Measured values in the same plot)
Solar Power: P-V plot (Both Theoretical and Measured values in the same plot)
Explain why there is a difference between the theoretical values and measured values.
Lab Report: Solar Power and Data Logging
2
69
Lab 9: Introduction of Final Project (Robot Car)
Training module 1 (Rock, Paper, Scissors), Subsystem (Line Follower)

Read the lab manual.

Lab Goals:
Learn how to work in a group to complete a large project
Learn how to break down a large project into smaller parts
Learn how to brainstorm and construct solutions to perform a task

3x myDAQ (number of myDAQ can be varied by the Robot Car functions)
Computer with at least 3 USB ports
Introduction
Thefinalprojectwillbedoneingroupsof34people.Eachmemberofthegroupwillberesponsible
foroneofthesubsystems.Theoverallgoaloftheprojectistodesignandbuildarobotcarthatwill
automaticallytraverseanobstaclecourse.Asameobstaclecoursecanbefoundacouplepageslater.The
obstaclecoursewillbesplitupintosixphases.Thegradethatyouandyourgroupwillgetdependson
bothhowmanyphasesoftheobstaclecourseyourrobotsuccessfullyclears.Therewillbearobotcar
competitioninthefinaldemonstration;moreover,theawardandprizewillbeendowedtothebest
performedgroup.
Grade Breakdown
Phase
1
2
3
4
5 (Bonus)
6 (Bonus)
Your grade can be up to

70
80
90
100
105
110
70
SubSystem Overview
SteeringLogic
Description:Willworkoncontrollingtheindividualmotorsthatdrivethecar.Needstoaccept
andperformsimplefunctionssuchasturningleft/right90degrees,etc.
TrainingModule1:Rock/Paper/Scissor
LineFollower
Description:WillworkonthecircuitandLabViewtogetthecartofollowadarklineonawhite
surface.InterfacesstronglywiththeSteeringLogicsystem.Needstofigureouthowtogetthecar
tostayontheline,followsharpturns,andgetbacktothelineifitgetsoff.
TrainingModule2:OPAmplogicLab
ProximitySensorLogic
Description:theIRdistancesensorswillbeusedtonavigatethecarthroughthepartofthemaze
thathaswalls.Therewillbenolinestofollow.
GeneralPathAlgorithm
Description:Mainlyasystemsintegrationandprogrammingheavysystem.Willhavetointerface
stronglywitheveryonetomakesurethatthecarfinishesthemaze.

Training Module
Thefinalprojectisdifferentfromyourpreviouslabsinthatyouwillnotgetasetofinstructionsto
followandimplement.Instead,youwillneedtobrainstormwithyourteamtodeterminethebestdesign
foryourrobottocompletetheobstaclecourse.Inordertohelpyouaccomplishthisgoal,wehave
designedspecialtrainingmodulesthateachstudentmustcompletebeforestartingtoworkonyourfinal
project.Eachsubsystemwillhaveitsownassociatedtrainingmodulethatismeanttoexposethe
studentstosomeoftheconceptsandskillsnecessarytocompletetheirsubsystem.Keepinmind,
however,thatmuchofthefinalprojectwillrequireeachstudenttoperformmanysearchesinthe
literatureandonlineinordertocomeupwiththebestsolution.
71
Obstacle Course
Yourcarwillneedtofollowthesolidblacklineasitmakesitswaythroughthecourse.Thenumberof
phasesthatyourcarsuccessfullyclearsdeterminesyourgrade.
Phase1:Straightline.Thecar
mustbeabletofollowastraight
Phase2:Slowturn.
lineforadistance.
Thecarmustbeableto
takeseverallargeangle
Phase3:Sharpturn.
Thecarmustbeabletoa
90degreeturn.
Phase4:Atacertain
sectionofthecourse,the
TAwillintroducean
obstacleinthepathof
yourcar(suchasabook).
Thecarmustbeableto
sensethisandstop
Phase5:Thecarwillnavigatethroughasectionof
movingwhiletheobstacle
themazewithnolinesontheground,onlywalls.The
isthere.TheTAwillthen
proximitysensorshouldpreventthecarfromhittinga
removetheobstacleand
wall.
thecarshouldresumeits
path.
Phase6:Attheendofthecourse,theguideline
willturnred.Thecarshouldstophere.
72
Training Module 1: Rock, Paper, Scissors

should be placed in your engineering notebook
Blank copy of the Lab Report. One copy of the lab report will be turned
in.
You can either place another copy of the lab report into your notebook, or
copy down the data collected.

Lab Goals:
Learn about basic gesture recognition using flex sensors
Understand how to vary voltage using a flex sensor
Implement a voltage divider in a circuit

2x Spectrasymbol Flex Sensor (SEN10264)
2x 22k Ohm resistors
Your lab notebook
NI myDAQ kit
Turn in your completed lab report to your TA
Background Knowledge: Understanding a Flex Sensor
Aflexsensorhastheuniquepropertythatitchangesitsinternalresistancebasedonhowmuchitis
bent.Atypicalflexsensorwillhavearesistanceof20kOhmswhenitisflat.Thisresistancegradually
increasesandthesensorisbentfurther.Typicalrangesofbentresistancesarebetween40kand
60kOhms.Figure1showstheSpectraSymbolFlexSensor.Noticethatthereisagridononesideofthe
sensor.Thegridshouldbefacingoutwardwhenthesensorisbent,astheresistancewillnotchangeif
benttheotherway.
Flexsensorscanbeusedinavarietyofapplications,fromroboticbumperstoplayingtheairguitar,
andonceyouunderstandthebasics,withalittlecreativitythepossibilitiesareendless!
73
Figure1:SpectraSymbolFlexSensor
TheFlexsensorhastwoleads,andsinceitactsmuchlikearesistor,theorientationoftheleadsdoes
notmatter.Anadditionalresistorisrequiredinordertoturnthesensorintoasimplevoltagedivider.The
outputvoltageissenttoanAnalogInputpin.
Assignment 1: Building the Circuit

1. FillinChart1inyourlabreport.Makesuretomeasureresistancewhentheflexsensorisnot
poweredbyasource.
2. AnexamplecircuitisshowninFigure2.Buildtwocopiesofthiscircuitonyourbreadboard.Make
suretoattachtheoutputofoneofthemtoAI_0asindicatedinFigure2andtheothertoAI_1.
Figure2:FlexSensorschematicmadeinMultisim
3. FillinChart2ofyourlabreport.
4. CallaTAovertosignyourlabreporttoverifythefunctionalityofyourcircuit.
5. DownloadtheVIforthislabfromblackboard.Itshouldresemblethefollowing.
74
Figure3:FrontPanel
Figure4:BlockDiagram
6. Attachoneflexsensortoyourmiddlefingerandtheothertoyourringfinger.Refertothechart
belowandtheVItodeterminewhichsensorshouldgoonwhichfinger.Thevaluesofthesetwo
sensorswilldeterminethepositionaccordingtoTable1.A1representsabentfinger.For
example,ifthemoveisPaper,thenneithersensorwillbebent,andifthemoveisScissors,then
onlytheringfingershouldbebent.
7. Connectthe0pinstoground.
8. **Ensurethatthegridsideofthesensorisfacingupwards.Youcanattachthesensorstoyour
fingerswithtapeorrubberbands.Experimentwithwhatpositioningofthesensoronthefinger
worksbest.
75
Ring Finger
Bit 1
0
0
1
1
Middle Finger
Bit 0
0
1
0
1
Table1
Decimal Number
0
1
2
3
Game Move
Paper
Invalid
Scissors
Rock
9. Writeinyourlabnotesectiontoindicatewhichfingergoestowhichinputport(AI_0,AI_1).
10. ThesetupscreenfortheDAQAssistantisshowninfigure5.
Figure5:DAQAssistantsetup
11. AstatemachinewasusedtoprogramtheRockPaperScissorsgame.Atthestartofeachgame,
thevalueoftheflexsensorsisreadinontheAnalogInlinesusingtheDAQAssistant.The
voltagesfromtheflexsensorsarethencomparedtoathresholdvoltagethatdetermineswhether
thesensorisbentornot.Thismayvarydependingontherestingandbentresistanceofthe
particularflexsensor.Inourcase,agoodthresholdwas3V.Oncethemoveoftheuseris
determined,thesoftwaredetermineswhowinstheroundanddisplaysapopuptotheuser.If
theplayerpressesstop,thenthestatemachinewillgotoaQuitstate,andtheprogramwill
determinewhowonthemostRockPaperScissorsbattles.Thefrontpanelandblockdiagramare
showninFigure4and5.Taketimetolookthroughthevariousstatesinthisvi.Whenyou
understandhowitworks,playthegame!
12. Playwiththeprogramandthenwhenyouaresatisfiedwithitsperformance,callaTAoverto
verifythefunctionalityofyourgame.
13. Measureresistanceorvoltageforothersensors.
(Photoresistor:resistancemeasurement,IRsensor:directVoltagemeasurementwithwhiteline)
76
Acknowledgement:AspecialthankstoJackieLeverett(SummerELPInternofNI)fortheexample
RockPaperScissorsgame.
Lab Goals:
Learn how a photoresistor works
Hands on experience building a voltage divider

Photoresistor, IR sensor
5x 20k Ohm resistors
Subsystem: Line Follower
Description
UsetheAPIcreatedbytheSteeringsubsystemandaphotoresistorcircuittodetectawhitelineona
blacksurfaceandfollowtheline.Mustdeveloptheoptimalphotoresistor/IRsensorsetuptoaccomplish
thistask.
Thelinewillnotbejustastraightlinebutwillalsohavesharp(90degree)turns.Thispartofthecar
mustenablethecartostayontheline.Ifthecarlosestrackoftheline,thereshouldbeawayforthecar
tofindthelineagainandcontinueinthecorrectdirection.
Suggested Reading
Photoresistor
o http://www.societyofrobots.com/schematics_photoresistor.shtml
Photocelldatasheet
o http://www.advancedphotonix.com/ap_products/pdfs/PDVP8103.pdf
Deliverables
Buildthephotoresistorarraytokeeptrackofthewhitelineduringoperation.Couldpotentiallyuse
anarrayofphotoresistorstobettertheperformanceofthissubsystem.Thealgorithmwillvary
accordingly.
FollowLine(Boolean)
Follows the line as long as the Boolean is set
to true.
FindLine()
Searches for the line
77
LabNote
Procedure / DATA
78
Date
. 2015
Name:
EID:
By placing by name and EID above, I am certifying that I determined the answer to the
questions posed below and did not copy my answers from a fellow student.
1. Read the background knowledge section of Lab X.

2. Write down the equation for the voltage at AI_0 for the circuit in Figure 1. Let Rflex be the
resistance of the Flex Sensor.
Vai_0 =
Figure 1
3. Draw a circuit diagram for the following. Omit the AI_0 wire. Instead, draw where you would
place your voltage meter to obtain the voltage at AI_0
Pre-lab: Final Project, Training Module 1
1
79
4. Make this circuit in Multisim.

5. Fill out chart 1 by simulating this circuit using multisim. Replace the Flex_Sensor with a
normal resistor. Assume tolerance 0% for all resistors.
Rflex (kOhms)
20
40
60
Vai_0 (calculated from Q2)
Vai_0 (Multisim)
6. Do the simulated values in Multisim match the calculated values from your equation in Q2?
Why or why not?
Pre-lab: Final Project, Training Module 1
2
80
Final Project: Training Module 1

Rock, Paper, Scissors and Sensor level measurements


Lab Report: Final Project, Training Module 1
1
81
Chart 1: Resistance Measurements of Flex Sensor
How much to bend the Flex Sensor

Unbent
Resistance of the Sensor (ohms)
Halfway bent
Fully bent
Chart 2: Voltage Measurements at the Output
How much to bend the Flex Sensor

Unbent
Voltage at Output (v)

Halfway bent
Fully bent
Question: Do the values calculated in the prelab from an analytical approach, simulated in
Multisim and measured on the breadboard match? Why or why not?

82
Chart 3: Resistance Measurements of Photoresistor
Color Line below the photoresistor

Black
Resistance of the Sensor (ohms)
White
Red
Chart 4: Voltage Measurements of IR sensors (Direct measurement of white line)
Distance from the sensor

10 cm
Voltage at Output (v)
20 cm
30 cm

TA Signature:
Question: How do you apply above measured values of your sensors for the sensor system for
your robot car? Please, describe your thoughts concisely.
3
83
Lab 10: Proficiency Exam

EE 302 Lab Proficiency Exam - Example
(Time for Exam: 20 minutes)
Name:
EID:
Professor:
The goal of this exam is to measure your abilities to build a circuit on a breadboard based on a
circuit schematic and accurately measure currents and voltages from this circuit. The circuit you
are to build is shown below:
Circuit Correct 1st Time?
Circuit Correct 2nd Time?
Circuit Correct 3rd Time?
Circuit Correct 4th Time?
Circuit Correct 5th Time?
Your MUST have a TA check your circuit BEFORE moving onto the measurements.
r
Build this circuit using the breadboard and resistors provided. Use the multimeter provided to
fill in the table below. The value of DC will be provided to you by your TA.
Quantity
Value
(include units)
Verification
By TA
Req seen by the voltage source
Notes
1. All resistors have a tolerance of 5%
2. You may write any information that you want on this sheet.
You CANNOT use MultiSim, the circuit simulation package
3. All values placed in the table above MUST BE CONFIRMED by TAs.
NO EXCEPTIONS!
4. If you blow a fuse in the multimeter when taking a measurement, you will not receive any
credit for that measurement or any measurements that would still need to be taken.
5. All resistors must be returned to the packet provided at the end of the exam.
84
Lab 11: Thevenin Equivalent Circuits

Your completed Prelab. One copy is to be turned in to your TA. A second
copy should be placed into your engineering notebook.

Lab Goals:
You will construct and verify Thvenin equivalent circuits using
experimental measurements.
You will practice measuring current and voltage using a myDAQ.
You will calculate load resistance and derive the maximum power from a
circuit.

Your lab notebook
Wires for building circuits (available in lab)
MyDAQ setting for Digital Multimeter (DMM) with connection probes
The following resistors:

Quantity
Value
1
100
1
330
1
470
1
1 k
5
1.5 k
1
3.9 k
1
5.1 k
1
10 k

Due at the end of the lab:
Acompletedcopyofyourlabreport.Onecopyistobeturnedinandonecopyis
tobeplacedintoyour notebook.
85
Assignment 1: Construct the first circuit

1k
1.5k
9V
6V
1k
1.5k
330
1k
1.5k
RL=470
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Figure 1: First Circuit for Circuits V Lab

ConstructthecircuitshowninFigure1onabreadboard.Providethewiringneededtousethe
positivevariablepowersupply.
ConfirmwithyourTAthatyourcircuitiscorrectandhaveyourTAsignyourlabreport.
Setthepowersupplyvoltageto6volts.UsetheviyoucreatedfromLab2.
MeasuretheoutputvoltageacrosstheloadresistorRL=470andrecordyourreadinginyour
notebookandinTable1inyourlabreport.
ChangetheloadresistorRLto100andmeasurethenewoutputvoltage.Recordyourreading
inyournotebookandinTable1.Rememberthatyouneedtoturnoffthepowersupply
appliedusingthevifromLab2eachtimeyouremovearesistor.
RepeatStep5forloadresistancevaluesof1k,3.9kand10k.
Turnoffthepowerandremovethe10kloadresistorfromthecircuit.
Turnonthepowerandmeasuretheopencircuitvoltage(VOC)andshortcircuitcurrent(ISC).
UsingthesevaluescalculateThveninvoltage(VTH)andThveninresistance(RTH).Recordthe
resultsinTable1ofyourlabreport.(Hint:tomeasureshortcircuitcurrentrememberthatthe
internalresistanceofanidealammeteriszeroohms.Tomeasuretheshortcircuitcurrent,you
cansimplyplacetheidealammeteracrosstheloadterminals.)
Drawtheequivalentcircuitinthespaceprovidedinyourlabreport.Disassembleyourcircuit.
UsingtheVTHandRTHvaluesconstructaThveninequivalentcircuitusingthebreadboard.
Providethewiringneededtousethepositivevariablepowersupply.
AddtheloadresistanceRL=470toyourcircuit.
SetthepositivepowersupplytothevalueofVTHcalculatedinStep9.Measurethevoltage
acrosstheloadresistor.RecordyourreadinginyournotebookandinTable2.
UsingtheThveninequivalentcircuitwhatyoufoundinstep8,changetheloadresistorRLto
100andmeasurethenewoutputvoltage.Recordyourreadinginyournotebookandin
Table2.Rememberthatyouneedtoturnoffthepowereachtimeyouremovearesistor.
RepeatStep12forloadresistancevaluesof1k,3.9kand10k.
Disassembleyourcircuit.
86

Assignment 2: Construct the second circuit
1.5 k
1.5 k
1.5 k
2.2 k
5.1k
1.5 k
15V
1.5 k
RL=1.0 k
5V
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Figure 2: Second Circuit of Circuit V Lab

ConstructthecircuitshowninFigure2usingthebreadboard.Forthisstep,usethestandard
+15VandAOchannelonyourmyDAQ.(Connectthegroundonlytotheloadresister!)
ConfirmwithyourTAthatyourcircuitiscorrect.
Turnonthepower.
MeasuretheoutputvoltageacrosstheloadresistorRL=1.0k.Recordyourreadinginyour
notebookandinTable3inyourlabreport.
RepeatStep4forloadresistancevaluesof100,470,3.9k,and10k.Recordyourreading
inyourlabnotesectionandinTable3inyourlabreport
Turnofftheprotoboardpowerandremovethe10kloadresistorfromthecircuit.
Turnontheprotoboardpowerandmeasuretheopencircuitvoltage(VOC)andshortcircuit
current(ISC).UsingthesevaluescalculateThveninvoltage(VTH)andThveninresistance(RTH).
RecordyourreadingsandcalculationsinyournotebookandinTable3.
DrawtheThveninequivalentcircuitinyourlabreportinthespaceprovided.
Usingthemeasuredoutputvoltagesrecordedinthistask,computethepowerintheload
resistorandrecordthesevaluesinTable4.Plotthepowerversusloadresistanceonthe
providedgraph.
Atwhatvalueofloadresistanceisthemaximumoutputpowerrealized?Markthisvalueon
yourplot.
FindtheThveninequivalentforanunknowncircuit
Youhavebeenprovidedwithablackboxthatcontainsanunknowncircuit.Determineits
Thveninequivalentcircuit.RecordthevaluesyoumeasureinTable5ofthelabreportandin
yournotebook.
Drawthiscircuitinthespaceprovidedinyourlabreport.
CompletethequestionsinyourlabreportandturninacopytoyourTA.
87
FAQs
Q: Why am I getting a notice saying Im drawing too much current?

A: For circuit 2, you actually have 3 power supply terminals: +15, +5, and GND. Since the
rails on the side can only accommodate only 2 supply voltages, you need to designate
another node somewhere on your breadboard as the +5V source.

Q: Why arent my values close to what I calculated?
A: Try adjusting the range settings on your multimeter to 20 V and 20 mA or so.
88
LabNote
Procedure / DATA
89
Date
. 2015
Name:
EID:
By placing my name and EID above, I am certifying that I determined the answer to
the questions posed below and did not copy my answers from a fellow student.
You will need 2 completed copies of this prelab. One is to be turned in to your TA at
the beginning of the lab session. The other one is to be done in your lab manual.
Questions
1. Select the correct choice to complete the following two sentences:
a. To find the Thvenin equivalent voltage of a circuit, one must measure the
open circuit (i.e. no load) output (voltage / current).
b. To calculate the Thvenin equivalent resistance of a circuit, all voltage

source are replaced by a/an sources are replaced by a/an (open / short) circuit
and all current (open / short) circuit.
2. Derive and draw the Thvenin equivalent circuit (i.e. find Thvenin voltage and
Thvenin resistance) for the circuit in Figure 1 of your lab manual, that has a load
resistance of 470 . (The 470 resistor is the load resistor and should NOT be
included in your Thvenin equivalent circuit calculations.)
Show your work in order to get full credit.
3. Using Multisim, derive and draw the Thvenin equivalent circuit (i.e. find Thvenin
voltage and Thvenin resistance) for the circuit of Figure 2. To use Multisim, you
will need to enter the circuit of Figure 2 and use a virtual voltmeter to measure the
open-circuit voltage. The diagram below shows what your simulation should look
like. Double click on the virtual voltmeter and change the resistance to 10 M.
Print your simulated results showing your voltage measurement and attach this
print to the Prelab. To complete the derivation of the Thvenin equivalent circuit,
you will need to measure the short-circuit current using a virtual ammeter,
measured at the output terminals. Print your simulated circuit showing the current
measurement and attach it to the Pre-lab.
Hints:
To measure short-circuit current remember that the internal resistance of an ideal
ammeter is zero ohms. To measure the short-circuit current, you can simply place
the ideal ammeter across the load terminals.)
In Multisim, you can select the circuit you have entered, copy it, and paste to
create an exact copy. You can then use the original circuit and the copy to
simulate VOC and ISC simultaneously.
Pre-lb: Thvenin Equivalent Circuits
1
90
Remember that VTH = Voc, the open-circuit voltage and RTH = Voc/ISC, the shortcircuit current.
4. Enter your Thvenin equivalent circuit into Multisim. Your circuit will look like the
one below with your derived values for VTH and RTH substituted in the circuit. Using
a virtual voltmeter and virtual ammeter, measure the open-circuit voltage and shortcircuit current. Confirm that these measurements are identical to those measured in
step 3. Print out your simulated results and attach them to the pre-lab.
Pre-lab: Thvenin Equivalent Circuits
2
91
Circuits VI - Thvenin Equivalent Circuits

Lab Report
Lab Report: Thvenin Equivalent Circuit
1
92
Assignment 1: Construct the first circuit
1. TA Signature (Step 2):
Table 1: Quantities asked for in the assignment 1
Quantity
Open Circuit Voltage VOC
Value (include units)
Short Circuit Current ISC
Thvenin Equivalent Voltage
Thvenin Equivalent Resistance
Output voltage across RL = 100
Output voltage across RL = 1 k
Output voltage across RL = 3.9 k
3. Draw the Thvenin Equivalent circuit you derived in the assignment 1 (Step 9).
RL
Output Voltage (V)
100
470
1 k
3.9 k
10 k
2
93
Assignment 2: Construct the second circuit
Quantity
Open Circuit Voltage VOC
Value (include units)
Short Circuit Current ISC
Thvenin Equivalent Voltage
Thvenin Equivalent Resistance

Output voltage across RL = 3.9 k

3. Draw the Thvenin Equivalent circuit you derived in Task 2 (Step 8).
Table 4 Measured Voltages and Computed Power (Step 9)
Assignment 2
RL
100
470
1 k
3.9 k
10 k
Output Voltage (V)
Power (mW)
3
94
Output Power (mW) Vs. Load Resistance ( ) (Step 9)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
Power
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Load Resistance in Ohm( )s
4. Record your measured values for Step 11 in the following table. Be certain to record the
quantities measured and their units.
Table 5. Measurements for Unknown Circuit
5. Draw the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit in the table 5. (Step 13)
4
95
Lab 12: Final Project (Motor Control, Collision Detection)

Due at the beginning of lab (1 for each group):
Build the Gear Box (lowest speed option is recommend)
should be placed in your engineering notebook

Lab Goals:
Learn how to control a DC motor
Learn about HBridge Controller

MyDAQ, L293D HBridge, 6V battery
Subsystem: Motor Control
Description
Responsibleforthereliableimplementationofsteeringfunctionsaswellasbuildingthecircuitto
controlthemotors.Thissubsystemcontributesgreatlytothesuccessoftheproject.Withoutreliable
steeringthecarwillnotbeabletocompletethecourse.
Suggested Reading
Thefollowingdocumentsmayhelpyoucompleteyourtask:
HBridge
o http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_bridge
L293DHBridgedatasheet
o http://www.parallax.com/Portals/0/Downloads/docs/prod/compshop/60300019
L293DDatasheet.pdf
DCMotor
o http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_motor

Deliverables
MustcreateanAPIforturningfunctionsthattheothersubsystemscancall.Canpotentiallyutilize
theWheelEncodertoensurereliabilityofthesteering.Needtoalsobuildthecircuittocontrolthe
motors.
TurnCounterClockwise()
When called, the car should turn counter
clockwise
96
TurnClockwise()
Stop()
Forward()
*Could also choose to take TIME as the input.

In which case the car will turn for the specified
amount of time (seconds, milliseconds, etc).
When called, the car should turn clockwise
*Could also choose to take TIME as the input.
In which case the car will turn for the specified
amount of time (seconds, milliseconds, etc).
Acts as an interrupt. Stops the motion of both
wheels.
Moves both wheels at the same speed so that
the car will move forward in a straight line.
Moves at a certain speed setting.
Backward()
*Maybe have to implement a control structure

to make sure that the car moves in a straight line
forward.
Moves both wheels at the same speed so that
the car will move forward in a straight line.
Moves at a certain speed setting.
Pause()
Resume()
*Maybe have to implement a control structure

to make sure that the car moves in a straight line
forward.
Similar to Stop() except the last state of the car
will be saved.
Continues the movement of the car after a
Pause()
**Thesearejusttheminimumintermsofsteeringfunctions.Dependingonyourspecific
implementationyoumightwanttoimplementmorecomplicatedfunctionsthatcombinethecore
functions.
Subsystem: Collision Detection
Description
ProgramandbuildthecircuittoutilizetheIRsensorsandavoidobstaclesinthepath.Therewillbea
sectionofthemazethatwillincludeasectionwithnolineandthecarwillhavetomovethroughthat
areawithouthittingthewalls.Also,wewillrandomlyputdownaroadblockintheroadatsomepointin
themazeandthecarwillhavetostopandwaitfortheobstacletoclear.
**NeedstocallfunctionsfromtheSteeringAPI
97

Suggested Reading
SharpIRRangeFinderDatasheet
o http://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/Infrared/gp2y0a02yk_e.pdf
FormulaNode
o http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361D01/glang/formula_node/
Threshold1DArray
o http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361D01/glang/threshold_1d_array/
InRangeandCoerce
o http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361E01/glang/in_range_and_coerce/
Comparison
o http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361E01/lvexpress/comparison/

Deliverables
APIoffunctionsthatutilizeyourIRRangeFindercircuit
Navigate()
The car should be able to navigate between
two walls without crashing. There will be no line
to follow.
ObstacleFound()
An interrupt that stops the motion of the car
when an obstacle is in front of the car.
Need to resume operation of the car when
obstacle is removed.
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LabNote
Procedure / DATA
99
Date
. 2015
Name:
EID:

1. Review the HBridge: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H_bridge

2. Review the L293DHBridgedatasheet: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/l293d.pdf

3. Label pins functions of the Hbridge below in a way that makes sense with the Hbridge:

4. Draw a breadboard connection of the Hbridge including myDAQ ports:

Pre-lab: Final Project (Motor Control, Collision Detection)
100
Lab 13: Final Project

(Training Module 2 (Optical Theremin), Path Logic)
Due beginning of lab (1 for each group):

Completed prelab questions. One copy is to be turned in and one
copy should be placed in your engineering notebook.
You can either place another copy of the lab report into your
notebook, or copy down the data collected.
Download Labview Vis for Path Logic

Lab Goals:
Learn about the functionality of an Op Amp.
Learn about the behavior of a photodiode.
Implement Path Logic

Equipment needed:
2 x Photodiode
2 x 741 OpAmps
4 x 5.1MOhm resistors
NI myDAQ kit


** Each group needs to turn in Final Report by May 10.
Please, also refer BB and appendix C for the report.
Background Knowledge: Photodiodes
Aphotodiodeconvertslightintoeithercurrentorvoltage,dependingonthemodeofoperation.
Whenaphotonofsufficientenergystrikesthediode,itexcitesanelectron(photoelectriceffect).
Belowisacircuitdiagramforaphotodiode:
Reviewthephotodiodedatasheetformoreinformationonhowtowirethephotodiodeandits
characteristics.
http://www.optekinc.com/datasheets/OP950.PDF
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Background Knowledge: Using the Optical Theremin VI
OnthemyDAQOpticalThereminVIusetheMaxandMinPitchknobstosetthehighestandlowest
frequenciestobegenerated.UsetheMaxandMinLevelslidersforPitchandGaintoconfigurethe
amplituderangethatwillbeseenbyeachsensor.Theprogramscalestheoutputfrequencyrangeand
gaintobeequallydistributedacrosstheamplituderangesforthoserespectiveinputs.
ToconfigurevisualpitchmarkersselectthenotesyourwanttodisplayinthePitchMarkersarray
control.ToconfigureautotuneselectthenotesyouwanttotunetointheAutoTunePitchesarray
control.EnableautotunewiththeAutoTunetoggleswitch.

Assignment 1: Building the Circuit
BuildtwoinstancesofthephotodiodeamplifiercircuitasshowinFigure1:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Figure 1: Photodiode Amplifier Circuit Diagram.

Usethe+15V,15V,andGNDsourcesonthemyDAQtopowerthecircuit.
TheinputforAI0andAI1shouldbothbetiedtoground.
TheoutputoftheamplifiercircuittocontrolpitchshouldbeconnectedtoAI0+andthe
amplifiercircuittocontrolgainshouldbeconnectedtoAI1+.
CallyourTAovertoverifyyourcircuit.
DownloadtheOpticalThereminVIfromblackboard.
RemembertoreadtheBackgroundKnowledgesectiononusingtheprogram.

**Note:TheDAQAssistantisconfiguredforthemyDAQunittobenamedDev1.Ifyouhave
configuredyourmyDAQdifferentlyyouwillneedtomodifybothDAQAssistantVIs.
Also,theDAQAssistantVIperformingtheanalogoutputisconfiguredbydefaulttogenerateat
100kS/sandwrite6.5ksamplestothemyDAQatatime.Dependingontheperformanceofyour
computeryoumayexperienceabufferunderflowerror200621becausetheprogramcannotgenerate
datafastenoughforthemyDAQtomaintaincontinuousanalogoutput.
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Ifyouexperiencethiserroryouwillneedtomodifyone,orboth,ofthefollowingsettings:

1. Increasethe"SamplestoWrite"inthesecondDAQAssistantVIandincreasethe"Numberof
Samples"intheSimulateSignalExpressVI.Bothofthesevaluesshouldbethesame.
2. Decreasethe"Rate(Hz)"inthesecondDAQAssistantVIanddecreasethe"Samplesper
Second"intheSimulateSignalExpressVI.Bothofthesevaluesshouldbethesame.
Itwilltakealittlebitoffiddlingtofigureoutwhichsettingsworkbestwithyourcomputer.Youwant
tohavethelargestsamplingrateandsmallestnumberofsamplestowriteaspossiblebecauseitwill
minimizethesystemdelayfrominputtooutput.

1. TestyoursystemaccordingtoFigure2
Figure 2: Usage Diagram
2. Whenyouaredone,callaTAovertosignyouoff.
TASignature:_________________________________________________________

Acknowledgement:AspecialthankstoLizSavage(EmployeeofNI)fortheexampleopticaltheremin
circuit.
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Subsystem: Path Logic
Description
Mainlyasystemsintegrationandprogrammingheavysystem.Willhavetointerfacestronglywith
everyonetomakesurethatthecarfinishesthemaze.Hastodevelopthealgorithmthatwillutilizethe
Steering,LineFollower,andProximitySensorAPIstofinishthemaze.Refertothefollowingpageforthe
sampleobstaclecourse.
Mission
Readthroughthesuggestedreadingandworkthroughtheexamples.Youmayormaynotdecideto
utilizethosefeaturesofLabView.Setupaprojectfileforyourgroupsrobotandcomeupwithan
organizationalstrategy.
Suggested Reading
LabViewSubVI
o http://zone.ni.com/reference/enXX/help/371361E01/lvconcepts/creating_subvis/
TimedLoops
o http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/elessonshtml/LabVIEW/LabVIEW02Time
dLoop.htm
Deliverables
Flowchartofalgorithm
LabViewcodetotraversetheobstaclecourse
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LabNote
Procedure / DATA
105
Date
. 2015
Name:
EID:


1. Review the photodiode datasheet: http://www.optekinc.com/datasheets/OP950.PDF

2. Review the LM741 OpAmp datasheet: http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM741.pdf
3. Draw a breadboard connection of the following (including myDAQ ports):
4. Label the OpAmp below in a way that makes sense with the OpAmp from the
previous problem:

Pre-lab: Final Project (Training Module 2, Path Logic)

106
5. Label each leg of the photodiode as either cathode or anode and indicate where it should
be connected on the Op Amp.
6. (Path Logic) Describe your groups path logic or algorithm. Please, specify the sensor types
(Photoresistor, IR) and those Input/Output ports in your myDAQ. You may mention the number of
myDAQs which you need. Moreover, please, describe your labview algorithm which combines
sensor signals and motor controls.
Pre-lab: Final Project (Training Module 2, Path Logic)
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5.0 Appendices
Appendix A: Multimeter Basics
What is a Multimeter?
Ameterisameasuringinstrument.Anammetermeasurescurrent,avoltmetermeasuresthe
potentialdifference(voltage)betweentwopoints,andanohmmetermeasuresresistance.Amultimeter
combinesthesefunctions,andpossiblysomeadditionalonesaswell,intoasingleinstrument.
Typicallyithasthreeports;oneformeasuringvoltageandresistance,oneformeasuringcurrent
whiletherestisusedasacommonportformeasuringalloftheabove.
Mostofthemultimetersusednowadaysaredigitalmultimetersandtheycandisplaymeasurements
uptooneortwodigitsafterthedecimalpoint.
Forsafetyreasons,youmustNEVERconnectamultimetertothemainsupply.
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Measuring Current
Tostartwith,youmayneedtobreakthecircuitsothatthemultimetercanbeconnectedinseries.
Allthecurrentflowinginthecircuitmustpassthroughtheammeter.AnammeterhasaLOWresistance.
Wecanusethemultimeterasanammeterbyrotatingtheknobandsettingitinthecurrentmeasuring
portionofthemultimeter.

NowwemustconnectoneendoftheredwiretotheportwithmAorAsign.Theotherendofthis
wireshouldbeconnectedtothecurrententeringnode(rednode).Theblackorwhitewireshouldbe
connectedtothemultimeterportwithCOMsign.Theotherendofthiswireshouldbeconnectedtothe
currentleavingnode(blacknode).
Aschematicdiagramshowingtheplacementoftheammeterisshownbelow.
R
R
2V
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Measuring Voltage
Forvoltagemeasurements,youdonotneedtobreakthecircuit.Tomeasurevoltagedropacrossa
resistorinanelectricalcircuit,onemustconnecttheMultimeterinparallelwiththatparticularresistor.
Inthiscase,amultimeterbehavesmorelikeanactualvoltmeter.AvoltmeterhasaveryHIGHresistance
insideit.Wecanusethemultimeterasavoltmeterbyrotatingtheknobandsettingitinthevoltage
measuringportionofthemultimeter.
NowwemustconnectoneendoftheredwiretotheportwithVsign.Theotherendofthiswire
shouldbeconnectedtothecurrententeringnode(rednode)oftheresistor.Nowtheblackorwhite
wirethatoftenrepresentsNeutralshouldbeconnectedtothemultimeterportwithCOMsign.The
otherendofthiswireshouldbeconnectedtothecurrentleavingnode(blacknode)oftheresistor.
Aschematicdiagramshowingtheplacementofthevoltmeterisshownbelow.
2V
Typically,voltagemeasurementsareusedmuchmoreoftenthancurrentmeasurements.The
processingofelectronicsignalsisusuallythoughtofinvoltageterms.Itisanaddedadvantagethata
voltagemeasurementiseasiertomake.Theoriginalcircuitdoesnotneedtobechanged.Often,the
meterprobesareconnectedsimplybytouchingthemtothepointsofinterest.
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Measuring Resistance
Anohmmeterdoesnotfunctionwithacircuitconnectedtoapowersupply.Ifyouwanttomeasure
theresistanceofaparticularcomponent,youmusttakeitoutofthecircuitaltogetherandtestit
separately.Amultimeterworksbypassingacurrentthroughthecomponentbeingtested.Thepictures
belowshowtheresistanceof21kresistorsinparallel.
Aschematicdiagramshowingtheplacementoftheohmmeterisshownbelow.
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Appendix B: Keeping an Engineering Notebook

An engineering notebook is a chronological record used in industry to document the work
done on a project and when. It is a legal document. Industry is a competitive environment, and
vying for patents, copyrights, and even people (i.e. recruitment of engineers) is not uncommon. So,
precautionary measures need to be taken to protect the interests of all the parties involved.
Therefore, what might seem as a rigid structure for engineering notebooks, actually allows for the
recognition of work done, retention of intellectual property, and continuity of a project should an
engineer leave the workplace. Below are the guidelines you should follow for your notebook in
EE302. You will be using your notebook to document the work you do for your team project or
the other EE labs. In addition, you should also record any work pertaining to the lab or
thinking that you do outside of lab, such as meeting minutes for the team project, prelab
questions, etc. Remember that a properly documented notebook is one where you or
someone else can look back at your work years later and reproduce what you did exactly.
1. Your engineering notebook must have a permanent binding.

2. Always write in pen. Engineering notebooks are meant to be permanent records of your
work. Pencil is unacceptable because entries in pencil can be easily changed.
3. Print and sign your name, and write EE302 Fall 2009, on your lab notebook cover to
distinguish your notebook from others and establish your identity by way of your signature.
4. Decide whether you are going to write on only one side of the page, or both front and
back, and abide by your convention. If you have been following one convention and arbitrarily
switch, this casts doubt as to whether the work on the pages in question is your own. If you would
like to patent something from your notebook, you would like to give undeniable evidence that you
arrived at the findings and that your notebook was not tampered with in any way.
5. If you leave a page blank for any reason, you must write, This page left intentionally
blank in large lettering across the page, print your name, sign, and date this comment on the
page. For frontsideonly writers, this means skipping the front page, whereas for the other
convention, it means skipping any page. This rule keeps everyone honest about retroactively writing
in discoveries that were not actually found in that chronological order (important for patent
matters). This also keeps someone else from writing in your notebook and passing off some of your
work as their own.
6. If your notebook is not already numbered, you must number each page. You will be
maintaining a table of contents to be able to refer to the point in your notebook where you
documented a specific item. Without numbered pages, you wind up using relative locations like
prior to table 5.8, but after Lab 4, about midway through the notebook. Good luck finding any item
quickly!
7. Set aside the first 23 pages for a Table of Contents. Write Table of Contents above
the first line and underline it. The table of contents should contain four columns of
information: Serial Number, Title (name or description are acceptable headings, too), Date,
and Page Number.

Examples of entries would be as follows:
Table of Contents
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Serial Number
Lab 1
Circuits Lab I
Lab 2
Circuits Lab II
Lab 3
Circuits Lab III
Lab 4.1
Breadboard and Measurements Prelab
Lab 4.2
Equipment
Lab 4.3
Breadboard and Measurements Lab Report
Meeting 9 Algorithm Brainstorm
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Title
9/02/11
9/9/11
9/16/11
9/23/11
9/24/11
9/24/11
10/14/11
Date

Page Number
4
5
6
8
12
13
18
In industry, you will document numerous entries, and have multiple volumes of engineering
notebooks (i.e. when you reach the last page of your first notebook, you label it volume 1, get a new
one and start volume 2, etc.) over the span of a projects lifetime, which could be several years or
even decades. Also, experiments or labs in industry, are much longer than the twohours allotted
for EE302 Lab. You may have multiple experiments running simultaneously so your serial entries
may not be sequential for a particular experiment in your notebook. If you had to refresh your
memory on something you wrote four years ago relating to a specific result of a fiveweek
experiment, spanning one hundred pages with three other experiments intermingled in that time
frame (after narrowing the experiment down to volume 2 of 7), this could be a painful search if you
did not subdivide your experiment carefully in your table of contents and notebook.
8. Figures and Tables should always be numbered, titled, and entered into your Table of
Contents or a separate List of Figures and Tables immediately following your table of
contents. The reasoning is that any data or information that you deemed important enough to have
grouped into a table, plotted on a graph, or illustrated on a diagram or sketch is important enough to
be indexed. Figures or tables often indicate important results or conclusions, which should be
documented for easy reference in your table of contents.
9. When you paste any pages into your notebook:
Do so with rubber cement or a glue stick, so that it is not easy to rip out the pages for
the reasons presented in step zero above. Many other adhesives such as tape or Elmers
glue are too messy or unreliable as a permanent adhesive.
Sign and date what you paste into your notebook with a portion of the signature
and date on the page you are inserting and the remaining portion of your signature
and date spilling onto the page of your notebook that you are pasting the item into.
The reasoning here is just like signing the back of an envelope that includes an official,
confidential document if the signature is broken, you know the item was tampered with
or is missing from your notebook.
Always include any pasted items into your table of contents or list of figures and
tables. This is done as a further precaution to ensure that the inserted information is
documented as part of the permanent pages of the notebook so that, should something
fall out, you can reglue it where it belongs, or should it be removed, you can prove what
was removed.
10. It is important to be as neat and thorough as possible when writing in your

engineering notebook. Reproducibility of results is extremely important in science, when proving
out new findings. If the author of a notebook cannot understand what they wrote in order to recreate
their experiment, how is someone else supposed to?
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11. Print your name, sign, and date EVERY page in your notebook when you enter
information on that page. It is common to do this in the upper right or lower right corner of the
page, and you should be consistent with whatever convention you choose once again. Although a
tedious task, this proves UNDENIABLY that YOU are writing in your notebook on THAT particular
date and consequently, that the work done on that page is YOURS. If you can claim your work, then
you can claim credit for your ideas and prove you did the work first, should you have patent,
copyright, or Nobel Prizewinning thoughts. Simultaneity of inventions is a very common occurrence
in science, and the glory sometimes goes to the person who recorded their ideas a day earlier.
12. Comments on dates: You are going to be writing dates in your notebook constantly.
These dates refer to when you are writing in your notebook, not when you did what you are
writing about! Remember, your notebook is a chronological record and time starts when you put
your pen to the paper.
a. In the table of contents, write the date you entered your actual work into your notebook,
not the date you performed your work or the date you happen to be updating your table
of contents.
b. When you sign and date your notebook, you again write the date you are entering
information on that page, not the date you arrived at that information.
c. When you paste something into your notebook and sign the pasted item, you once again
write the date you are pasting this item into your notebook.
d. In reality, your notebook will be constantly maintained, so usually you are entering
information into your notebook as you are performing the functions you are writing
about, and the dates concur. However, if this is not the case, such as for your labs 1 and 2,
and you are concerned about documenting when you did the labs, you may choose to put
a note at the beginning of your lab writeup stating that the lab was actually performed
on X date in the past. In general, this is a good practice, but your TA will not enforce it
heavily.
e. If you want to add a comment on, or a reference to, a recent development of one of your
past experiments in the margin of the pertinent page of your original experiment, this is
perfectly acceptable, as long as you write Comment in margin/below was added on:,
write the current date, and sign it.
13. The serial number and title written in your table of contents should match EXACTLY to
what you write on the referenced page in your notebook on the first line of the page and be
underlined. The date of your signature, figure, and table numbers and titles should also match
the table of contents. There is obviously no use in having a table of contents if it does not accurately
represent or refer to what is in those pages of your notebook.
14. If there is a significant amount of blank space left on a page that you were writing on
(about 1/8 or more), you should crossout the remaining space or draw a vertical line through
it to demonstrate that no further information will be written on that page. An alternative is to
draw a horizontal line across the page and begin the next entry directly beneath it. In this case, you
must make sure to print your name, sign, and date both portions of the page. Remember that the
dates will be different, if the second entry is not being entered on the same date as the previous one.
So your page looks like:

Lab 1: Part I

Name, signature, Date
Blah, blah, blah
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Lab 2: Part II
Name, signature, Date
Yaddi, yadda, yah
15. Making mistakes while writing in pen often concerns students. However, you are bound to
make mistakes, which you will crossout by drawing a line through the item ONCE or TWICE. You
should still be able to read your crossedout information. DO NOT BLACK OUT MISTAKES NO
MATTER HOW SURE YOU ARE OF YOUR ERROR. Assume that you arrive at some results after
performing a twoweek experiment and the data just does not seem to be correct. So you blackout
your experiment, since it appears wrong, and pursue a different method for your experiment. A
month later, after you have finished your experiment by means of method two, you realize your logic
was completely faulty in arriving at your results for method two. You remember that you had done a
prior method, which now seems to be correct. So you excitedly turn to method one in your notebook
to try to find your data and procedure because you no longer remember the details, only to find
blackness. There is a chance you might be able to reproduce your discovery if you think back hard
enough, but you still have to do another twoweeks worth of work again. However, if you cannot
remember what you did, you are condemned to starting over. The important fact is that you realized
your error, corrected it, and left it there for posterity in case you need to refer to lessons learned
during your experiment. In summary, dont black out what appear to be errors. Leave them legible in
case the errors turn out to be correct.
16. You should NEVER tear pages out of your notebook. If your notebook was meant to have
pages torn out, step one on keeping a permanently bound notebook would not exist. If your
notebook IS permanently bound and missing pages, this casts doubt as to what was on those pages
and why they were thrown away. Is there missing information to your experiment? Are you hiding a
key discovery from your employer to keep the glory and money to yourself even though you and
your thoughts are considered their intellectual property? Are you sabotaging your project because
you are a disgruntled employee? The bottom line: missing pages bring up questions and speculation,
which diminishes your credibility as an engineer and/or employee. If for some reason you already
tore out pages of your notebook, you should write on one of the adjacent pages where the
discontinuity in your notebook occurs that X number of pages were intentionally torn out of this
notebook because, print your name, sign, and date this comment, and get a TA to sign and date the
comment.
17. It is common practice with engineering notebooks for someone other than yourself,
such as your manager or a colleague in the lab, to validate your work by writing Read and
Understood by: or Witnessed by:, printing their name, signing, and dating your notebook
everywhere you have items pasted into your notebook (similar rules on how to do this apply
to them), and at the end of each major section of your experiment. This serves as a sanity
checkpoint, where they might point out gross errors, in the spirit of collaboration, so that you do not
get too far without realizing your logic, measurements, or calculations are wrong and you need to
start over or make corrections. TAs will be enforcing this loosely in the sense that they will initial
and date those sections of your notebook due to time constraints with the number of students in lab.
18. General format to be used in your notebook for the EE labs:

Series Number and Title (underlined)
Prelab Answer the questions in complete sentences.
Partners or Collaborators (if any) Give credit where it is due if you did not work on
something alone.
Objective What are your goals for the lab? This section should be concise and to the
point.
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Introduction Any background information that you think is necessary prior to

proceeding with the experiment. If you cannot think of any information that is not redundant
to the objective, skip this section, but sometimes you will want to expound on the EE principles
that you are going to investigate in lab or how you are going to approach the solution to a
problem.
Equipment Write down all equipment used (make, model, and serial numbers if
applicable). If the results to your experiment go awry, you want to be able to rootcause, that
is, find out what went wrong. If you had a broken instrument, you can track that instrument
down with its serial number and attribute the problem to it. If there is nothing wrong with the
instruments you used, then you have at least narrowed your problem down to the experimental
setup, your procedure, or postprocessing of data. So, if you have wrong current values for lab 4,
you would ideally be able to check Manufacturer Zs Digital Multimeter 2Xa with serial number
53590352 and realize that it had a blown fuse. In industry, you may work with prototypes to
verify correct functionality of a product before it launches on the market. It is not uncommon to
find an issue specific to a particular prototype because the manufacturing process and design of
the product will not be solidified yet. If you are testing a new chip for production along with 50
other engineers, and you pick up a chip one day that is the only one exhibiting a problem, your
defect may be prototypespecific, and it may be a defect that only occurs on 1 in a million chips.
So if you want to have any hopes of understanding and fixing the problem, you better make sure
you know which chip out of the 2000 prototypes that were built in that manufacturing cycle had
the problem. Often, prototypespecific problems are found only after you have conducted your
experiments, analyzed your results, and compared notes with your colleagues only to find that
they did not see this problem (and you will not always have the luxury of testing with the same
prototype)!
Procedure This should include any diagrams, calculations (Note: You need to show
your work), measurements, answers to any questions in the lab handout in complete
sentences, and a description of what you are doing/did, why, and how you are doing/did
it, unless it is obvious. For a lab for instance, if you did not know how to measure current prior
to the lab, then somewhere in your notebook, it would make sense to have a schematic and
description of how you measured it and even a description of how NOT to measure it and why.
Lab Report This section sums up any results you arrived at during the experiment and how
you know your results are correct (e.g. the theoretical values of the resistors matched the
measured values). If your results are not correct and you have realized this, then you write down
why they are not and what you did wrong. Make sure to answer any conclusion questions from
the lab handout in this section. You should also include lessons learned about your experiment.
For example, if you want to write that the colors Red and Brown on resistors look similar and
you should be careful not to get them confused because you accidentally calculated the value of a
resistor incorrectly in lab this way and had to correct it later, this is acceptable material for a
conclusion, too.

Note: If the lab handout you use to perform the lab is thoroughly detailed regarding
the above sections and your work, you may paste in the handout itself to your notebook.
Do not do duplicate work unnecessarily!

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19. General format to be used in your notebook for the Labs:

Series Number and Title (underlined)

Objective What are your goals for the lab?

Procedure Should include:
a. Program
b. Explanation of the program (functional diagram, algorithm, comments of functions
included in the program)
c. A brief description of what you are doing/did, why, and how

Data Analysis/Conclusion Sums up any results you arrived at during lab Include lessons
learned, any difficulties you encountered and how you resolved them. If applicable, any design
improvements you might make in the future.
Note: You need to be documenting team meetings, discussions, or ideas outside of lab
in your notebook related to your team project!
Suggestion: The lab manual does a good job of outlining many of these details already,
and you may use your manual as an official document that you can reference. So if you do
not want to write down the entire parts list to lab 2, you can say refer to page X of the
EE302 Lab Manual, etc.
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Engineering Notebook Checklist

Checklist Item
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Does your notebook have permanent binding?

Have you written everything in pen?
Have you printed AND signed your name AND written EE302 Fall 2009 on your lab
notebook cover?
Is every written page in your notebook numbered?
Did you set aside the first 23 pages for a Table of Contents and/or List of Figures and
Tables?
Did you write Table of Contents in the first page and line of your notebook and
underline it?
Does your Table of Contents contain four column headings (Serial Number, Title, Date,
and Page Number)?
Have you CONSISTENTLY written on only the front page OR front and back depending
on the notebook convention you elected?
If you left any pages blank (that violate your notebook convention), did you write This
page left intentionally blank in large lettering across the page AND printed AND signed
your name AND written the date?
If you left any blank space on a page, did you crossout or draw a vertical line through
the remaining space?
Have you numbered and titled all figures, pasted items, and/or tables in your lab write
up AND entered them into your Table of Contents or List of Figures and Tables (if
appropriate) AND made sure they match word for word?
Have you written the serial number and title of the lab on the first line of your lab
writeup AND underlined it AND entered it into the Table of Contents AND made sure
they match wordforword?
If you pasted any items into your notebook, did you use rubber cement and/or a glue
stick AND signed your name AND dated the item such that your signature and date
begin on the pasted item and spill onto the page of your notebook you pasted the item
into?
Have you printed AND signed your name AND dated EVERY page that you have used in
your notebook (save the Table of Contents or List of Figures and Tables, if
appropriate)?
Do all the dates in your notebook reflect the date you ENTERED the information into
your notebook, rather than the date you arrived at the information/performed the
experiment you are writing about?
Have you entered all the dates and page numbers into your Table of Contents or List of
Figures and Tables accurately to match those pages of your notebook?
If you chose to write multiple experiments or entries into your notebook on the same
page, have you drawn a horizontal line to divide these entries AND signed AND printed
your name AND dated each section AND written the new series number and title and
underlined it AND entered it into your Table of Contents, making sure to match
everything word for word?
If you have made any mistakes in your writeup, did you cross them out by drawing
ONE or TWO lines only so that they are still legible scratchouts?
If you have torn pages out of your notebook, have you written on the next available
page why those pages were torn out, what they contained, and signed and dated this
comment?
Have you written legibly enough so that someone else can read your notebook?
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Appendix C: Contribution Chart for Final Project

Check each box indicating who contributed to which submodules and place this chart in your final report.
You may download the electronic version in BB.

Member 1
Group
Member

Member 2
Collision
Detection

Path
Detection

Other(Specify):
Motor
Control

Member 3
Member 4
Member 5

Now, out of a raw score of 100, assign each group member a grade based on your perception of how much
he/she contributed. Please be honest and explain, especially if you feel like a certain group member is over or
underdeserving.
Member 1
Member 2
Member 3
Member 4
Member 5
Contribution
I, the undersigned, certify that this information stated above is accurate and completed to the best of
my knowledge.

Student Name:

Student Signature:
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EE302 Lab Manual Fall 2015

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EE302

2.0 EE302 Lab Schedule

4.0 Engineering Notebook Guidelines

Lab 1: Introduction to LabView 1 & myDAQ

Background Knowledge: Installing NI LabView Software and Drivers

UT School of Engineering Webpage

Background Knowledge: NI myDAQ

Assignment: Build VI to Calculate Area of a Triangle

7. Save the VI. Ex: your_name_lab1.vi.

Figure 1: Area of triangle, Front panel

Figure 2: Area of triangle, Block diagram

Important concepts / Key ideas

Try and error / Thoughts

Assignment: Build a VI to convert temperature

Important concepts / Key ideas

Try and error / Thoughts

Lab 3: Digital Multimeter and Voltage Generator

Assignment: Build a Digital Multimeter

9. Test by measuring a battery, or 5V / DGND pins on myDAQ using DMM probes.

Add Current and Resistance measurements to your DMM

Assignment: Building a voltage generator

Important concepts / Key ideas

Try and error / Thoughts

Lab 4: Multisim Simulation of Circuits

Due beginning of lab:

Background Knowledge: Brief introduction to MultiSim

Background Knowledge: Brief discussion of diodes and Zener Diodes

Zener Diode Symbol

Assignment 1: Getting oriented to MultiSim

Figure 3: Example Circuit for Simulation

Figure 4: Typical display in MultiSim for Example Circuit

Figure 5: Simulation of Example Circuit using ammeters

Figure 6: Simulation of Example Circuit using multimeters

Doubleclick on each multimeter. This will open up a new window.

Assignment 2: Simulating the second circuit

We will now create a different circuit which is shown below.

Figure 7: Second Circuit to Simulate

Figure 8: Third Simulation Circuit

Figure 9: Third Circuit Using a Zener Diode

Important concepts / Key ideas

Try and error / Thoughts

*** Due at the beginning of your lab session ***

Pre-lab: Multisim Simulation of Circuits

Multisim Simulation of Circuit

Submitted by (Print name)

Lab Report : Multisim Simulation of Circuits

Simulated Value Simulated Value

TA Signature (Step 22):

0% tolerance 1% tolerance 5% tolerance

0% tolerance 1% tolerance 5% tolerance

Lab Report : Multisim Simulation of Circuits

TA Signature (Step 28):

Table 3: Simulated values for Figure 8 of the lab

4.3 V Source Voltage

4.3 V Source Current

Lab Report : Multisim Simulation of Circuits

Lab Report: Multisim Simulation of Circuits

Lab 5: Audio Equalizer

Learn how to use Labview to program an audio equalizer

Background Knowledge: Basic concepts of filter and equalizer

Assignment 1: Design the audio equalizer

Figure 1: Audio Equalizer VI template, Front Panel

Figure 2: Audio Equalizer VI template, Block Diagram

Refer to the frequency range given below.

* Due at the beginning of your lab session *

* Due at the beginning of your lab session *