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On ranges and null spaces of a special type of operator named

. Part II
Rajiv Kumar Mishra
Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Rajendra College, Chapra (Jai Prakash University,Chapra)
Bihar-841301

ABSTRACT: In this article, has been introduced which is a generalization of trijection

operator as introduced in P.Chandras Ph. D. thesis titled Investigation into the theory of operators
and linear spaces (Patna University,1977). We obtain relation between ranges and null spaces of two
given under suitable conditions.
Key Words: projection, trijection,

I. Introduction
Dr. P. Chandra has defined a trijection operator in his Ph.D. thesis titled Investigation into the
theory of operators and linear spaces. [1]. A projection operator E on a linear space X is defined as 2 =
as given in Dunford and Schwartz [2] , p .37 and Rudin [3], p.126. In analogue to this , E is a trijection operator
if 3 = . It is a generalization of projection operator in the sense that every projection is a trijection but a
trijection is not necessarily a projection.

II. Definition
Let X be a linear space and E be a linear operator on X. We call E a if
3 + 2 = 1 + , being a scalar. Thus if = 0
, 3 = . . trijection. We see that 2 = 3 = and above condition is satisfied. Thus a
projection is also a .

III. Main Results

3.1 We first investigate the case when an expression of the form 2 + is a projection where E is a
. For this we need
( 2 + )2 = 2 + .
2 4 + 2 2 + 2 3 = 2 + ...(1)
,
3 = 1 + 2
4 = . 3 = 1 + 2 3
= 1 + 2 1 + 2
2
= 1 + + 2 (1 + )
We put these values in (1) and after simplifying
{2 1 + + 2 (2 2 )} 2
2
+ 2 1 + = 0
Equating Coefficients of E & 2 to be 0, we get
2 1 + + 2 2 2 = 0 (2)
2 2 1 + = 0 ..(3)
Adding (2) and (3), We get
2 2 1 + + 2 1 + + 2 = 0
2 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 0
2 + 2 + 2 + = 0
( + )2 + = 0
( + ) + 1 = 0
Either + = 0 or + = 1
So for projection, the above two cases will be considered
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On ranges and null spaces of a special type of operator named . Part II

Case (1): let + = 1 then = 1
Putting the value of b = 1 - a in equation (2) , we get
2 1 + + 2 2 1 + (1 )2 = 0
2 2
+ 3 + 2 3 + 2 + 1 = 0
2 + 1 + 2 + 1 + + 2 + 1 = 0
[a( + 1)-1] [a( + 2) 1]=0
1

= +1

+2
+1

Then = +1 or

+2

Hence corresponding projections are

2
+1

+1

+2

( +1)
+2

Case (2) :- Let a + b = 0 or b =

So from Equation (2)
2 1 + + 2 22 2 = 0
2 2
+ 3 + 2 = 0
+1 +2 1 =0
1

; (Assuming 0)

+1 +2

Therefore, =

+1 +2

Hence the corresponding projection is

2
+1 +2

So in all we get three projections. Call them A, B & C.

2

i.e. A= +2 +
2

and C =

(1+)

1+

,B=

+2

2
+1 +2

1+

3. 2 Relation between A, B and C.

2

A+B = +2 +
=
=
=
=

(1+)

+2
+1 +2
2 +1 +(+1)2 + 2

+1 +2

+1 +2
2 +2 +(+2)
+1 +2
2 +
+1
2
+1

+1

Hence ( + )2 = 2 2 + 2 + 2 = 2
+ + 2 =
2 = 0( + = )
= 0
Let = + 1
Then A =

2
+1

+1
2

, =

2
+1

and =

( 1)

Also = +1 + +1 +1 + +1
=

+
+1

+1
+1

Thus E = A B.

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On ranges and null spaces of a special type of operator named . Part II

3.3 On ranges and null spaces of -jection
We show that
= =
Where stands for range of operator E and for null space of E and similar notations for other
operators.
Let = .
Therefore,
= =
=
=
=

1 + 2

1 2 + 3

1 2 + ( 1) 2

(Since 3 = 1 + 2 )

= =

Thus =
Therefore
Again if = =
=

2 + 1

(+ )
+1

Hence
Therefore =
Now , z = 0

2 + 1

=0

= 0
z
Therefore ,
2 + 1

Also z = 0

2 + 1

=0

3 + 1 2

=0

=0

= 0 = 0

Thus ,
Therefore , =
Now we show that
= : = = {: = }
Since A is a Projection ,
= : =
Let . Then = =
=
=
=

3 + 2

2 +

+1
1 2 + 2

3 +

+1
+ 2
+1

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On ranges and null spaces of a special type of operator named . Part II

= =
Thus {: = }
Conversely , Let = 2 =
So =

2 +
+1

+
+1

Hence : =
Therefore, = {: = }
Next we show that
= {: = }
Since B is a Projection,
= : =
Let = 2 = 2
2

2 +

( +1)

Hence ( ( +1)) z = ( +1) = ( +1) =

2

i.e. = ( = ( +1) )

, : =
Conversely , let . =
Hence = =
=

( +1)
3 2
(+1)

But 3 2 = 1 2 2
= 2 = ( 2 )
So =

2
( +1)

2
( +1)

= =
{: = }
Therefore = {: = }
Now we show that = {}
Let
Then
If =
If =
Thus = =
+ = 0 + 1 = 0 = 0 ( + 1 0)
Therefore , = {0}
Theorem (1): Let 1 , 2
Such that
1 = 2
Then 1 22 = 12 2
Proof : . 1 1
1 2 , 1 2
Hence 2 1 = 1 . ( 2 = : 2 = )
Since , 2 1 = 1
Also 2 1 , , 1 2 = 2
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On ranges and null spaces of a special type of operator named . Part II

2 1 = 1 22 1 = 2 1
12

22

+
+1

1
+1

22 12 + 22 1 = 2 12 + 2 1
1 , 2 ,
12 22 + 1 22 = 12 2 + 1 2
1 22 12 2 = 1 2 12 22
1 2 = 2 12 2 = 1 2
12

22

1
= 2 ( +1
+ +11 )

.(1)

2
+ +12 = 1 ( +1
+ +12 )
+1

12 22 + 12 2 = 1 22 + 1 2
12 2 1 22 = 1 2 12 22 .(2)
From (1) and (2), we get
1 22 12 2 = 12 2 1 22
+ 1 1 22 = ( + 1)12 2
Since +1 0 , 1 22 = 12 2 .
Theorem (2): 1 , 2
1 = 2 , then 1 22 = 12 2
Proof : . 1 1
1 2 , 1 2
Hence 2 (1 ) = 1
Since , 2 1 = 1
Also 2 1 , , 1 2 = 2
2 1 = 1 22 1 = 2 1
22

12 1

= 2

12 1

( +1)
2 2
2 1 22 1

( +1)

= 2 12 + 2 1
1 , 2 , 12 22 1 22 = 12 2 + 1 2
12 2 1 22 = 1 2 12 22 .(1)
Also 1 2 = 2 12 2 = 1 2

Interchanging 1 , 2 we get as in(1)

1 22 12 2 = 1 2 12 22 ..(2)
From (1) and (2) ,we get
12 2 1 22 = 1 22 12 2
+ 1 12 2 = ( + 1)1 22
+ 1 0 , 1 22 = 12 2
: 1 , 2
1 = 2 1 = 2 , 1 = 2
Proof : . 1 (2)
2 1 = 1 1 2 = 2 , 2 1 = 1 ,
1 2 = 2 1 22 = 12 2
Now,2 1 = 1 2 1 = 1
2 1 2 1 = 1 + 2 1 = 12
2 1 1 = 12 2 1 = 12 ( = )
1 , 2 , 1 2 = 12
. . (1)
1 2 = 2 1 2 = 2
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On ranges and null spaces of a special type of operator named . Part II

1 2 1 2 = 2 + 2 2 = 22 ( 2 + 2 2 = 22 )
1 2 2 = 22 1 2 = 22 ..(2)
From (1) and (2) , we get 12 = 22
Hence 1 22 =12 2 1 12 = 22 . 2 13 = 23
Therefore 13 + 12 = 23 + 22
1 + 1 = (1 + )2
1 = 2 ( 1 + 0).
REFERENCES
[1].
[2].

[3].

Chandra , P: Investigation into the theory of operators and linear spaces. (Ph.D. Thesis, Patna University , 1977)
Dunford, N. and Schwartz, J.: Linear operators Part I, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York,1967, P. 37
Rudin, W. : Functional Analysis, Mc. Grow- Hill Book Company , Inc., New York, 1973,P.126

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