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Graphs
When an object is thrown upwards, its path is a curve called
a parabola. The shape and length of the path will depend on
the initial speed of the object. Furthermore, car headlights
and satellite dishes use mirrors or reflectors that have the
shape of a parabola.
N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Shutterstock.com/HSNphotography
for the A
n Chapter outline
8-01 Direct proportion
8-02 Inverse proportion
8-03 Conversion graphs
8-04 Distance-time graphs*
8-05 Graphs of change*
8-06 The parabola y ax 2 c
8-07 The parabola y a(x r) 2*
8-08 The cubic curve
y ax 3 c*
8-09 The power curves
y ax n c*
8-10 The hyperbola y k *
x
8-11 The exponential curve
x
ya
8-12 The circle
(x h) 2 (y k) 2 r 2*
8-13 Identifying graphs*
*STAGE 5.3
9780170194662
n Wordbank
Proficiency strands
U
F
PS
R
C
U
F
PS
R
C
U
F
PS
R
C
U
F
PS
R
C
U
F
PS
R
C
U
F
R
C
U
F
R
C
U
U
U
F
F
R
R
C
C
F
F
R
R
C
C
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
SkillCheck
Worksheet
StartUp assignment 7
If A 2x 2 3, find A if:
a x1
b x4
8
If R , find R if:
u
a u2
b u 16
MAT10NAWK10048
Direct proportion
d x 6
c u5
d u 2.5
c x0
d x 2
If y 5 x, find y if:
a x4
Technology worksheet
c x0
b x5
MAT10NACT10004
Two variables are directly proportional to each other if one variable is a constant multiple of the
other; when one variable changes, the other one changes by the same factor.
Summary
If y is directly proportional to x, then y kx, where k is a constant (number) called the
constant of proportionality or constant of variation.
286
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for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Example
Solution
a d is directly proportional to r
[ d kr
To find k, substitute the information given for r and d.
When r 540, d 950:
950 k3540
950
k
540
1:759 . . .
[ d 1.759 3 r
When r 800,
d 1:759 . . . 3800
1407:4074 . . .
1407 m
After 800 rotations, the distance travelled will be 1407 m.
b When d 360 km 360 000 m,
360 000 1:759 . . . 3 r
360 000
r
1:759:::
204 631:578 . . .
204 631 rotations
Rounding down for full rotations.
For a distance of 360 km, there will be 204 631 rotations.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Summary
To solve a direct proportion problem:
1
2
3
4
identify the two variables (say x and y) and form a proportion equation, y kx
substitute values for x and y to find k, the constant of proportionality
rewrite y kx using the value of k
substitute a value for x or y into y kx to solve the problem.
Exercise 8-01
See Example 1
Direct proportion
1 The distance, D, travelled by Craig, a marathon runner, varies directly with time, T.
Time, T (min)
1
2
3
Distance, D (m)
190
380
570
ii 45 minutes?
c How long would it take Craig to run 12.35 kilometres? Answer in hours and minutes.
2 Mehtas earnings for working a shift at the local nursery are directly proportional to the
number of hours she works. Yesterday, she earned $222.70 for working an 8.5 hour shift.
a If Mehtas earnings are represented by E and the number of hours worked is represented
by h, write an equation for E.
b How much will she earn for working a 7-hour shift?
c How many hours did she work today if she earned $144.10 for the shift?
3 The amount of interest, I, earned for one year on an investment account varies directly with
the size of the deposit, D.
a If Caterina earns $16 interest on an investment of $425, find the variation equation for I.
b Hence, how much will she earn on an investment of $900?
c If Caterinas uncle doubles the size of her investment in b, how much will she earn in
interest?
4 S varies directly with t. If when t 14, S 106.4, what is the value of S when t 0.3?
Select the correct answer A, B, C or D.
A 2.28
B 27.72
C 36.12
D 446.88
5 Find the linear formula for b in terms of a for this table of values.
a 4
8
12 16 20
b
10 20 30 40 50
288
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ustralian Curriculum
40
35
30
Cost, $c
No. of burgers, h
1
2
3
10 10A
25
20
15
10
5
1
2
3
4
No. of burgers, h
d The total cost of one order of hamburgers is $82.50. How many hamburgers were ordered?
e Find the gradient of the line. How is it related to the constant of variation?
7 K varies directly with L. If L 9.5 when K 1045, what is the value of K when L 1.65?
Select A, B, C or D.
A 0.015
B 93.7
C 181.5
D 1708.575
8 A linear relationship exists between the mass of a car (m kg) and its fuel consumption rate
(F L/100 km).
a Find the variation equation for F if a 1000 kg car uses fuel at a rate of 6 L/100 km.
b Find the fuel consumption of a 2500 kg car.
9 For an object that is cooling, the drop in temperature varies directly with time. If the
temperature drops 8C in 5 minutes, how long would it take to drop 10C? Select the correct
answer A, B, C or D.
A 6.25 min
B 7 min
C 12.8 min
D 16 min
9780170194662
NSW
Worksheet
Speed (s km/h)
50
60
80
100
Time (t min)
120
100
75
60
289
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Summary
k
If y is inversely proportional to x, then y ; where k is a constant (number) called the
x
constant of proportionality or constant of variation.
Example
The time (t) in minutes taken by a car to travel 100 km is inversely proportional to the
speed (s km/h) of the car, as shown in the table on the previous page. At 50 km/h,
the time taken is 120 minutes.
a Find the inverse variation equation for t.
b How long did the car take to travel 100 km at:
i 40 km/h?
ii 110 km/h?
Solution
a t is inversely proportional to s.
k
)t
s
To find k, substitute the information given for s and t.
When s 50, t 120:
k
120
50
k 120350
6000
) t 6000
s
b i When s 40, t 6000 150 min
40
At 40 km/h, the trip takes 150 min (or 2 h 30 min).
ii When s 110,
6000
110
54:5454 . . .
55 min
290
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ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
c When t 45,
6000
s
45s 6000
6000
s
45
133 13 km=h
45
Summary
To solve inverse proportion problem:
1 Identify the two variables (say x and y) and form a proportion equation, y k
x
2 Substitute values for x and y to find k, the constant of proportionality
3 Rewrite y k using the value of k
x
4 Substitute a value for x or y into y k to solve the problem.
x
Example
The temperature, T (in degrees Celsius), of the air is inversely proportional to the height, h
(in metres), above sea level. At 600 m above sea level, the temperature is 8C.
a What is the temperature at 1000 m above sea level?
b Graph the relationship between temperature and height above sea level.
Solution
a T is inversely proportional to h.
T k
h
Substitute h 600 and T 8 to find k.
k
8
600
k 8 3 600
4800
) T 4800
h
When h 1000, T 4800 4:8 C
1000
The temperature at a height of 1000 metres above sea level is 4.8C.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
1000 2000
4.8
2.4
3000 4000
1.6
1.2
5000
0.96
T C
5
4
3
2
1
Exercise 8-02
1 The time taken, T hours, to travel from Sydney to Melbourne varies inversely with the speed,
s km/h.
a If it takes 11.5 hours at an average speed of 80 km/h, find the variation equation for T.
b If the average speed is increased to 90 km/h, how long will the journey take? Answer in
hours and minutes.
c Find the average speed needed to complete the trip in 10 hours.
2 The rate of vibration of a string varies inversely
as its length. A string that is 8 cm long vibrates
at 9375 Hz (hertz). What length of string
will vibrate at 6250 Hz? Select the correct
answer A, B, C or D.
A 5 cm
B 7 cm
C 12 cm
See Example 3
D 73 cm
Shutterstock.com/Vereshchagin Dmitry
See Example 2
Inverse proportion
b What is the height above sea level when the temperature is:
i 8C?
ii 22.5C?
c Graph the relationship between temperature and height above sea level. Use T on the
vertical axis and h on the horizontal axis with h 0, 500, 1000, 1500, , 3000.
4 The number of people who attend a concert varies inversely with the amount of space
allocated to each person. If 80 cm 2 is allowed per person, the ground can hold 3400 people.
How many people could attend the concert if only 60 cm 2 was allocated per person?
292
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10 10A
2
2.5
A y 10
x
5
1
8
0.625
B y5
x
10
0.5
C y 2:5
x
D y1
x
7 Paul believes that at a train station, the number of people waiting on the platform is inversely
proportional to the time until the next train arrives. According to his model, when there are
16 people waiting, the train will arrive in 2.5 minutes.
b
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
4 a
10
15
20
25 a
9 The frequency, F beats per second, that a bird beats its wings varies inversely as the length, L cm,
of its wings. A bird with wings of length 14 cm beats them at a frequency of 8 beats per second.
a Find the variation equation for F in terms of L.
b Calculate, to the nearest whole number, the wingbeat frequency for wings of length 18 cm.
c A bird beats its wings with a frequency of 4.5 beats per second. What is the length of its
wings, correct to the nearest centimetre?
10 For a certain equation, y varies inversely with x.
a Given x 0.2 when y 10, find y when x 32.
11 The amount of time it takes Sarah to move house is inversely proportional to the number of
friends she has to help her. When she has 4 friends helping, the job takes 3 34 hours.
a How long will it take if she has 6 friends helping?
b How many friends must she have to help her to move house in 3 hours?
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
NSW
Currency conversion
graph
A conversion graph is used to convert from one unit to another, for example miles to kilometres, or
Australian dollars to US dollars. It usually contains one straight line that begins at the origin (0, 0).
MAT10NAWK10050
Example
Solution
Worksheet
50
40
30
20
a $A50 33
b 10 $A15
Exercise 8-03
See Example 4
20
40
60
80
Australian dollars ($)
100
Conversion graphs
ii $A88
ii 60
294
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ustralian Curriculum
i 10 km
ii 25 km
iii 36 km
c Use an answer from part a to convert
300 furlongs to kilometres.
d Use an answer from part b to convert
100 kilometres to furlongs.
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
Distance in furlongs
Exchange rate,
Australian $ to Japanese yen
90 000
80 000
70 000
Japanese yen
Convert distance in
furlongs to kilometres
Distance in kilometres
i 10 furlongs
ii 100 furlongs
iii 170 furlongs
b Convert to furlongs:
10 10A
60 000
50 000
40 000
30 000
20 000
10 000
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
50
50
100
50
Fahrenheit (F)
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
4
3
600
500
i $15
ii $50
iii $88
P500 to AUD.
b Change
c How many Australian dollars would you
P 200?
receive for
d Calculate the number of Philippine pesos
you should get for $120.
NSW
8 10
Acres
12
14
400
300
200
100
0
2
Stage 5.3
4
6
8 10 12
$Australian (AUD)
14
296
Journey of a cyclist
Distance (km)
Example
60
C D
40
20
0
B
1
3 4 5
Time (h)
E
6
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for the A
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Solution
Stage 5.3
40
2
20 km/h
50
ii Speed from D to E 1
22
Journey of a cyclist
Distance (km)
i Speed from B to C
20 km/h
The speeds were the same.
d The cyclist was stationary (not moving)
where the travel graph was flat, that is,
between 3 and 4 hours (CD on the graph).
60
C D
40
20
0
40
A
50 1
22
3 4 5
Time (h)
E
6
Example
b d
c d
Solution
a The person starts the journey slowly (at A, the
graph is not very steep), then increases his speed
to a maximum (at B, the graph is the steepest),
then slows down and stops (at C, graph becomes
horizontal).
d
C
B
A
t
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Stage 5.3
B
C
D
t
B
A
t
Example
Solution
a Kobis speed is gradually decreasing, so the
steepness (or gradient) of the graph must be steep
at first, then decreasing.
298
A
d (m)
100
B C
1 2 3 4
t (min)
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N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A
Exercise 8-04
1
ustralian Curriculum
Stage 5.3
Distancetime graphs
30
10
0
A
1
2 3 4
Time (h)
1000
F
5
te
Ka
800
llee
Co
600
400
200
0
4 5 6 7
Time (min)
9 10
b d
20
See Example 5
1200
Distance (km)
Distance (km)
10 10A
See Example 6
c d
t
d
E
C
A
Home
F
G
H
t
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
See Example 7
Damiens race
Distance (metres)
Stage 5.3
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (seconds)
Home
Shop
4:00
4:05
4:10
4:30
4:35
4:40
300
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A d
ustralian Curriculum
B d
C d
E d
F d
Mental skills 8
Stage 5.3
D d
10 10A
Divisibility tests
A number is divisible by:
2
3
4
5
6
9
10
1
if:
its last digit is 2, 4, 6, 8 or 0
the sum of its digits is divisible by 3
its last two digits form a number divisible by 4
its last digit is 0 or 5
it is even and the sum of its digits is divisible by 3
the sum of its digits is divisible by 9
its last digit is 0
b 189
c 78
d 465
e 1024
f 840
g 715
h 627
f 726
g 342
h 5580
9780170194662
b 280
c 522
d 4170
e 936
301
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
NSW
Solution
Noise level
Stage 5.3
Example
Solution
302
C
B
A
Height
D
A
C
Time
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N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A
Example
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Stage 5.3
10
Time
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
Time
Temperature
A bowl of hot soup sits on the kitchen bench cooling. At first it loses heat quickly but, as time
passes, it loses heat more slowly until it is at room temperature. Which of the graphs below
best illustrates this?
Time
Time
Solution
The correct graph is B. The temperature decreases rapidly initially (steep graph), but then this
rate of decrease slows (graph becoming flatter, the temperature decreases at a decreasing rate).
A is incorrect, because it shows the temperature decreasing, then increasing.
C is incorrect because it shows the temperature decreasing slowly initially (flat graph), then
decreasing quickly to zero (steep graph, decreasing at an increasing rate).
D is incorrect because it shows the temperature decreasing slowly initially (flat graph), then
quickly, then slowly again.
Exercise 8-05
1
Graphs of change
Height of tide
Time
Time (days)
d
Height (cm)
Volume of petrol
See Example 8
Distance
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Time
B
Height
Time
B
Height
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
Time
C
Height
A
Height
Time
Height
Height
Time
Height
Time
Height
Time
Height
Time
Height
Height
A
Height
Height
See Example 9
For each container, select the graph that best describes the height of the water as it is poured
at a constant rate into the given container.
Height
Height
Stage 5.3
Time
Time
Draw a graph that models each situation described. Use the variables given in brackets.
a The water level in a pool with people swimming in it on a hot summer day. (heighttime)
b The height of a girl above the ground as she climbs up the ladder of a slide, sits and then
slides down. (heighttime)
c The distance from a shop of a person walking at a steady speed up and down the street past
that shop. (distancetime)
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10 10A
Match each story to one of the graphs below. (The variables are given in brackets.)
a People were purchasing from the drink-vending machine until it broke down. (number of
cans in machine, time)
b The tank was half full of water all day. (depth of water, time)
Stage 5.3
See Example 10
c The cost of a mobile phone call is charged at a constant rate. (rate, time)
d Jo was watching a movie DVD but stopped to take a phone call halfway through. (amount
of movie seen, time)
e Interest rates rise rapidly at a constant rate, then steadily fall at a constant rate and stay at a
constant low. (rate, time)
f A taxi fare includes the hire charge plus a constant amount per kilometre. (cost, kilometres
travelled)
g The car is consuming petrol at a steady rate until it runs out of fuel. (litres in tank, time)
h Dean jogs at a steady rate, then stops and rests. (distance travelled, time)
i Jordan jogs at a steady rate, then walks home. (distance travelled, time)
ii
iii
iv
vi
v ii
v iii
ix
For each description, select the graph that best describes the situation. Select the correct
answer A, B or C.
a the speed of a bus that stops three times
B
Speed
Distance
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C
Speed
Speed
Distance
Distance
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
C
Speed
Speed
Speed
Stage 5.3
Time
Time
Time
C
Speed
Speed
Speed
Distance
Distance
Distance
Height
B
Height
Time
Time
The five containers below are filled at a constant rate. Match a graph to each container,
showing the water height against time.
a
A H
B H
E H
C H
F H
306
Time
D H
G H
H H
T
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for the A
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10 10A
The graphs below describe the temperature change of an object over time. Match each
description to its correct graph.
a The temperature increases at a constant rate.
b The temperature decreases at a constant rate.
Stage 5.3
Speed
B
Speed
Time
9780170194662
Speed
Speed
Time
Time
F
Speed
Time
Time
Time
307
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Worksheet
Graphing parabolas
MAT10NAWK10051
Technology worksheet
Graphing non-linear
equations
MAT10NACT10005
Technology worksheet
Excel worksheet:
Investigating
parabolas 1
MAT10NACT00010
An equation in which the highest power of the variable is 2 is called a quadratic equation, for
example, y 2x 2 5, y x 2 7x 12 and y 5x 2. The graph of a quadratic equation is a
smooth U-shaped curve called a parabola (pronounced pa-rab-o-la).
The graph of y ax 2
For the graph of a quadratic equation in the form y ax 2, where a is a constant (number), the
size of a (the coefficient of x 2) affects whether the parabola is wide or narrow.
As the size of a increases, the parabola becomes narrower and as the size of a decreases, the
parabola widens. If a is negative, then the parabola is concave down.
y=x
Excel spreadsheet:
Investigating
parabolas 1
y = 4x
2
y = 2x
Technology worksheet
1
y = x2
2
MAT10NACT00040
1
y = x2
4
1
y = x2
9
y
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
6 5 4 3 2 1
1
1 2 3 4 5 6
y
1
0
6 5 4 3 2 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2 3 4 5 6
1
y = x2
9
1
y = x2
4
1
y = x2
2
x
y = x 2
x
y = 2 2
y = 4x
10
308
The axis of symmetry, called the axis of the parabola, is the y-axis
The vertex or turning point is (0, 0)
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10 10A
The graph of y ax 2 c
For the graph of a quadratic equation in the form y ax 2 c, where a and c are constants, the effect of
c is to move the parabola y ax 2 up or down from the origin. Also, c is the y-intercept of the parabola.
Example
11
Graph each set of quadratic equations, showing the vertex of each parabola.
a y x 2, y x 2 4, y x 2 2
b y x 2, y x 2 4, y x 2 5
Solution
a First draw the graph of y x 2. Its vertex is at
(0, 0).
The graph of y x 2 4 is identical to that
of y x 2, but it is moved 4 units down.
Its vertex is at (0, 4).
The graph of y x 2 2 is identical to that
of y x 2, but it is moved 2 units up. Its vertex
is at (0, 2).
y
7
6
5
y = x2 + 2
y = x2
4
3
2 (0, 2)
1
(0, 0)
0
3 2 1
1 2 3 x
1
2
y = x2 4
3
4 (0, 4)
y
(0, 5)
5
4
y = x 2 + 5
3
2
1
3 2 1 0
1
(0, 0)
1
3 x
2
3
4 (0, 4)
5
6
7
y = x2
y = x2 4
Note:
In part a, all parabolas are concave up, because of the positive coefficient of x 2
In part b, all parabolas are concave down, because of the negative coefficient of x 2
For y ax 2 c, the y-intercept of the parabola is c
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Example
12
Solution
a i The coefficient of x 2 is 3, while the coefficient of x 2 in y x 2 is 1.
[ The parabola will be narrower than y x 2.
ii The constant term is 1.
[ The parabola has moved down.
iii The y-intercept is 1.
b i
The coefficient of x 2 is 1 .
3
[ The parabola will be wider than y x 2.
Example
13
A parabola has the equation y 3x 2 1. Find the x-coordinate of the point on the parabola
that has a y-coordinate of 191.
Solution
Substitute y 191 into y 3x 2 1
191 3x2 1
192 3x2
3x2 192
192
x2
3
64
p
x 64
8
This means there are two points on the parabola with a y-coordinate of 191, they are (8, 191)
and (8, 191).
310
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ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
The parabola y ax 2 c
Exercise 8-06
Some of this exercise may also be completed using a graphics calculator or graphing software.
1 a Graph each quadratic equation, showing the vertex of each parabola.
yx
y x
yx 2
y 2x
See Example 11
y x 1
y
4
2
1
2
4
6
8
10
y = x2 + 1
8
0
(0, 12)
y
0
(0, 12)
8
x
0
8
0.5
0
(0, 12)
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Graphs
y
x
0
0.5
(0, 12)
8
x
A
E
I
y x2
1
y x2
2
y x 2 12
y x 2
y x2 8
y 8 x2
y 8 x2
y 12 x
y x 8
y 12 x 2
1
y x2
2
y x 2 12
x
y
2
1
y
(2, 9)
0
1
0
y
1
x
(2,1)
(5, 5)
y
0 1
(2, 7)
(2, 3)
1
0
312
0 1
(2, 9)
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y
1
0
(5, 125)
ustralian Curriculum
y
x
10 10A
(5, 5)
(2, 7)
j
(2, 3)
y
0 1
y
0
x
(2, 1)
0
1
(5, 125)
y 5x 2
y 2x 2 1
y 2x 2 1
y 5x 2
y 2x 2 1
y 1 x2 1
2
y 1 x2 1
2
1
y x2 1
2
y 2x 2 1
y 1 x2
5
1
y x2
5
y 1 x2 1
2
See Example 12
a 11
See Example 13
b 116.
11 A stone is dropped from a cliff and its height (h metres) at any time (t seconds) is given by
h 80 4.9t 2.
a Draw a graph of the equation for values of t from 0 to 5.
b What is the height of the cliff?
c What is the height of the stone after 3 seconds?
d When will the stone hit the ground?
e How long after it is dropped is the stone 5 metres above the ground? Answer correct to 2
decimal places.
12 A parabola has the equation y 2x 2 3. Find the x-coordinates of the points on the parabola
that have a y-coordinate of:
a 165
b 396.
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Graphs
Parabolas in architecture
Alamy/Stephen Bay
Bridges also often use parabolic curves in their construction. One modern application is the
cables used in the suspension of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
Find 2 different uses of parabolas in real-life constructions and create a presentation with
pictures.
314
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Stage 5.3
NSW
Worksheet
Summary
Matching parabolas
Example
MAT10NAWK10214
Worksheet
Matching parabolas
with their equations
MAT10NAWK00016
14
Technology worksheet
b y (x 2) 2
Excel worksheet:
Investigating
parabolas 2
c y 2(x 1) 2
MAT10NACT00012
Solution
Technology worksheet
y y = (x 1)2
5
a y (x 1) 2
This parabola is the graph of y x 2
translated 1 unit to the right, with a
vertex at (1, 0).
Substitute x 0 for the y-intercept:
y 0 12 12 1
Excel spreadsheet:
Investigating
parabolas 2
4
3
MAT10NACT00042
2
1
4
0 (1, 0)
2
1
b y (x 2) 2
This parabola is the graph of y x 2
translated 2 units to the left, with a
vertex at (2, 0).
It is concave down because a is
negative.
Substituting x 0 for the y-intercept.
y 0 22
4
y
2
1
(2, 0)
5
1
2
y = (x + 2)2
3
4
5
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Graphs
c y 2(x 1) 2
This is y 2x 2 translated 1 unit to the left,
with a vertex at (1, 0).
Substituting x 0 for the y-intercept.
y 20 12
Stage 5.3
y
5
y = 2(x + 1)2
4
3
2
1
(1, 0)
0
2
1
Exercise 8-07
See Example 14
b y (x 2) 2
e y (x 1) 2
c y (x 1) 2
f y (x 5) 2
g y 3(x 4) 2
h y 2(x 1) 2
i y 1 x 62
4
Which statement is true about the parabola y (x 6) 2? Select the correct answer
A, B, C or D.
A Its axis of symmetry is x 6
C Its vertex is (6, 0)
b y (x 1) 2
f y 2(x 1) 2
x
15
10
10
15
5
0
10
15 10
d y (x 3) 2
h y 4(x 1) 2
y
20
15
10
c y (x 2) 2
g y 0.5(x 4) 2
20
316
B It has a y-intercept at 36
D It passes through the point (1, 5)
5
5
20
25
10
10
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for the A
y
20
10
x
5
8
0
10
10
15
H
5
y
0
10
Stage 5.3
15
10
10
10 10A
20
15
15
ustralian Curriculum
10
10 x
10
10
15
15
20
20
Technology Graphing y ax 3 c
Use GeoGebra or other graphing technology to graph the cubic equations y 0.4x 3, y x 3 and y 3x 3.
1 Enter as y0.4x^3, yx^3 and y3x^3.
2 Right-click on each graph, choose Object properties and Colour to select different colours
for each cubic curve.
4
3
2
1
0
3
1
2
3
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Stage 5.3
NSW
Worksheet
Graphing cubics 1
MAT10NAWK10215
An equation in which the highest power of the variable is 3 is called a cubic equation, for example,
y 3x 3, y x 3 9 and y x 3 2x 2 5x 10. The graph of a cubic equation is called a cubic curve.
The graph of y ax 3
The graphs of y x 3 and y x 3 are shown below.
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
y
9
8
y = x3 7
6
5
4
3
2
1 0
54321 1 2 3 4 5 x
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
y=x
54321 0 1 2 3 4 5 x
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Summary
The graph of y ax 3
y
y = x3
y = 2x3
y = x3
y = 1_ x3
2
0
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10 10A
The graph of y ax 3 c
Stage 5.3
Summary
The graph of y ax 3 c
For the graph of y ax 3 c, where a and c are constants, the effect of c is to move the
cubic curve y ax 3 up or down from the origin. Also, c is the y-intercept of the cubic curve.
y = x3
y
30
20
y = x3 + 4
10
y = x3 7
4x
2
10
20
30
Example
15
Solution
y = x3 + 3
y
10
y = x3 + 1
5
y = 3x3 5
4
10
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Graphs
Stage 5.3
See Example 15
Exercise 8-08
1
b y x 3
e y x 3 4
h y 3x 3 2
c y 2x 3
f y x 3 2
i y 12 x3 4
(2, 17)
1
0
1
0
x
( 2, 3)
(2, 3)
y
(2, 15)
y
(2, 15)
1 0
1 0 x
( 2, 4)
(2, 17)
(2, 3)
1 0
1 0
(2, 5)
A y 2x 3 1
B y 1 x3 1
C y 2x 3 1
2
D y 1 x3
E y 1 x3 1
F y 2x 3 1
2
2
H y 2x 3 1
I y 1 x3 1
G y 1 x3 1
2
2
Find the equation of each cubic curve in the form y ax 3 c.
a
y
(1, 5)
(2, 13)
320
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10 10A
Stage 5.3
Technology Graphing y ax n
1 Using GeoGebra or other graphing software, graph on the same axes y x 2, y x 4 and y x 6.
2 How are the graphs similar? How are the graphs different?
3 Graph on the same axes y x 3 and y x 5.
4 How are the graphs similar? How are the graphs different?
5 Describe the differences between the graphs of y x n when n is even and when n is odd.
NSW
Technology worksheet
Excel worksheet:
Power functions
MAT10NACT00020
The graph of y ax
Technology
spreadsheet
Excel spreadsheet:
Power functions
MAT10NACT00050
y = x5
y = x3
Summary
The graph of y ax n if n is even
The graph is like a steeper parabola, symmetrical about the y-axis, with a vertex at (0, 0)
The graph is concave up if a is positive and concave down if a is negative
The higher the power (the value of n), the narrower the graph
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Stage 5.3
The graph of y ax n c
Summary
The graph of y ax n c
For the graph of y ax n c, where a and c are constants, the effect of c is to move the
curve y ax n up or down from the origin. Also, c is the y-intercept of the curve.
The graph of y ax n c is obtained from the graph of y ax n by a vertical transformation.
Example
16
Solution
b y (x 3) 3
c y 2x 4 2
e y 2x 5 3
f y 2x 3 1
i y 1 x 3 5
2
h y 3x 3 1
B
121.5
322
Exercise 8-09
1
x
(1, 1)
2 0
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ustralian Curriculum
Stage 5.3
1
0
10 10A
y
0
2
0
27
a y x and y (x 2)
3
See Example 16
2
b y 3x and y 3x 1
c y x and y x 2
e y x 4 and y (x 1) 4
f y x 5 and y x 5 2
For each pair of equations, explain how the second equation can be graphed using the graph
of the first equation, for example, move left 4 units.
a y x 5 and y x 5 4
b y x 2 and y (x 5) 2
1
1
c y 5x 6 and y 5(x 3) 6
d y x3 and y 4 x3
4
4
e y x 4 and y (3 x) 4
f y x 3 and y (x 2) 3
Investigation: Graphing y 1
x
1 Copy and complete this table for y 1 . Explain why no y value exists for x 0.
x
x
y
2 3
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Graphs
Stage 5.3
Technology Graphing y k
x
1 Use GeoGebra or other graphing technology to graph each equation.
1
2
5
10
b y
c y
d y
a y
x
x
x
x
2 Compare the graphs from question 1. What happens to the graph of y k as k increases?
x
2
2
and compare them.
3 Graph y and y
x
x
4 Graph y 4 and use Trace to complete this table of values.
x
x
y
10
100
200 1000
5 What happens to the y-values when the x-values become very large?
6 For y 4 use the Trace function to complete this table of values.
x
x
y
0.0001 0.01
0.1
0.5
7 What happens to the y-values when the x-values become very small and close to zero?
Worksheet
Graphing hyperbolas
MAT10NAWK10216
k
x
k
The graph of y , where k is a constant, is a curve with two branches called a hyperbola
x
(pronounced hy-perb-o-la).
The graph of y
k
x
324
y = 1x
y = 1x
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ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Stage 5.3
Summary
The graph of y k
x
Example
17
Graph each hyperbola and mark the coordinates of one point on the curve.
b y 3
a y2
x
x
Solution
a Let x 2 Choosing any value of x
2
y
2
1
A point on the curve is (2, 1).
y
y = 2x
y
y = 3x
(2, 1)
0
b Let x 3
3
y
3
1
A point on the curve is (3, 1).
As k 3 is negative, the hyperbola
is in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Stage 5.3
The graphs of y
k
k
c and y
x
xr
Summary
The graph of y k c
x
For the graph of y k c, where k and c are constants, the effect of c is to move the
x
hyperbola y k up or down from the origin.
x
The graph of y
The graph of y
Example
k
x r
k
k
is the graph of y translated r units to the right (or left if r is negative).
xr
x
18
Graph each hyperbola, find any intercepts and mark the coordinates of one point on the
curve.
a y21
b y 3
x
x2
Solution
a Let x 2
2
y 1
2
2
A point on the curve is (2, 2).
The graph of y 2 1 is the graph of y 2
x
x
translated up 1 unit. This means that the
horizontal asymptote is now at y 1.
An x-intercept now occurs when y 0.
2
0 1
x
02x
x 2
The x-intercept is 2.
y
y = 2x + 1
1
y = 2x
326
2 0
(2, 2)
x
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ustralian Curriculum
b Let x 3
3
y
32
3
A point on the curve is (3, 3).
Stage 5.3
2
1
1
2
The y-intercept is 1 1.
2
Exercise 8-10
1
10 10A
y=
3
x
1 12
2
(3, 3)
y=
3
x2
The hyperbola y k
x
2
a Copy and complete this table for y .
x
x
y
3
2
1
See Example 17
2
b Graph y , showing the coordinates of one point on the hyperbola.
x
c On your diagram, draw in the axes of symmetry for the hyperbola.
d What are the equations of these axes?
2
Graph each hyperbola and mark the coordinates of one point on the curve.
b y 2
c y3
a y4
x
x
x
a The distance from Sydney to Melbourne is close to 1000 km. Copy and complete the
following table that relates time (t hours) and speed (s km/h) for the trip. Round your
answers to the nearest km/h.
1000
s
t
t
1
2
3
10
s
b Hence graph the equation s 1000.
t
c Why are the values for t only positive numbers? Explain why t cannot be equal to 0.
d If the time is doubled, is the speed halved? Use the information from your graph to support
your answer.
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Stage 5.3
(2, 1.5)
See Example 18
Graph each hyperbola and mark the coordinates of one point on the curve.
a y12
x
b y 2 3
x
c y
2
x1
d y 3
x2
(3, 3)
1
x
Sarah and David want to buy a rectangular block of land that has an area of 800 m 2. There are
several blocks available with this area.
a Copy and complete this table that relates the length
L
10
20
30
100
(L metres) and width (W metres) of the block of land. W
b What is the formula for W?
c Explain why the length or width cannot be equal to 0 metres.
d Graph the formula for W.
e What happens to the width as the length continues to increase? How is this shown on the
graph?
f What happens to the width as the length approaches 0? How is this shown on the graph?
328
D y 13
x
(1, 1)
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10 10A
Investigation: Graphing y 2x
This activity can also be completed using a graphics calculator or graphing software.
1 Copy and complete this table of values for y 2x.
x
y
3
2
1
2 Graph the points from the table and join them with a smooth curve. The equation y 2x
is called an exponential equation and its graph is called an exponential curve (exponent
means power).
3 Graph y 2x in a similar way.
4 Compare the graphs of y 2x and y 2x. Describe any similarities and differences.
5 The y-intercept of any graph with equation y ax (where a is a positive constant) is
always 1. Explain why.
6 The graph of y 2x is increasing. Is the graph of y 2x increasing or decreasing?
Give reasons.
7 Describe what happens to the graph of y 2x when:
a x approaches a large positive number
b x approaches a large negative number.
From the new panel that pops up, select the grid option at the top left-hand side.
2 Enter the function y 2 x into the Input bar, using ^.
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Graphs
3 Repeat step 2 by entering each of the following equations. Change the colours as required.
y 2 x
y 2 x
(enter y2^-x),
y 2x 1
y 2 x
y 2x 1
(enter y-2^x)
x becomes larger?
ii x becomes smaller?
5 Repeat steps 1 to 3 and answer question 4 for the exponential curves below.
y 3 x, y 3 x, y 3 x, y 3 x, y 3 x 1, y 3 x 1
Worksheet
Graphing exponentials
MAT10NAWK10052
y = 4x
(1, 4)
Example
19
Sketch each exponential equation and mark the y-intercept on each curve.
a y 2x
b y 3 x
Solution
a The y-intercept of y 2 x is 1
At x 1, y 2
As x increases (to the right in the positive direction),
2 x becomes very large (steep gradient)
As x decreases (to the left in the negative direction),
2 x approaches zero. The x-axis is an asymptote.
330
y = 2x
(1, 2)
1
0
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b The y-intercept of y 3 x is 1
y = 3x
At x 1, y 3
As x decreases (to the left in the negative direction),
3 x becomes very large (steep gradient)
As x increases (to the right in the positive direction),
3 x approaches zero. The x-axis is an asymptote.
10 10A
(1, 3)
1
0
Exercise 8-11
Some of this exercise may also be completed using a graphics calculator or graphing software.
1 a Graph these exponential equations on the same axes.
i y2
ii y 3
iii y 5
See Example 19
1
x
Graph y 3 x 1 and y 3 x 1 on the same axes and describe how they are related.
(2, 16)
1
0
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Exponential growth
Puzzle sheet
Circle equations
MAT10NAPS00047
Shutterstock.com/Canadapanda
The circle x 2 y 2 r 2
Summary
The equation of a circle with centre (0, 0)
and radius r units is x 2 y 2 r 2
r
0
Example
P (x, y)
x
20
Find the equation of a circle with centre (0, 0) and diameter 14 units.
Solution
Radius 1 314 7 units:
2
r 2 7 2 49.
The equation of the circle is x 2 y 2 49.
332
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10 10A
The circle (x h) 2 (y k) 2 r 2
Stage 5.3
If the centre of the circle is shifted from (0, 0) to new coordinates (h, k), then the equation of the
circle changes from x 2 y 2 r 2 to (x h) 2 (y k) 2 r 2.
Summary
The equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and
radius r units is (x h) 2 (y k) 2 r 2.
(x h) 2 + (y k) 2 = r 2
r
P (x, y)
Q(h, k)
Proof
Let P(x, y) be any point on the circle and Q(h, k) be its centre so that the distance PQ r units.
Using the distance formula:
q
d
x h2 y k 2 r
x h2 y k 2 r2
Example
21
Find the centre and radius of the circle represented by each equation.
a (x 2) 2 (y 5) 2 9
c x 2 (y 6) 2 1
b (x 3) 2 (y 1) 2 16
d (x 1) 2 (y 4) 2 40
Solution
a
b
c
d
p
Centre is (2, 5), radius 9 3 units
p
Centre is (3, 1), radius 16 4 units
p
Centre is (0, 6), radius 1 1 unit
p
p
Centre is (1, 4), radius 40 2 10 units
We note that the last term, a 2, is the square of half the coefficient of x.
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Graphs
Stage 5.3
Example
22
b x 2 14x (x ) 2
Solution
a The coefficient of x is 10.
Half of 10 is 5, and 5 2 25.
The perfect square is x 2 10x 25 (x 5) 2
b The coefficient of x is 14.
Half of 14 is 7, and (7) 2 49.
The perfect square is x 2 14x 49 (x 7) 2
Example
23
Solution
We need to rewrite the equation into the form
(x h) 2 (y k) 2 r 2.
x2 4x y2 6y 4 0
x2 4x y2 6y 4
2
x 4x 4 y 6y 9 4 4 9
x 22 y 32 9
which is
pa circle, with centre (2, 3) and
radius 9 3 units.
3 units
(2, 3)
5
4
3
2
1
5 4 3 2 1
1
Exercise 8-12
See Example 20
The circle (x h) 2 (y k) 2 r 2
Some of this exercise may also be completed using GeoGebra or other graphing technology.
1 Find the centre and radius of the circle given by each equation.
b x 2 y 2 36
c x 2 y 2 64
a x2 y2 4
d x 2 y 2 100
e x 2 y 2 81
f 2x 2 2y 2 50
2
Which equation represents a circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 3 units? Select the correct
answer A, B, C or D.
A x 2 y 2 9
334
B x2 y2 3
C x 2 y 2 3
D x2 y2 9
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for the A
10 10A
Find the centre and radius of the circle given by each equation.
Stage 5.3
a (x 2) 2 (y 4) 2 49
b (x 3) 2 (y 1) 2 1
c (x 9) 2 (y 12) 2 225
d x 2 (y 3) 2 4
e (x 6) 2 (y 1) 2 10
f (x 5) 2 (y 8) 2 16
g x 2 y 2 72
h (x 2) 2 (y 1) 2 50
i (x 2) 2 y 2 64
l 3x2 3y 12 1
3
j
4
ustralian Curriculum
x 42 y 32 25
4
k (x 3) 2 (y 4) 2 81
y
4
(x 2) (y 2) 3
(x 2) 2 (y 2) 2 9
(x 2) 2 (y 2) 2 4
(x 2) 2 (y 2) 2 16
See Example 21
2
6
Write the equation of each circle whose centre and radius are given.
a (1, 2), 3
b (10, 11),
c (3, 2), 10
p
p2
f (1, 5), 2 2
d (0, 1), 1
e (6, 2), 5
b x 2 (y 4) 2 25
d (x 5) 2 (y 2) 2 4
See Example 22
Find the centre and radius of the circle given by each equation.
See Example 23
a
c
e
g
x 2 6x y 2 2y 15
x 2 4x y 2 10y 7
x 2 y 2 4x 8y 5
x 2 y 2 20y 6x 28
b
d
f
h
x 2 8x y 2 4y 29
x 2 20x y 2 12y 135 0
x 2 12x y 2 6y 29 0
x 2 y 2 5 8x 2y
Puzzle sheet
Matching graphs
MAT10NAPS10053
Summary
Straight line:
Parabola:
Cubic curve:
Power curves:
Hyperbola:
Exponential curve:
Circle:
9780170194662
Puzzle sheet
y mx b or ax by c 0
y ax 2 c or y a(x r) 2
y ax 3 c
y ax n c
k
y
x
y ax
x 2 y 2 r 2 or (x h) 2 (y k) 2 r 2
Matching graphs
(Advanced)
MAT10NAPS10217
335
Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Stage 5.3
When matching graphs with equations, the x value and y value of a point on the graph may need
to be substituted into the equation to verify that the equation represents the graph.
Example
24
(2, 25)
(2, 5)
1
0
y
3
(2, 2)
0
A y 2x 4
B x2 y2 9
D y 2x 2 3
E y 5 x
3 x
C y 4
x
F y x 3 8
Solution
a An exponential curve that matches with E, y 5 x
Test point: (2, 25)
LHS 25
RHS 5 (2) 5 2 25 LHS
b A decreasing cubic curve with y-intercept 8 that matches with F, y x 3 8
Test point: (2, 0)
LHS 0
RHS 2 3 8 8 8 0 LHS
c A concave up parabola that matches with D, y 2x 2 3
Test point: (2, 5)
LHS 5
RHS 2 3 2 2 3 5 LHS
d A negative hyperbola that matches with C, y 4
x
Test point: (2, 2)
LHS 2
RHS 4 2 LHS
2
e A circle with centre (0, 0) and radius 3 that matches with B, x 2 y 2 9
f A straight line with gradient 2 and y-intercept 4 that matches with A, y 2x 4
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N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A
Exercise 8-13
ustralian Curriculum
10 10A
Stage 5.3
Identifying graphs
For each equation, state whether its graph is a straight line (L), a parabola (P), an exponential
(E) or a circle (C).
b y 9x
c y 9x
d y9
a y 9x 2 4
2
2
e x y 81
f y 3x 8
g y 3x 2 8
h y 2x 5
j y 10 x
k y 7x 2 2
l x 2 y 2 36
i y x 2 6
10
i y 2x 2
j y 9x 2 4
10
0
2
3x
0
3
(1, 3)
1
y
(4, 5)
(1, 3)
x
x
y 1
10 y
1
0
h y 3 x
1
0
e y 3x 2 1
(4, 5)
d y5
See Example 24
c y 1 x2
y
1
6
4
2
3 2 1 0
2
3 x
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b y 2x 2 3
c y 7x 2 6
d x 2 y 2 49
d y 5 x
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Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Graphs
Stage 5.3
For each equation, state whether its graph is a parabola (P), a cubic (Q), a hyperbola (H), an
exponential (E) or a circle (C).
b (x 2) 2 y 2 4
c y 2(x 2) 2
d y 2
a y9
x
x4
3
2
2
x
e y 2x 4
f (x 4) (y 1) 15
g y4 2
h y 8 1
x
Match each equation to its graph.
b y (x 3) 3
c y x 3 1
d y 1 x2
a y 4
x
e y 1 x3 1
f y 2x 3
g y4
h y (x 4) 2
2
x
y
(2, 16)
1
x
(2, 2)
(2, 7)
G
(2, 2)
y
(2, 3)
15
27
y
20
10
0
1
5
8 6 4 2 0
b y 5x 1
c y 10 x 3
a y 2x
e y 2
f y 1 2
d y4
x
x3
x
Sketch the graph of each equation, showing all main features.
b y 3x 2
c y x3 3
a y6
x
d y 2(x 5) 2
e y 1
f (x 5) 2 (y 5) 2 4
x4
Power plus
1
2
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Chapter 8 review
n Language of maths
Puzzle sheet
Graphs crossword
asymptote
axis
centre
circle
coefficient
concave down
concave up
constant
conversion graph
cubic
curve
direct proportion
distancetime graph
exponential
hyperbola
inverse proportion
parabola
quadratic
radius
table of values
vertex
x-intercept
y-intercept
variable
MAT10NAPS10054
n Topic overview
Which parts of this chapter were revision of Year 9 knowledge and skills?
Which parts of this chapter were new to you?
What is the difference between direct and inverse proportion?
Do you know the equations of a parabola, cubic curve, hyperbola, exponential curve and
circle, and how to graph them?
Explain how the graph of y 2x 2 3 is different to the graph of y 2x 2 3. How are they
similar?
Copy and complete this mind map of the topic, adding detail to its branches and using pictures,
symbols and colour where needed. Ask your teacher to check your work.
Direct and inverse
proportion
The circle
Conversion graphs
Graphs
Distancetime graphs
and graphs of change
The parabola
The hyperbola
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Chapter 8 revision
See Exercise 8-01
2 The temperature, T (in degrees Celsius), of the air is inversely proportional to the height, h (in
metres), above sea level. At 400 m above sea level, the temperature is 15C. What is the
temperature at 600 m above sea level?
3 The graph in Example 4 on page 294 converts Australian dollars to UK pounds sterling. Use
the graph to convert:
a $A70 to
4 Draw a distancetime graph to show a person leaving home at an increasing speed and then
slowing down.
5 The graphs below show the height of water in a bathtub over time. Match each graph to the
correct description.
b
c
Height
Height
Height
Stage 5.3
b 56 to Australian dollars
Volume
Volume
Volume
0
3
1
0 1
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A y x2 3
B y 3x 2 1
D y x 2 1
E y 4x 2 1
1
x
C y 1 x2 3
2
F y 4 3x 2
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Chapter 8 revision
7 Graph the equation y 2(x 3) 2, showing all main features.
Stage 5.3
9 Sketch the graphs of the equations y 3x 4 and y 3(x 2) 4, showing all main features.
10 Sketch the graph of y 2 , showing the x- and y-intercepts and a point on the curve.
x1
11 Sketch each curve described below.
a y4
b y4
x
c y 4
d y 4
a x y 100
d (x 5) 2 (y 6) 2 81
b x y 36
e (x 10) 2 y 2 225
y
1
c x y 49
f (x 7) 2 (y 10) 2 80
(2, 1)
Stage 5.3
See Exercise 8-13
c y 2x 1
f y 2x 2 1
i y x2
l y 2 2x
C
x
1
x
y
0
x
(1, 3)
1 0
(1, 3)
y
0 1
x
2
y
y
(2, 4)
(1, 1)
0
1
1
5
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0
5
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