ORE DEPOSIT GEOLOGY

CONTENTS : WEEK 2
a) ORE STRUCTURES / TEXTURES
Ore Textures (megascopic)
Ore Textures (megascopic)
Replacement textures
Exolution textures
Void-filling textures
Others

b) ORE FORMING MELTS / SOLUTIONS

Magma and Magmatic fluids
Occurences related to crystallisation of magma
Hydrothermal fluids

ORE DEPOSIT GEOLOGY

LEARNING OUTCOMES
(What You will have obtained after the
class hour)
You will be able to

recognise and identify different types of

textures , and relate them to ore minerals

infer types of mineral deposits and mineral

paragenesis based on textures

ORE TEXTURES
Megascopic and three dimentional

appearance of ore and gangue

minerals making up an ore
Definiton of megascopic view of an
ore. i.e. How it looks, howw we
describe the sample

ORE TEXTURES
1) Massive texture
Ores in which samples have
rather homogene character
& fearure, and usually
made up of one ore few
minerals
Characteristic of mineral
deposits formed usually at
high temperatures

Sample:
a) Cr, Fe, Ni-Cu deposits
b) Skarn-type deposits

c) VMS deposits

Sudbury Ni-Cu deposit

ORE TEXTURES
1) Massive texture
Ores in which samples have
rather homogene character
& fearure, and usually
made up of one ore few
minerals
Characteristic of mineral
deposits formed usually at
high temperatures

Sample:
a) Cr, Fe, Ni-Cu deposits
b) Skarn-type deposits

c) VMS deposits

Sudbury Ni-Cu yata

ORE TEXTURES
1) Massive texture
Ores in which samples have
rather homogene character
& fearure, and usually
made up of one ore few
minerals
Characteristic of mineral
deposits formed usually at
high temperatures

Sample:
a) Cr, Fe, Ni-Cu deposits
b) Skarn-type deposits

c) VMS deposits

Pyrotite;
Dereli skarn deposit

ORE TEXTURES
1) Massive texture
Ores in which samples have ayeli VMS deposit
rather homogene character
& fearure, and usually
made up of one ore few
minerals
Characteristic of mineral
deposits formed usually at
high temperatures

Sample:
a) Cr, Fe, Ni-Cu deposits
b) Skarn-type deposits

c) VMS deposits

ORE TEXTURES
2) Disseminated texture

Textures in which
disseminations of
minerals
accumulate
throughout the
sample, giving the
rock usually
homogenous view
Characteristic in
podiform cromite
deposits

chromite; Kop
podiform chromite
deposit

ORE TEXTURES
2) Disseminated texture

Textures in which
disseminations of
minerals
accumulate
throughout the
sample, giving the
rock usually
homogenous view
Characteristic in
podiform cromite
deposits

Chromite; Kop podiform

chromite deposit

ORE TEXTURES
3) Ring texture

Ore samples in
which ore minerals
are in the form of
rings, bracelets, etc.
Characteristic for
podiform type
chromite deposits,
as well as deposits
formed by
weathering (bauxite
deposits

Chromite; Kop podiform chromite deposit

Rings are chromite

Slayt-10

ORE TEXTURES
3) Ring texture

Ore samples in
which ore minerals
are in the form of
rings, bracelets, etc.
Characteristic for
podiform type
chromite deposits,
as well as deposits
formed by
weathering (bauxite
deposits

Bauxite: Al ore

Slayt-11

ORE TEXTURES
4) Banded or laminated texture
Ores in which ore
minerals or
disseminations of
ore minerals
accumulate as
bands of mm to
cm in thickness.

Chromite bands in
harzburgite

Characteristic in
podiform chromite
deposits
Slayt-12

ORE TEXTURES
4) Banded or laminated texture
Ores in which ore
minerals or
disseminations of
ore minerals
accumulate as
bands of mm to
cm in thickness.

Chromite bands in
harzburgite

Characteristic in
podiform chromite
deposits
Slayt-13

ORE TEXTURES
5) Nodular texture
Ores in which minerals
are formed at the
surface and have the
kidney-like shape

Carbonate nodules

When nodules are in

cm scale, it is called
oolitic texture, when in
mm scale, then
pisolitic texture.
Sedimentary Fe-Mn
deposits, travertine
depoits

Slayt-14

ORE TEXTURES
5) Nodular texture
Ores in which minerals
are formed at the
surface and have the
kidney-like shape

Oolitik yumrular

When nodules are in

cm scale, it is called
oolitic texture, when in
mm scale, then
pisolitic texture.
Sedimentary Fe-Mn
deposits, travertine
depoits

Slayt-15

ORE TEXTURES
asal kuvars ve pirit
6) Stockwork
texture
Ore minerals are
along veinlets
cross-cutting each
other

ORE TEXTURES

7) Brecciated
texture
Ores which have
undergone deformation
following its formation,
giving rise to
brecciation of rock as
well as minerals.
Brecciation takes place
after the mineralisation.
ayeli (Rize) bakr madeninde brelemi cevher ktlesi
(pirit, kalkopirit, sfalerit ve gang mineralleri)

ORE TEXTURES
8) Breccia-fill texture
The ores in which ore
minerals fill in the gaps
formed due to
brecciation of rock

i.e. The brecciation is

before the mineral
occurrence
Found usually in
htrothermal deposits

brelemi damar ierisindeki

boluklarn galen tarafndan
doldurulmas.

ORE TEXTURES
9) Cellular texture
The ore or rock in
which ore and gangue
minerals leave voids
due mainly to escape
of gas during cooling
of fuids.
Occurs mainly in
replacement type
deposits.
Characteristic in
epithermal Au
deposits

Cerattepe (Kafkasr, Artvin) Au deposit

ORE TEXTURES
9) Cellular texture
The ore or rock in
which ore and gangue
minerals leave voids
due mainly to escape
of gas during cooling
of fuids.
Occurs mainly in
replacement type
deposits.
Characteristic in
epithermal Au
deposits

Emirli (demi, zmir) antimony deposit

CEVHER YAPILARI
10) Dendiritic texture
The ore or any rock in
which ore and gangue
minerals are deposited
or crystallised in the
form of branching
tree.

Occurs under surficial

conditions.

Characteristic for
Mn occurences

Manganese dendirites (Abdulaliler Mn

occurrence, Maka, Trabzon

CEVHER YAPILARI
11) Sferulitic texture
Any rock or ore
specimen in which
minerals are
crystallised in the form
of spherulites
Occurs mainly during
low temperature
crystallisation under
near-surface
conditions
Characteristic for
zeolite, chlorite
occurences

Stibnite sferlites (Emirli Sb deposit, demi)

CEVHER YAPILARI
12) Colloidal Texture
Any rock that is
formed as a result of
colloidal (in the form
of a gel) transport of
particles.
Occurs as concentric
layers around a
microscopic particle

ORE TEXTURES
13) Void-filling textures

Characteristic in low
temperature, silica enriched
(epithermal type Au)
deposits.
a) Banded texture,

b) Comb texture,
c) Cokard texture
d) colloform texture

ORE TEXTURES
1

A geod (piece of rock which has a large void in it)

ORE TEXTURES
2

Sample opened up a little

ORE TEXTURES
3

Sample opened completely.

ORE TEXTURES
13) Void-filling textures
a) Banded texture,

Minerals are crystallised

along certain zones or
bands which may or may
not repeat symmetrically
Usually occurs in
epithermal deposits

Direction of
crystallisation
Carbonate
Quartz

Slayt-28

ORE TEXTURES
13) Void-filling textures

a) Banded texture,
1) Symmetricly
banded texture
Usually a piece of
vein in which
crystallisation of
minerals takes place
symmetrically from
the wall to the
center of the vein,
such as a-b-c-b-a
Gmky Ag deposit (Ktahya).

ORE TEXTURES
13) Void-filling textures

a) Banded texture,
1) Asymmetricly
banded texture
Usually a piece of
vein in which
crystallisation of
minerals takes place
in the form of
asymmetrical zones
or bands, such as ab-c

Murgul (Artvin) Cu deposit (wall rock-quartz- ametistquartz-chalcopyrite zones)

ORE TEXTURES
13) Void-filling textures
b) Comb texture
A piece of vein in
which crystallisation
of minerals (usually
quartz) takes place
as single euhedral
crystals growing
towards the center
of the vein.
Characteristic in
epithermal systems

Olucak (Gmhane) Au occurrence

ORE TEXTURES
13) Void-filling textures
c) Cocard Texture
A colloidal-like texture
in which mineral
precipitation takes
place around a
megascopic particle or
piece of rock.
Characterisitic in low T
systems

ORE TEXTURES
13) Void-filling textures
d) Colloform Texture
A colloidal-like texture in
which mineral precipitation
takes place in te form of
symmetric or asymmetric
circular or elliptical zones
around a microscocopic
particle.
Characterisitic in low T
systems

ataltepe (Tonya) vein type Pb-Zn deposit

ORE TEXTURES
13) Void-filling textures
d) Colloform Texture
A colloidal-like texture in
which mineral precipitation
takes place in te form of
symmetric or asymmetric
circular or elliptical zones
around a microscocopic
particle.
Characterisitic in low T
systems

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
Microscopic Texture refers to the physical appearance or
character of a rock, such as grain size, shape, arrangement,
and pattern microscopic level. This includes the geometric
aspects and relations amongst the minerals. Instead of
texture, the term microstructure is preferred by some
petrographers

How they are formed? What they tell us ?

1)
2)
3)
4)

Features of hyrothermal fluid

Physical characteristic of country rock
Physical characteristic of country rock
Changes in T and P during crystallisation of minerals

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
What they tell us?
1) Temporal relations between gangue and ore minerals
When a mineral was formed and how it was formed?
2) Mineral paragenesis and succession of mineralisation
3) Formational temperatures of ore and gangue minerals
4) Briefly, conditions under which the ore was formed
Types of microscopic ore textures
1) Ornatm dokular,
2) Eksolsyon dokular
3) Boluk dolgusu dokular

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Replacement textures

a) Infilling of a fracture by a mineral

Forms as a result of
the interaction of a
fluid while it goes
through alreadyformed minerals
due to cooling and
exchange of ions
between the fluids
and the minerals

Zerbanos Yayla Cu-Pb-Zn vein, Maka, Trabzon)

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Replacement textures
b) Occurrence of a mineral as island or discrete pieces of mineral within
another minerl

Zerbanos Yayla Cu-Pb-Zn

vein, Maka, Trabzon)

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Replacement textures
c) Occurrence of a mineral as island or discrete pieces of mineral within
another minerl

Zerbanos Yayla Cu-Pb-Zn

vein, Maka, Trabzon)

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Ornatm Dokular:
c) Intrusion of a mineral through another mineral

Replaement of bornite
by chalcopyrite

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Replacement textures:
d) Irregularly surrounding of a mineral around / along another mineral

Tetrahedrite and galena

around chalcopyrite

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Replacement textures:
e) Encompassing a mineral

A silver mineral around

another silver mineral from
Gmky, Ktahya

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
1) Replacement textures:
f) Irregularly intrusion of a mineral within a mineral

Replacement od sphalerite
by tehtahedrite. Bakacak,
Ordu

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
2) Exolution textures:
Kat ergiyik ierisinde bulunan bileenlerin zellikle scakln
dmesine bal olarak birbirinden ayrlmas ve ergiyik ierisinde az
olarak bulunan fazn ana faz ierisinde ayr olarak kristallemesiyle
oluan doku trdr. Bu doku tr oluum scaklnn
belirlenmesinde son derece faydaldr.

Some Exolution textures

Pirotin iinde pendlantit
Kalkopirit iinde kbanit
Sfalerit iinde kalkopirit: 400oC
Stannit iinde sfalerit:
325 oC
Manyetit iinde ilmenit
lmenit iinde hematit
Hematit iinde ilmenit
Sfalerit iinde kalkopirit:

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
2) Exolution textures:
c

Sv (Ergiyik)

Homojen

a
X1
T2

T2

T4

T4

T3

T3

Karabilirlik aral

T1

X2
100

A SixOy

90

80

70

T1

X3
60

50

40

Molekler %

30

20

10

B SixOy

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
2) Exolution textures:
a) Inclusions:

Chalcopyrite inclusions
within sphalerite.
Zerbanos Yayla Cu-PbZn vein, Maka,
Trabzon)

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
2) Exolution textures:
b) Lattice texture :

Chalcopyrite lattice in
bornite

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
2) Exolution textures:
a) Lattice texture:

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
3) Boluk Dolgusu Dokular:
Same as megascopic void-filling textures

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
3) Boluk Dolgusu Dokular:
1) Microveins of a mineral within another mineral

Tetrahedrite vein within

chalcopyrite
Zerbanos Yayla Cu-PbZn damar, Maka,
Trabzon)

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
3) Void-filling texture
2) Veinlets

Tetrahedrite-veinlets in
chalcopyrite
Zerbanos Yayla Cu-Pb-Zn
vein, Maka, Trabzon)

MICROSCOPIC TEXTURES
3) Boluk Dolgusu Dokular:
Breccia-infill texture

CEVHER DOKULARI
3) Void-filling texture
4) Colloform texture

CEVHER DOKULARI
4) Other Textures
a) Needle-like textures

CEVHER DOKULARI
4) Other Textures

c) Dissolution textures

b) Kink-banded textures

Stibnite kink-bands (Gmler, Nide).

Dissolution of pyrite (Gmler, Nide).

Pyrite
lst

Sphalerite+galena+fahlore
Pyrite

Barite

lst

lst

kt
kt

kt
Limestone

kt
2 cm

kt

ORE: Mineral Paragenesis - 1

ORE: Mineral Paragenesis - 2

1
1

5
2

1
2

4
3

6
3

ORE: Mineral Paragenesis - 3

4

2
6

4
3

3
1

6
1
4

Mikroprob

ORE: Mineral Paragenesis - 4

%45,941 Cu, %16,863 Te, % 9, 046 As, % 0,533 Zn, % 0,44 Ag, %0,276 Fe, % 25,58 S

0, 74 at. % Cu+Fe+Zn+Ag, 0,263 at. % Te+As+Sb, 0,768 at. % S

Cu12Te4S13 : Goldfieldit