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GRAMMAR GUIDE
PROFESOR: ADILENE MENDEZ RODRIGUEZ
Letter
0
syllable
1
word
2
phrases
3
clause
4
sentenc
e
5
paragra
ph
6
piece
7
Letters
Vowels: a, e, i, o, u
Consonants: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t,
v, w, x, y, z.
Syllables
The smallest part of language with one articulation movement.
Composed of 2 or more letters. Some syllables have specific meaning.
Words
Parts of speech: The function of a Word within
context.
Subject: Is the noun or
pronoun that does the
action
He, Juan
She is pretty.
Adjective: It is word
that describes the
subject.
Pink, pretty, wonderful
Verb: It is an action.
Quickly,
enthusiastically,
extravagantly
Article: Defines the
noun.
A, an, the
Preposition: Determines
the relation of the
subject with the other
words.
In, under, to,
Conjunction: Connect
words, phrases or
ideas.
Nouns
Pronoun
POSITIVE ADJECTIVES
POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES
Pronouns
I
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
YOU
THEY
WE
PLURAL
Singular
Demonstrati
ve
This
That
Plural
Singular/ plural
Personal subject
These
Those
Object
ME
YOU
HIM
HER
IT
YOU
THEM
US
Possessive
MINE
YOURS
HIS
HERS
ITS
YOURS
THEIRS
OURS
Reflexive
MYSELF
YOURSELF
HIMSELF
HERSELF
ITSELF
YOURSELVES
THEMSELVES
OURSELVES
Interrogativ Indefinite
Reciprocal
e
Who
Somebody,
One another
Someone,
any, nobody,
each, one,
none,
Which
None,
Each other
several, all,
some, both,
either,
neither, few,
many
What, where,
Relative
Who, which,
whom,
whose, that
Pedro broke the window = He broke the window.
Object
Possessive
Reflexive
Demonstrative
Interrogative
Pedro broke the window and must pay for it= Who broke the
window must pay for it.
Pedro broke the window. Someone broke the window.
Indefinite
Reciprocal
Relative
Pedro dont hit Juan and Juan dont hit Pedro!= Dont hit
eachother.
Pedro is the boy who hit the window.
Adverb
Anadverbcanbeaddedtoaverbtomodifyitsmeaning.Usually,anadverbtellsyouwhen,where,how,in
whatmanner,ortowhatextentanactionisperformed.Itcanalsomodifyanadjective.
Place
Abroad, anywhere,
downstairs, here,
home, in, nowhere,
out, outside,
somewhere, there,
underground,
upstairs.
Manner
Accurately,
beautifully,
expertly,
professionally
Anxiously, carefully,
greedily
Quickly, badly,
cautiously, loudly,
quietly
Degree
Absolutely,
enough, Perfectly,
somewhat
a (little) bit,
entirely
pretty, terribly, a
lot
extremely, quite,
too, almost, fairly,
rather, totally,
awfully, highly,
remarkably,
utterly, completely,
lots, slightly, very
Purpose
so
so that
to
in order to
because
since
accidentally
intentionally
purposely.
(Thewordcarefullyisanadverb.Itshowshowthevasewasplaced.)
Karenisanextremelyintelligentwoman.
(Extrememodifiesintelligent,notKaren)
Frequency
Always
everynever
often
rarely
seldom
sometimes
usually
Verbs:
It is a word that connects the subject to the
predicate
Main verbs/
State/ action
Linking
verbs:
Modals
Auxiliary
verbs:
A verb refers to an
action, state, or
permanent fact.
Action
Its raining again.
State
I dont know the name
of the street.
Permanent quality or
state
She is very friendly.
Some main
verbs are called
linking verbs
(or copular
verbs). They
give extra
information
about the
subject
Have meanings
connected with
degrees of
certainty and
necessity:
Can, may, must
should, would,
Could, might
,shall, will
Appear, feel,
look, seem,
sound, be, get,
remain, smell,
taste, become.
The semi-modal
verbs are:
dare, need,
ought to, used
to,
Have to
Do
Did
Do
Done
Be
Was/were
Is, am, are
Will be
Have
Had
Has/Have
Will have
Prepositions
Preposition is a word that is used to place before noun or pronoun to show the
relationship between them.
Time
Place
- I like swimming in
the sea.
- She meets me at the
station.
- He puts the picture
on the wall.
Movement
-
- We have breakfast at 6
oclock.
- At breakfast they talk a lot.
- All my friends come to meet
each other at my birthday.
In
On
(Day, Date)
Conjunction:
Coordinating Conjunctions:
FANBOYS
and
but
or
yet
for
nor
so
FOR:Because
NOR:Usedto
He is neither sane nor brilliant.
That is neither what I
said nor what I meant.
SO:Inadditiontoortherefore,summarizing
Sotohasalwaysbeennervousinlarge
gatherings,soitisnosurprisethatheavoidscrowds
ofhisadoringfans.
SotoisnottheonlyOlympicathleteinhis
family,soarehisbrother,sister,andhisUncleChet.
So, the sherif peremptorily
removed the child from the
custody of his parents.
YET:tointroduceacontradictingidea.
John plays basketball well, yet his
favorite sport is badminton.
The visitors complained loudly
about the heat, yet they
continued to play golf every day.
Subordinating Conjunctions:
Common Subordinating
Conjunctions
After
although
as
as if
as long as
as though
because
before
even if
even though
if
if only
in order that
now that
once
rather than
since
so that
than
that
though
till
unless
until
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
while
both . . . and
not only . . . but
also
not . . . but
either . . . or
neither . . . nor
whether . . . or
as . . . as
Conjunctive Adverbs
Article
Indefinite
(any cat, any apple)
(specific cat)
The
Definite
house.
cat in my
Phrases
A phrase is a group of words without both a subject and predicate.
Appositive Phrase
renames another noun, not
technically modifying it.
Gerund Phrase A
gerund phrase is just a noun
phrase with a gerund as
its head.
Infinitive Phrase An
infinitive phrase is a noun phrase
with an infinitive as its head.
Participial Phrase
Crushed to pieces by a
sledgehammer, the computer no
longer worked or I think the
guy sitting over there likes
you. A participial phrase has a
past or present participle as its
head. Participial phrases
always function as adjectives.
The diference between gerund
phrases is that this one functions
as an adjective.
Prepositional Phrase A
prepositional phrase, which has
a preposition as its head, can
function as an adjective, adverb,
or even as a noun. The
food on the table looked
delicious.
Absolute Phrase My
cake finally baking in the
oven, I was free to rest
for thirty minutes.
modify the entire
sentence, not one noun.
Almost a clause, the
absolute phrase can
include every sentence
element except
a finite verb. My cake
finally baking in the
oven would be its own
sentence if you just
added one finite verb:
My cake was finally
baking in the oven.
https://learningnerd.wordpress.com/2006/08/29/english-parts-of-speech-nouns-andpronouns/#other
Clauses
Independentclause(ormainclause)isaclausethat
canstandbyitselfasasimplesentence.An
independentclausecontainsasubjectandapredicate;
itmakessensebyitselfandthereforeexpressesa
completethought.Independentclausescanbejoined
byusingasemicolonorbyusingacommafollowed
byacoordinatingconjunction(for,and,nor,but,or,
yet,so).
AdjectiveClause(orrelativeclause)Ilistenedto
thesongthatyoutoldmeabout.Anadjectiveclause
describesanounjustlikeanadjective.Whichsong?
Thenewsong,
Adependentorsubordinateclausedependsonan
independentclausetoexpressitsfullmeaningThese
clausesbeginwithadependentword,
likeasubordinatingconjunctionorarelativepronoun.
BecauseIlovegrammar.
NounClauseAnounclausecanreplace
anynouninasentence,functioningasasubject,
object,orcomplementTheboywonderedifhis
parentsboughthimwhathewantedforChristmas.
RestrictiveClauseThebuildingthattheybuiltin
SanFranciscosoldforalotofmoney.Arestrictive
clausebeginswitharelativepronoun
likethatorwho(orsometimeswhich
NonrestrictiveClauseThebuilding,whichthey
builtinSanFrancisco,soldforalotofmoney.A
nonrestrictiveclausebeginswitharelativepronoun
likewhichorwho.Itaddsextrainformationaboutan
alreadyspecificnoun;inthiscase,theresonlyone
buildingtotalkabout,whereastheexampleforthe
restrictiveclauseimpliesthattherecouldbeseveral
buildings.
AdverbClauseIlldothelaundrywhenImoutof
clothes.Areclausesthatexpresswhen,where,why,
andhowsomethingoccurs.Adependentclauseisan
adverbclauseifyoucanreplaceitwithanadverb,as
inIlldothelaundrylater.
Subject
Predicate
Object
The beautiful sweet baby threw up really quickly her baby food
Is the person
responsible for the
action.
Somehow
receives the
action.
Sentences
CompoundSentenceIlovechocolate,andIloveeating
chocolate.Twoormoreindependentclauses.
ExclamatorySentenceIneedchocolate!Usedfor
emphasisandemotion.
ImperativeSentenceGivemesomechocolate.Usedfor
commands,withthepronounyoualwaysimplied.
InterrogativeSentenceDoyoulovechocolate?Usedto
askaquestion.Thereareopenandclosedinterrogativesentences.
clause.
DeclarativeSentenceIlovechocolate.Usedtomakea
simplestatement.Mostsentencesaredeclarative.
ComplexSentenceIlovechocolatebecauseitsdelicious.
Oneindependentclauseandoneormoredependentclauses.
ComplexCompoundSentenceIlovechocolatebecause
itsfragrant,andIloveeatingchocolatebecauseitsdelicious.Two
ormoreindependentclausesandoneormoredependentclauses.
Purpose
ConditionalSentenceIfIhadabilliondollars,Iwouldbuy
acastlemadeofchocolate.
0Generallytrue:Ifyoudoyourhomeworkyouwillnotgeta
report.
1stStillpossible:IfIstudytodayIwillpassthequiztomorrow.
2ndNotlikely,hypothetical:IfIwonthelotteryIwouldnever
work.
3rdDidnthappen:IfIhadstudiedIwouldthavereceiveda5.
Sentences
Open interrogative
?
Declarati
ve
positive
.
Declarati
ve
negative
.
Closed interrogative
(?)
yes,
no,
Types of sentences in
general.
Open interrogative?
Wh+aux+sub+verb+e
xtras?
Declarative
positive
sub+aux/ve
rb+extras.
Declarative
negative
sub+negati
ve
aux/verb+e
xtras
Closed interrogative(?)
Aux+sub+verb+extras
?
yes,
pron+
aux.
no,
pron+neg
ative aux.
Continuous
PAST
TENSES
Perfect
simple
PAST
Perfect
continuous
PRESENT
PAST
Simple
PAST
PRESENT
PRESENT
Simple
Continuou
s
Perfect
continuou
s
Simple
FUTURE
Continuou
s
FUTURE
Perfect
simple
PRESENT
FUTURE
Perfect
simple
FUTURE
Perfect
continuous
GRAMMAR
CHARACT
ERISTICS
(BE)
SI
MP
LE
PAST
PRESENT
Was/were
Is, am,
are
FUTURE
Will be/
going to
be
Did
Do/does
Will +
verb in
base form
Was/ were
+v.ing
Is/Are/Am
+v.ing
SIMPLE
Had+
v.past
particle.
PE
RF
EC
T
CONTINO
US
Have/
Has + v.
past
participle
.
ACTION
(DO)
CONTINUOUS
(ING)
-endo , -ando
Had+been
+v.ing
Have/has
+been
+v.ing
Will be/
Going to
be
+v.ing
Will have
+v.past
participle
Will+have
+been+
v.ing
Whentheobjectisplacedbeforethepredicateandtheobjectafterthepredicate.
ActiveVoice:Theboyhittheball.
Theballhitthewindow.
PassiveVoice:Theballwashitbytheboy.
Thewindowwashitbytheball.
ActiveVoice:Subject+verb+object.
PassiveVoice:Object+Auxofbe+verbinpastparticiple+subject.
M
O
D
A
L
S
SOURCES
1. Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, (Reference) P 29 .C64 1987
2. Curme, George. A Grammar of the English Language, Vols. 1 (Parts of Speech) and 2 (Syntax), PE 1105 .G7 1977 vols. 1-2
3. Jo-Ann Peters, Jean-Michel Ravier, Let's learn English, Metoda pentru ncepatori de nvatare a limbii engleze,
traducere de Anca Perl, Editura Teora, ucuresti, 2009;
4. Manuela Florentina Staicut, Ozana Alexandra Straut, Limba engleza pentru afaceri, Ed. Augusta, Artpress,
Timisoara, 2006;
5. T. J. Fitikides, Common Mistakes in English with Exercises, New Edition, Longman, 2002.
6. Fowler, H. W. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965.
www.englishgrammar.org/
http://www.english-4u.de/grammar1.htm
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/
http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/english-grammar-guide
http://www.grammarbook.com/english_rules.asp
http://www.talkenglish.com/Grammar/Grammar.aspx
http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/glossary/
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/1/5/