Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos

Facultad de Ciencias Matemticas

INTRODUCCIN A LOS MODELOS MATEMTICOS DE LA

BIOLOGA
Roxana Lpez Cruz, Ph.D.

Lima- Per
Junio - Julio, 2006

ndice general

NDICE GENERAL

ndice de cuadros

NDICE DE CUADROS

ndice de figuras

NDICE DE FIGURAS

Captulo 1
Como elaborar un Texto usando
Latex
1.1. Formulas
f:

R2 R
(x, y) 7 x2 + y

1.2. Ecuaciones
1.2.1. Ecuaciones en una sola linea
Ecuaciones en Texto
la ecuacin b (b (a) + b (c)) = b (a + c).
Ecuaciones Centradas sin Numeracin
b (b (a) + b (c)) = b (a + c).
Ecuaciones Centradas con Numeracin
b (b (a) + b (c)) = b (a + c).
9

(1.1)

10

CAPTULO 1. COMO ELABORAR UN TEXTO USANDO LATEX

1.2.2. Sistema de Ecuaciones (Tipo Arreglo)

Sistema de Ecuaciones sin Numeracin

dS

=
SI

dt

dI
= SI I

dt

dR =
I
dt

Sistema de Ecuaciones con Numeracin

dS

=
SI

dt

dI
= SI I

dt

dR =
I
dt

(1.2)

1.3. TABLAS

11

1.3. Tablas
Tabla 1: Varianza total explicada
Componente Autovalores iniciales
Total % de varianza % acumulado
1
6,173
47,485
47,485
2
2,072
15,939
63,424
3
0,939
7,226
70,650
4
0,779
5,989
76,639
5
0,740
5,690
82,330
6
0,648
4,983
87,313
7
0,436
3,356
90,669
8
0,384
2,954
93,623
9
0,240
1,848
95,472
10
0,188
1,446
96,917
11
0,162
1,245
98,163
12
0,125
0,960
99,122
13
0,114
0,878
100,000

Otro tipo de Tabla

Iteration k of f (xn )
k
0
1
2
3
4
..
.
7

xk1

xk2

xk3

-0.3
0.47102965
0.49988691
0.49999976
0.5
..
.

0.6
0.04883157
0.00228830
0.00005380
0.00000307
..
.

0.7
-0.53345964
-0.52246185
-0.523656
-0.52359743
..
.

0.0

-0.52359878

0.5

remarks
<
<
N

< 108

12

CAPTULO 1. COMO ELABORAR UN TEXTO USANDO LATEX

Figura 1.1: Modelo SIR, S(0) = 1, I(0) = 1,27 106 , R(0) = 0

Captulo 2
Basics of Extension and Lifting
Problems
To boldly go where no map has gone before

2.1. Existence problems

We begin with some metamathematics. All problems about the existence of
maps can be cast into one of the following two forms, which are in a sense mutually dual.
i

The Extension Problem Given an inclusion A X, and a map A Y , does

there exist a map f : X Y such that f agrees with f on A?
Here the appropriate source category for maps should be clear from the context
and, moreover, commutativity through a candidate f is precisely the restriction
requirement; that is,
f : f i = f |A = f .
If such an f exists1, then it is called an extension of f and is said to extend f .
In any diagrams, the presence of a dotted arrow or an arrow carrying a ? indicates
a pious hope, in no way begging the question of its existence. Note that we shall
usually omit from composite maps.
p

The Lifting Problem Given a pair of maps E B and X B, does there exist
a map f : X E, with pf = f ?
1

suggests striving for perfection, crusading

13

14

CAPTULO 2. BASICS OF EXTENSION AND LIFTING PROBLEMS

N
N
Figura 2.1: The log-gamma family of densities with central mean < N > =
a surface and as a contour plot.

1
2

as

That all existence problems about maps are essentially of one type or the other
from these two is seen as follows. Evidently, all existence problems are representable by triangular diagrams and it is easily seen that there are only these six
possibilities: