To paraphrase Brouwer, the first movement is a musical portrait of a man

who refused to fight for his tribe. He was a warrior, but he desired to play
his harp and be a musician instead. He was exiled from his tribe for his
refusal to fight. The warrior loved the daughter of the Chief of his tribe. By
fighting one last time for his tribe, he earned the right to marry her, and
they fled their home together. The third movement is a musical portrait of
the daughter of the Chief who loved the exiled warrior. The second
movement is a musical telling of their escape, through the Valley of
Echos.
I. El arpa del guerrero
In each tale a

tabele

is heard, which is described in the glossary of Frobeniuss

edition as a toque
of war.
Toques are drum calls (in African and Afro-Cuban tradition) containing particular
rhythmic cells. Each rhythmic cell can be translated into specific meanings.
Therefore, a toque
of war is a drum call that summons a tribe to war.
Brouwer begins El arpa del guerrero with a short declamation of a whole-tone scale
fragment (D E F-Sharp) spanning two octaves. In the passage that follows, there
is an alternation between two very different musical ideas: an

ostinato/arpeggio and a melodic response. The

ostinato/arpeggio figure clearly reflects the sound of Afro-Cuban drumming (see
Example 4.1, beginning in bar 3 and returning intermittently in bars 7 and 13). This
figure is closely related to other such figures (found throughout Brouwers guitar
oeuvre) in performance
technique. The time signature has an inherent syncopation of 2+3, as does
the music, but the notation obscures the figure. I have, as before, recast the
notation in grand staff to better reflect the actual sonority (Example 4.2).
63 Brouwers notation reflects his concept of the bass line (to be articulated with
the thumb of the right hand) but does not show true duration in the upper line of
the figure and the bass. It is technically unwieldy to mute the upper-line eighthnotes, and the activity of the thumb in the bass makes it impossible to truly mute
the line in the manner notated in the score.
111
Examination of Example 4.1 reveals that all of the pitch material (mm. 3-23) comes

from one scale collection: the octatonic scale. Specifically the collection
is OCT
1,2
, w h i c h i s C - s h a r p , D, E, F, G, A-flat, B-flat, B (or enharmonic equivalents). There
is one missing pitch from the collection: B-flat. Yet within this same collection
Brouwer sets up an alternation between the ostinato figure and a melodic fragment
(see mm. 5-6). Upon repetition in bar 7, the ostinato is longer by one cycle, and the
melody has been extended in bars 10-12 with an extra bar and the addition of the
pitch E. In the final repetition (mm. 13-16) the ostinato is now four measures long,
and the melody (mm. 17-23) is expanded to its full seven-measure statement. The

melody in its full form ends with a reflection of the initial declamatory statement of
measures 1-2
El decameron negro
should be considered programmatic music, based on these stories from Africa
collected by Frobenius. I believe also that this is further evidence for the drums
(both African and Afro-Cuban) as sonic inspiration for the ostinato/arpeggio pattern
that begins
El decameron negro
.
Brouwer, in the first movement of El decameron negro
sets the ostinato figure four different ways: mm .

3-16, mm. 57-70, mm.

111-114, and mm. 145-158. Brouwers pitch selection here is interesting

and demonstrates a composer in full command of post-tonal harmonic language.
The initial figure at the beginning of the movement contains pitch classes A-flat, B,
D-flat, G, and F. This sonority could be parsed a number of different ways. The
prominence of two tritone intervals (G to D-flat, F to B) is clear. Also the presence of
a D-flat major triad in inversion in the bass, combining with the remaining major 3
rd
built on G might suggest to some analysts the presence of a bi-tonal function.
112
Yet simply identifying its set class (02368) will be sufficient until examining other
instances of the figure. The third appearance in measures 111-114 is different than
the first. There is emphasis on the second eighth-note C in the articulation marking.
The pattern here is not static in pitch as before: in the second bar of this pattern, in
the same rhythmic placement as the previous bar, there is now pitch-class D. The
following two bars repeat this alteration between C and D. Yet interestingly the set
class remains constant: the first group (F, C, B, A, E-flat) is (02368) and the second
(F, D, B, A, E-flat) is also (02368). The two sets are related by inversion: by the
alternation of a single pitch, Brouwer sounds two different sets that are inversionally
related at I
2
. Now follow this procedure by looking at the fourth occurrence of the pattern at
measures 145-158. Here too, we have an alternating group of two different sets of
pitches: the first (E, B, C-sharp, G, F) is a member of set class (02368) and the
second (G-sharp, B, C, G, F) is also a member of (02368). And paralleling the earlier
alternating group, these two instances of the same set-class are inversionally
related, this time at I
0
.
113
With the change of one pitch in each
group, Brouwer shows a mastery of pitch and set that demonstrates clear links
between each of the
tabele
ostinato/arpeggio figures. There is one instance of the
tabele
that is subtly different. The second appearance of the ostinato contains the pitches
(E, B, C-sharp, A-sharp, G-sharp) which is a member of set-class (02358). While still
a subset of the octatonic collection, this set has clearly different intervallic content

than the other similar cells in the movement. This could be an adjustment to
account for formal considerations of the section. The tale of Samba Kullung offers a
programmatic explanation:
66 In Samba Kullung one of the
tabele
was a false alarm. Brouwers evocation of this false
tabele
in pitch and set-class selection can be understood as another significant
demonstration of programmatic composition, or text-painting. There are certainly
a number of prominent musical devices in all three movements of this work that
point to very specific programmatic intentions. The first movements title specifies
a harp as the musical instrument of the warrior who refuses to go to battle. There

two sections that are demonstrably harp-like:

measures 80-106 and 165-174 (see Example 4.3).
Rhythmically set off from the previous and following sections by fermatas, and
contrasted additionally by the
tranquill
are

omarking, the harp fi gure (beginning at the 6

th
measure of Example 4.3) stands in stark contrast to the rest of the movement.
Chords are frequently rolled. The first chords harmonically create an augmented
triad that resolves by a single half-step adjustment to a minor triad. In a movement
that frequently features the arpeggio technique for guitar, this section is clearly the
most evocative of a harp, and the texture stands in stark contrast to the rest of the
movement. Perhaps Brouwer was trying to evoke the
Kora
harp of Africa, closely tied to the
diali
caste of musicians