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of
FOUNDRY ENGINEERING
Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences
ISSN (1897-3310)
Volume 8
Issue 2/2008
115 120
25/2
Abstract
The study reviews the reference literature and gives some results of own investigations concerning changes of phase composition that
take place in creep-resistant austenitic cast steel of two generations due to an ageing treatment. The cast steel of the first generation
contains in its chemical composition only the alloying additives like nickel, chromium and silicon. Compared with the first group, the
chemical composition of the second generation cast steel has been enriched with additions of niobium and/or titanium.
Keywords: Austenitic cast steel; Phase composition; Precipitation process.
1. Introduction
Among different types of austenitic cast steel, for operation at
high temperatures the cast steel containing nickel from 18 to 38%,
chromium from 15 to 26%, silicon up to 2.5% and carbon from
0,15 to 0,6% (% max.) is used most frequently. This chemical
composition guarantees obtaining a stable austenitic structure at
both high and ambient temperatures. Increasing the content of
iron in Fe-Ni-Cr alloys definitely deteriorates their heat- and
creep-resistance, though on the other hand it is the main costeffective factor in this group of materials.
The oldest standard on the chemical composition of creepresistant steel castings is the standard developed by ACI
(American Casting Institute). The cast steel designation system
introduced by this standard is still used in worldwide technology,
while the proposed alloy grades serve as a reference and example
in the development of various national standards. In Poland, since
2004, the European Standard PN-EN 10295 Creep-resistant
steel castings has been used. Compared with the former Polish
Standard PN-90/H-83159 Heat- and creep-resistant cast steel, it
covers a wider range of alloys and chemical compositions, fully
satisfying the current demand of different industry sectors.
At present, three generations of the creep-resistant austenitic
cast steels are used [1]:
115
J(412)M7C3 / J(440)M23C6
1.
20
10
5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
116
Time, hrs
90
C, wt-%
- 0.21
- 0.31
- 0.39
85
80
carbids
75
20
matrix
15
10
C, wt-%
- 0.21
- 0.31
- 0.39
15
8
6
4
2
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Time, hrs
1000
coagulation M6C
950
Temperature, oC
carbides of the M7C3 and M23C6 type; the content of the former
ones drops to zero after a longer time of annealing (Fig. 1, 4),
mainly due to the M7C3 + M M23C6 transformation [7, 13].
900
M6C
850
800
750
7C
3
700
M23C6 + M
+M
M6C
650
6C
600
10
Time, hrs
100
1000
10 m
Temperature, oC
1000
2
10 m
M23C6
900
7C +
3 M
800
700
600
1
23 C
6
M7C3
10
100
1000
Time, hrs
Table 1.
Microanalysis (wt.%.) of the precipitates shown in Figure 6
The place of analysis
Si
Fe
Cr
Ni
1 0.2
17.5
75.6
6.5
2 8.8
4.6
48.1
37.4
matrix 1.6
46.2
13.8
38.4
In cast steels of the first and second generation, annealing can
give rise to a combined precipitation of M23C6 carbides and phase
. However, the probability of the precipitation of this phase is
rather small, because in cast alloys carbon content is usually much
higher than it is in alloys assigned for plastic working. Carbon
binds chromium into carbides, and as an immediate result of this
effect a drop in the content of this element in matrix below a level
indispensable for the precipitation of phase is observed [20].
The cast steel containing above 0.05% carbon is after solutioning
characterised by an austenitic structure with M23C6 carbides.
During annealing at temperatures below 1000oC, from the
austenite after solutioning are precipitating carbides of the M23C6
type, while phase is nucleating only when carbon content in the
austenite drops to a critical level (for 25Cr-20Ni steel this level is
0.006%) [20]. So, obtaining a low carbon level in the matrix of
creep-resistant high-carbon cast steel is practically impossible,
especially when the cast steel matrix is expected to have at the
same time a high chromium concentration. Under given
conditions of annealing and above the predetermined critical
117
Temperature, oC
1000
900
800
700
600
100
1000
10000
100000
Time, hrs
118
10 m
Size of carbids, m
0,35
without of Nb or Ti
1,79%Nb
0,76%Ti
0,15%Ti+0,6%Nb
0,30
0,25
900
950
1000
1050
1100
Temperature, C
0,5
l,
0,4
0,3
1100
1000
1
1,0
0,5
(Ti+Nb)/C
Temperature, oC
0,1
1.63%Si
1.84%Si
0,2
M23C6+G+NbC
900
2.62%Si
800
M23C6+NbC
700
1
10
20
50
100
Time, hrs
connecting
M23C6
NbC
M6C
M23C6
Time, hrs
G
M23C6
10 m
Fig. 14. Examples of the presence of phase G in stabilised 30Ni18Cr cast steel; annealing at 900oC/ 300 hours [16]: a) 1 % Ti, b)
1.67% Nb, 0.05% Ti.
However, opinions of researchers vary as to the occurrence in
austenitic cast steel of M6C carbide or phase G.
Over the past decade, some remarks appeared in literature on
the presence in the structure of the niobium-stabilised and aged
36Ni-18Cr cast steel of phase rich in silicon and of a low carbon
content, called silicide and having the structure of M6C carbide
[32, 33]. From the results of studies presented in [34] it follows
that the structure of this phase extends over a wide range of
chemical compositions, e.g. A3B3C, A2B3SiC, where carbon can
be replaced with atoms of silicon, and A are atoms of V, Cr, Mn,
Fe, Co or Ni, while B are atoms of Nb, Ta, Mo or W.
B
119
3. Conclusions
As follows from the above presented analysis of the reference
literature, an addition of niobium and/or titanium introduced to
the creep-resistant austenitic cast steel cannot guarantee obtaining
a fully stable structure in this alloy within the range of operating
temperatures, i.e. 600900oC.
It can be generally stated that in cast steels with an addition of
the stabilising elements it is possible to have the transformation of
MC-type carbides into phase G during casting operation at high
temperatures. The authors of this study did not find in the
available literature a single proof of an unfavorable effect of the
said phase on the utilisation properties of the creep-resistant
austenitic cast steel.
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120