Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
OPEN
Journal
ACCESS
I. Introduction
Dr. P. Chandra has defined a trijection operator in his Ph.D. thesis titled Investigation into the
theory of operators and linear spaces. [1]. A projection operator E on a linear space X is defined as 2 =
as given in Dunford and Schwartz [2] , p .37 and Rudin [3], p.126. In analogue to this , E is a trijection operator
if 3 = . It is a generalization of projection operator in the sense that every projection is a trijection but a
trijection is not necessarily a projection.
II. Definition
Let X be a linear space and E be a linear operator on X. We call E a if
3 + 2 = 1 + , being a scalar. Thus if = 0
, 3 = . . trijection. We see that 2 = 3 = and above condition is satisfied. Thus a
projection is also a .
III.
Main Results
3.1 We first investigate the case when an expression of the form 2 + is a projection where E is a
. For this we need
( 2 + )2 = 2 + .
2 4 + 2 2 + 2 3 = 2 + (1)
,
3 = 1 + 2
4 = . 3 = 1 + 2 3
= 1 + 2 1 + 2
= 1 + + 2 2 (1 + )
We put these values in (1) and after simplifying
{2 1 + + 2 (2 2 )} 2
+ 2 2 1 + = 0
Equating Coefficients of E & 2 to be 0, we get
2 1 + + 2 2 2 = 0 (2)
2 2 1 + = 0 ..(3)
Adding (2) and (3), We get
2 2 1 + + 2 1 + + 2 = 0
2 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 0
2 + 2 + 2 + = 0
( + )2 + = 0
( + ) + 1 = 0
Either + = 0 or + = 1
| IJMER | ISSN: 22496645 |
www.ijmer.com
= +1
+2
+1
Then = +1 or
+2
+1
+2
( +1)
+2
; (Assuming 0)
+1 +2
Therefore, =
1
+1 +2
i.e. A= +2 +
2
and C =
1+
(1+)
+2
,B=
+1 +2
1+
+2
(1+ )
+2
+1 +2
+1 +2
2 +1 +(+1)2 + 2
+1 +2
2 +2 +( +2)
+1 +2
2 +
+1
2
+1
+1
Hence ( + )2 = 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 2
+ + 2 =
2 = 0( + = )
= 0
Let = + 1
Then A =
2
+1
+1
2
, =
2
+1
and =
( 1)
Also = +1 + +1 +1 + +1
=
+
+1
+1
+1
Thus = .
www.ijmer.com
1 + 2
1 2 + 3
1 2 + ( 1) 2
(Since 3 = 1 + 2 )
= =
Thus =
Therefore
Again if = =
=
2 + 1
(+ )
+1
Hence
Therefore =
Now , z = 0
2 + 1
=0
= 0
z
Therefore ,
2 + 1
Also z = 0
2 + 1
=0
=0
3 + 1 2
=0
= 0 = 0
Thus ,
Therefore , =
Now we show that
= : = = {: = }
Since A is a Projection ,
= : =
Let . Then = =
3 + 2
=
=
=
2 +
+1
3 + 1 2 + 2
+1
+ 2
+1
+1
= =
Thus {: = }
Conversely , Let = 2 =
So =
2 +
+1
+
+1
www.ijmer.com
2
( +1)
2 +
)z=
( +1)
( +1)
( +1)
i.e. = ( = ( +1) )
, : =
Conversely , let . =
Hence = =
2
3 2
( +1)
(+1)
But 3 2 = 1 2 2
= 2 = ( 2 )
So =
( +1)
2
( +1)
= =
{: = }
Therefore = {: = }
Now we show that = {}
Let
Then
If =
If =
Thus = =
+ = 0 + 1 = 0 = 0 ( + 1 0)
Therefore , = {0}
Theorem (1): If
= = +
such that
+ = and + =
Proof :- Since 1 2 = 2 1 = 0 ,
(1 + 2 )2 = 12 + 22 and (1 + 2 )3 =13 + 23
(1 + 2 )3 + (1 + 2 )2 = 13 + 23 + (12 + 22 )
= 13 + 12 + 23 + 22
= 1 + 1 + 1 + 2
= 1 + (1 + 2 )
Hence 1 + 2
Let 1 , 1 , 1 respectively projections in case of 1 ; 2 , 2 , 2 in case of
2 , , 1 + 2
1 + 2 =
12
( 1)1
12
22
22
( 1)2
1 + 2
www.ijmer.com
www.ijmer.com
= 1
1 2 +22
2 1 2 + 2 1 22
1 2 +
1
1 22
(Since1 2 = 2 1 2 )
2 + 22 = 1 2
Let z 2 , 2 = . = 1 1
Also = 1 = 1 2 = 2 1 2 2
So y 2 1
Also , 2 = 2 1 = 2 ( 1 2 )
= 2 2 1 2 = 2 1 2 = 1 =
Hence 2
Also 1 = 1 1 = 1 12 = 1 1 = 0
1
Hence 2 1 . So z = + 2 1 + 2 1
2 2 1 + 2 1
Obviously , 2 1 + 2 1 2
Hence 2 = 2 1 + 2 1
Also, 2 1 2 1 = 2 1 1 = 2 0 = {0}
Hence 2 = 2 1 2 1
Theorem (3) : If 1 , 2 are two ,
2 1 = 2 1 2 2 = 2 1 2 1
Proof: Let 2 = 2 1 2 1
Let , 2 2 = 2 2 2 = 2 2 = 0
Hence 2 2
Let 2 = 1 + 2 ; 1 2 1 2 2 1
Hence 1 2 = 0, 2 1 = 0, 2 2 = 0, 1 1 = 1
Now 2 1 2 = 2 1 1 + 2 = 2 (1 1 + 1 2 )
= 2 1 + 1 2 = 2 1 + 2 1 2 = 2 1 2 = 2
=
2 1 2 2
12 + 1 1
2 1 2 = 0
www.ijmer.com
22 + 1 2
=0
1 1 = 1 1 1 = 0 , 1 1
, 2 1 = 2 2 1 = 2 2 1 2
= 0 2 1 2 = 0( 2 = 0 2 = 0)
, 1 2 1 1 2
Also 2 1 = 2 1 2 = 2 1 2 = 0
Hence 1 2 . Also 1 1
Hence 1 2 1
= 1 + 1 2 1 + 2 1
, 2 2 1 + 2 1
But 2 1 + 2 1 2
2 = 2 1 + 2 1
Also , 2 1 2 1 = 2 1 1 = 2 0 = {0}
2 = 2 1 2 1
REFERENCES
[1].
[2].
[3].
Chandra , P: Investigation into the theory of operators and linear spaces. (Ph.D. Thesis, Patna University , 1977)
Dunford, N. and Schwartz, J.: Linear operators Part I, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York,1967, P. 37
Rudin, W. : Functional Analysis, Mc. Grow- Hill Book Company , Inc., New York, 1973,P.126
www.ijmer.com