SPECIFIC THEORY

1.

What of the following process are commonly used for welding

aluminium?
a) TIG
b) MIG
c) M.M.A
d) Both A and B

2.

Which of the following defects could occur due to the high input
involved in the submerged arc welding of two 40mm thick steel
plates, using a single Vee weld preparation?
a) Slag
b) Lack of side wall fusion
c) Lack of root penetration
d) Solidification cracking

3.

Which
a) BS
b) BS
c) BS
d) BS

4.

The welding process more suited to the joining of thin plate

material such as aluminum, copper and stainless steel is:
a) Tungsten arc gas shielded
b) Flash butt welding
c) Electroslag welding
d) Manual metal arc welding

5.

In comparison with single wall technique for inspection of the pipe

weld, double wall technique would require a:
a) Slower film
b) Shorter exposure
c) Longer focal spot size or source diameter
d) Longer focal to-film distance

of the following British Standard defines welding symbols?

3683
5500
6072
499

6.

What IQI sensitivity has been attained when the thinnest element
visible on the radiograph is 0.63 mm and specimen is 35 mm
thick?
a) 5.5%
b) 2.0%
c) 1.8%
d) 0.55%

7.

What is the smallest diameter hole in a BSEN 402 part 2, HI-FE-EN

stepped hole image quality indicator?
a) 2.0 mm
b) 0.175 mm
c) 0.150 mm
d) 0.125 mm

8.

When examine a radiograph of a weld, a dark line of varying width

is seen each side of the weld cap, parallel with the edges of the
fusion zones. What the probably cause?
a) porosity
b) Incomplete fusion
c) Shrinkage
d) Undercut

9.

A radiograph shows a single dark, parallel indication directly above

the weld centerline; its width is approximately the same as the
root gap. What is probable cause?
a) Misalignment
b) Lack of side wall fusion
c) Lack of penetration
d) Excessive root penetration

10
.

A satisfactory radiograph is achieved using an exposure time 3

minute 45 seconds, a current value of 4 MA and the F.F.D. at 30.
What new exposure time will be required if the f.f.d. is change to
24 and tube current to 5 MA?
a) 2 minute 38 seconds
b) 1 minute 55 seconds
c) 1 minute 30 seconds
d) None of the above

11
.

Diffraction mottle on a radiograph of an Austenitic stainless steel

weld would normally appear:
a) A net like structure over the weld image
b) A herringbone pattern over the outline weld image. Similar to
porosity.
c) A diffuse dark line along weld center line which can sometimes
be mistaken for incomplete root penetration
d) Very dense patches over the entire weld image

12
.

Why densities of 4.0 and above are considered too high for weld
radiographs?
a) They are not considered too high
b) Radiographic contrast will be too low if the viewing light
intensity is increased to compensate for this, the radiograph
may distract or burn.
c) The radiographic definition will be too low
d) Contrast will be too high

13
.

Collimation of the X-ray beam is sometimes carried out before

weld radiography to:
a) Allow the kilovoltage to be reduced
b) Reduce penumbra and increase radiographic definition
c) Intensify the affective radiation
d) Restrict the width of the beam an reduce scatter

14
.

Which of the following gamma source would be preferred for

radiography of an 8 mm thick weld, using a single wall image
technique, assuming radiographic quality is the major priority?
a) Co 60
b) Cs 137
c) Ir 192
d) Yt 169

15
.

Which of the following would probably reduce diffraction mottle

when radiograph on aluminum weld using x-ray equipment?
a) Pass the film through the fixer for a second time
b) Reduce kilovoltage and use a longer development time
c) Change or replensher the developer
d) Increase kilovoltage or change the beam angle slightly

16
.

Where are step wedge and hole type IQI normally positioned on
weld radiography?
a) Across the weld at the film, center position
b) Adjacent to the weld each end of the film
c) Adjacent to the weld at the film center position
3

d) Across the weld each end of the film

17
.

Cold lap is a term commonly used to describe which of the

following?
a) Undercut
b) Hydrogen cracking
c) Lack of side wall fusion
d) Lack of fusion at the weld toes

18
.

Which of the following defects would not be expected in a weld

made by the MIG and MAG process?
a) Porosity
b) Slag inclusion
c) Lack of fusion
d) Undercut

19
.

What is the common location for weld solidification cracking?

a) The H.A.Z.
b) Fusion zones
c) Parent material
d) The weld center line

20
.

What is the term used in welding that describe the areas of parent
material immediately adjacent to the deposited weld metal, which
is metallurgical affected by the heat of welding?
a) Weld zones
b) Fusion zones
c) Weld toe
d) Heat affected zone

21
.

Which of the following discontinuities is caused by poor cleaning

between runs in an M.M.A. weld?
a) Burn through
b) Slag inclusion
c) Lack of penetration
d) Porosity

22
.

Splashing fixer on an exposed film prior to processing it will result

in:
a) Areas of significantly increased density
b) Brown staining of the radiograph
c) Areas of significantly decreased density
d) No visible effect

23
.

The difference in density between two adjacent areas on a

radiograph is termed:
a) Radiation contrast
b) Brightness
c) Radiographic contrast
d) Image contrast

24
.

A method used for the radiography of pipe welds, whose the

source of radiation is located outside the pipe and the film is
positioned close to the wall on the inside of the pipe, is called the:
a) Double wall, double image method
b) Single wall, single image method
c) Double wall, single image method
d) Double wall method

25
.

When using the same light source. A film with a density of 1.0
transmits 1/10 of the incident light: another film transmits 1/100
of the incident light, what is the density of the seconds film?
a) 2.0
b) 4.0
c) 6.0
d) 8.0

26
.

Calculate the geometric unsharpness for 4mm diameter source, an

object to film distance at 20mm and source to film distance at
500mm.
a) 0.176
b) 1.8%
c) 0.160
d) 0.167

27
.

If the original exposure was 5MA at 2 minutes, what would the

new MA before an exposure time of 1 minute?
a) 10MA
b) 15MA
c) 18MA
d) 20MA

28
.

In which of the following ways would densitometer be set up and

checked before used?
a) Setting to zero point and taking several reading from a
calibrated film density strip on the same viewer that will be
used interpretation
b) ?
c) ?
d) ?

29
.

An unsatisfactory final wash during manual film processing can

cause.
a) Reticulation
b) Dichroic fog
c) Diffraction mottling
d) Yellow fog

30
.

The parallel technique, or tube shift method is used to:

a) Produce a positive image of the test item
b) Determine the distance flaws from the film
c) Produce a radiographic without a penumbra using radiation
interference
d) Produce 2 radiographic during a single exposure of an area of
the work piece that has large thickness differences

31
.

Welding on rolled plate with poor through thickness ductility can

cause which of the following.
a) Cold shuts
b) Root cracking
c) Lamella tearing
d) Slag inclusion

32
.

Indication that appear as single spot or a cluster of small light spot

on a radiograph of T.I.G. weld, would almost certainly be classified
as:
a) Weld spatter
b) Gas hole
c) Tungsten inclusion
d) Non-metallic inclusion

33
.

A common term used to describe weld defects caused by the

presence of oxides and irregular slapped volumetric inclusions, as
shown on a radiograph is:
a) Worm holes
b) Incomplete penetration
6

c) Slag
d) Porosity
34
.

A defect caused by shrinkage at the molten pool at the root of a

weld, due to incorrect weld preparation or insufficient heat input,
would be identified as:
a) Root concavity
b) Incomplete penetration
c) Slag
d) Porosity

35
.

An
a)
b)
c)
d)

36
.

A duplex type IQI made of tungsten or platinum is used to

measure
a) Contrast
b) Definition
c) Sensitivity
d) Film granularity

37
.

When radiographing steel weld using a 250 kV x-ray unit, lead

intensifying screens and fine grain film. Which of the following
exposures would be expected to giver the highest radiographic
density?
a) 10 minutes at 2 MA
b) 5 minutes at 5 MA
c) 5 minutes at 4 MA
d) All of the above would give similar densities

38
.

If a satisfactory radiograph has been achieved using the following

exposure details, exposure time=2minutes 45sec, MA=3, f.f.d.=
10, calculate a new exposure time for the following changes
MA=45, f.f.d.=12.
a) 1.27 minutes
b) 2.35 minutes
c) 2 minutes 38 seconds
d) Cannot be determined from the information given

39
.

What is the IQI sensitivity if a 0.32mm wire is visible over the area
of a radiograph produced with a double wall double image
technique, on a pipe with a 5mm wall thickness (assume the weld

IQI is used to indicate the:

Degree of film contrast
Density of the film
Quality of the radiographic technique
Sensitivity of the technique

thickness to be the same as the wall thickness)?

a) 2.6%
b) 1.1%
c) 3.2%
d) 6.4%
40
.

What is the purpose of normalizing a weldment?

a) To soften the material
b) To reduce ductility
c) Improve mechanical properties

41
.

Undercut on a weld is usually the result of:

a) Using too low a level of preheat
b) Using too high a level of preheat
c) Poor welding technique
d) Metallurgical properties

42
.

Which of the following discontinuities is caused by poor cleaning

between runs in a MMA weld?
a) Undercut
b) Slag inclusion
c) Porosity
d) Incomplete penetration

43
.

Exposure time is directly proportional to:

a) Focus to film distance
b) Milli amperage
c) Kilovoltage
d) All of the above

44
.

For a constant material thickness, an increase kilovoltage will:

a) Decrease film density and maintain the original contrast
b) Increase film density and decrease contrast
c) Decrease contrast and maintain the original film density
d) Increase contrast and maintain the original film density

45
.

The correct term for blurring at the edges of a radiographic images

caused by the size of the radiation source is:
a) Geometric unsharpness
b) Screen unsharpness
c) Film unsharpness
d) Penumbra

46
.

In welding the term to describe the mass deposited per unit of the
time is
a) Deposition rate
8

b) Filler wire
c) Filler metal
d) Deposited metal
47
.

Which of the following process most commonly causes tungsten

inclusion
a) TIG welding
b) MIG welding
c) Submerged arc welding
d) Electroslag welding

48
.

The order and direction in which joins, weld or weld runs are made
is a standard definition for which of the following welding terms?
a) Technique
b) Process
c) Sequence
d) Procedure

49
.

Heavy- duty x-ray machine are often cooled by pumping what

through the head?
a) Air
b) Water cooled oil
c) Inert gas
d) A mixture of and water

50
.

Filters used at the part of the x-ray tube:

a) Filter out soft radiation
b) Allow adjustment of x-ray intensity
c) Filter out short wavelength radiation
d) Intensify the x-ray beam by creating secondary radiation

51
.

X-ray films that have a large grain size?

a) Have higher speed than those with relatively small grain size
b) Have slower speed than those with relatively small grain size
c) Will produce radiographs with better definition than film with
small grain size
d) Will take longer to exposure properly than film with relatively
small grain size

52

A lead sheet containing a pin hole may be placed between x-ray

tube and the film in order to:
Measure the intensity of the control ray
Filter scatter radiation
Soften x radiation
Determine the approximate size of the focal sport
9

53
.

One method of reducing radiographic contrast is to:

a) Decrease the distance between the object and the film
b) Decrease the wavelength of the radiation used
c) Increase the distance between the radiation source and the
object
d) Increase
development
time
within
manufactures
recommendation

54
.

When photographic emulsion is exposed to x-ray, gamma ray or

light, changes takes place in the silver halides. This change is
called:
a) An image
b) A latent image
c) Photogeneration
d) Reticulation

55
.

The calculated penumbra disturbance caused by 4mm source with

an object to film distance of 20mm and a source to film distant of
500mm would be:
a) 0.057mm
b) 0.167mm
c) 0.25mm
d) 1.67mm

56
.

Diffraction mottling can be reduced, and in some cases eliminated

by:
a) Using lead foil filter
b) Raising the kilovoltage
c) Both a and b of the above
d) None of the above

57
.

The normally accepted

radiographic film is:
a) 4mm
b) 2.0
c) 0.3
d) 1.5

58
.

Which artifact is most likely to occur if the film is withdrawn from

its cassette by pulling it between the intensifying screen in a dry
atmosphere:
a) Light fog

maximum

10

inherent

fog

level

for

b) Diffraction mottle
c) Reticulation
d) Static discharge

59
.

Which of the following has a shortest half-life?

a) Co 60
b) Yb 169
c) Co 137
d) Ir 192

60
.

When the minutes silver grains on which the x-ray film is formed
group together in relatively large masses, they produce a visual
impression called:
a) Grainess
b) Reticulation
c) Frilling
d) Air bells

61
.

Gamma-rays imitated from radio isotope have:

a) A broad spectrum of wavelengths which is determined by the
atomic number of the isotope
b) A broad spectrum of wavelengths which is depend on the
isotope activity
c) One of more discrete wavelength dependent on the type of
isotope
d) A single wavelength which is dependent on the isotopes
activity

62
.

X-radiation arising from the retarding of moving charged particles

is termed:
a) Secondary radiation
b) Bremstrahlung
c) Sievart
d) Compton scatter

63
.

Film unsharpness is also termed :

a) Solarisation
b) Undercut
c) Penumbra
d) Inherent unsharpness
11

64
.

The use of salt intensifying screen instead of lead intensifying

screen will:
a) Reduce film processing time
b) Create an image higher in definition
c) Cause failure of the reciprocity law
d) Require an increase in exposure

65
.

Photographic developer is:

a) Natural
b) An acid
c) An alkali
d) Any of the above depending on type

66
.

The contrast arising from a variation in radiation transmission

through an object because of thickness and or material density
differences, is specifically termed:
a) Contrast sensitivity
b) Radiographic contrast
c) Film contrast
d) Subject contrast

67
.

Two x-ray machines operation at the same normal KV and MA

settings:
a) Will produce the same qualities but may produce difference
intensities of radiations
b) May give not only different intensities but also different
qualities of radiation
c) Will produce the same intensities and qualities of radiation
d) Will produce the intensities but may produce different qualities
of radiation

68
.

Neglecting their charge, Beta particles are identical to high

speed:
a) Electrons
b) Protons
c) Neutrons
d) Any of the above depending on the type of beta particles

69
.

What it meant by the term specific activity in radiation to

radioisotope?
a) It is the activity relative to 1 bacqurel
b) It is the full name for what is normally termed the activity of a
radio-isotope
c) It is the activity per unit mass of a radio-isotope
d) It is the activity of a radioisotope compare to the activity of an
12

x-ray type
70
.

Photographic fixer is:

a) Neutral
b) An acid
c) An alkali
d) Any of the above depending on type of film

71
.

The tenth value thickness of material depend on the:

a) Exposure time
b) KV used
c) Film type used
d) MA used

72
.

Which of the following is commonly used for the measurement of

x-ray and gamma ray wavelengths?
a) Nanometer
b) Bacqurel
c) Roentgens
d) Sieverts

73
.

If the KV across an x-ray tube is increased:

a) Half value thickness of the material being examined will
reduce
b) The speed of electron traveling from the cathode to anode will
increase
c) The wavelength of the resultant x-ray will increase
d) All of the above

74
.

The formation of latent image in some of the silver halide grains of

a film during storage is describe as:
a) Film unsharpness
b) Mottling
c) Inherent fogging
d) Dichroic fogging

75
.

An
a)
b)
c)
d)

76
.

Pair production. Compton scattering and the photoelectric effect

are three examples of:

increase in KV will:
A reduction in radiography contrast
An increase film unsharpness
A reduction in definition
All of the above

13

a)
b)
c)
d)

Chemical reactions which play a major role in developing a film

Methods used to make a radiograph
Interactions which attenuate x-ray or gamma rays
Chemical reactions which create a latent image

77
.

The electron has:

a) A charge that can be positive or negative
b) A single negative charge
c) No charge at all
d) A single positive charge

78
.

Absorption of radiation by a material varies:

a) Approximately exponentially to the thickness of material
b) Inversely with the amount of scattering in the material
c) Directly according to the thickness of the material
d) Proportionally to the square of the distance from the source

14

15