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IN
INTRODUCTION
There are two electric power sources, the offsite power system and the
onsite power system, that can deliver power to the safety equipment in a nuclear power plant. The offsite power system, which consist of the power grid,
the main generator, and the equipment that connects them to the nuclear
power plant distribution busses, is defined in the industry standards1 and NRC
regulatory guides2 as %he preferred power system. The onsite power system,
which consists of diesel generators, batteries, and associated equipment, is a
backup power source to the preferred, offsite power system.
In a published document,3 the NRC stated its concern about the reliability of the offsite power system as the preferred emergency source and about
the possible damage to a pressurized water reactor (PWR) that could result
from a rapid decay of power grid frequency. ORNL contracted with NRC to
provide technical assistance to establish criteria that can be used to evaluate
the offsite power system for the licensing of a nuclear power plant. The results
of many of the studies for this contract are recommendations to assess and
control the power grid during operation. This is because most of the NRC regulations pertaining to the offsite power system are related to the design of the
power grid, and we believe that additional emphasis on monitoring the power
grid operation will improve the reliability of the nuclear plant offsite power
supply.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
INTRODUCTION
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
SWITCHYARD
EXAMPLE OF OFFSITE POWER SYSTEM
INTRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
POWER SUPPLIES
EXAMPLE OF ONSITE POWER SYSTEM
GENERAL
POSSIBLE ONSITE EVENTS
GENERAL
OFFSITE GRID CONNECTION
NORMAL POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM
4.8
INTRODUCTION
The off-site power system is composed of the transmission system
(grid) and switchyard connecting the plant with the grid. The off-site power
system will ideally provide AC power to the plant during all modes of operation. It also provides transmission lines for out-going power. The border between on-site and off-site power systems is normally in the high voltage
breakers closest to the plant.
The offsite power system performs an essential role in terms of safety
in order to supply the onsite power systems with reliable power from multiple
off-site generators. The off-site power system is part of the preferred power
supply.
An intrinsically robust grid system provides a highly reliable offsite
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The central station system of power generation and distribution of a nuclear power plant enables power to be produced at one location for immediate
use at another location many miles or kilometres away. Transmitting large
amounts of electric energy over long distances is accomplished most efficiently
by using high voltage transformers.
Without transformer the distribution of electric power would be difficult or
impractical. Transformers are electrical circuit to another by magnetic coupling.
Their purpose in a power distribution system is to convert AC power at one voltage level to AC power of the same frequency at another voltage level.
High voltages are used in transmission lines to reduce the amount of current
flow. The power transmitted in a system is proportional to the voltage multiplied by the current. If the voltage is raised, the current can be reduced to a
smaller value, while still transmitting the same amount of power. Because of
the reduction of current flow at high voltage, the size and cost of wiring are
greatly reduced. Reducing the current also minimizes voltage drop (IR) and
amount of power lost (I2R) in the lines.
There are certain limitations to the use of high voltage in power transmission
and distribution systems. The higher the voltage, the more difficult and expensive it becomes to safely insulate between the line wires, as well as from line
wires to ground. The use of transformer in power systems allows this voltage to
be changed to a higher and more economical voltage for transmission. At the
load centres transformers allows the voltage to be lowered to a safer voltage
and more suitable for a particular load.
Power Grid Transformers, used to step up or step down voltage, make possible the conversation between high and low voltages and accordingly between
low and high currents . By use of transformers, each stage of the system can be
operated at an appropriate voltage level. Single-phase three-wire power is
normally supplied to residential customers, while three-phase power is supplied
to commercial and industrial customers.
SWITCHYARD
A switching substation, or switchyard, is a substation without transformers
that operates only at a single voltage level. Switchyards, used mainly for connections and interconnections, are essential for transmission, distribution, collection,
and controlling the flow of electricity. The switchyard delivers power generated at
the power plant to the electrical grid. Switchyards are generally classified by voltage level, circuit breaker and bus arrangements. Switchyards are often located directly adjacent to or near a power station.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The central station system of power generation and distribution of a nuclear power plant enables power to be produced at one location for immediate
use at another location many miles or kilometres away. Transmitting large
amounts of electric energy over long distances is accomplished most efficiently
by using high voltage transformers.
Without transformer the distribution of electric power would be difficult or
impractical. Transformers are electrical circuit to another by magnetic coupling.
Their purpose in a power distribution system is to convert AC power at one voltage level to AC power of the same frequency at another voltage level.
High voltages are used in transmission lines to reduce the amount of current
flow. The power transmitted in a system is proportional to the voltage multiplied by the current. If the voltage is raised, the current can be reduced to a
smaller value, while still transmitting the same amount of power. Because of
the reduction of current flow at high voltage, the size and cost of wiring are
greatly reduced. Reducing the current also minimizes voltage drop (IR) and
amount of power lost (I2R) in the lines.
There are certain limitations to the use of high voltage in power transmission
and distribution systems. The higher the voltage, the more difficult and expensive it becomes to safely insulate between the line wires, as well as from line
wires to ground. The use of transformer in power systems allows this voltage to
be changed to a higher and more economical voltage for transmission. At the
load centres transformers allows the voltage to be lowered to a safer voltage
and more suitable for a particular load.
Power Grid Transformers, used to step up or step down voltage, make possible the conversation between high and low voltages and accordingly between
low and high currents . By use of transformers, each stage of the system can be
operated at an appropriate voltage level. Single-phase three-wire power is
normally supplied to residential customers, while three-phase power is supplied
to commercial and industrial customers.
INTRODUCTION
The on-site power system is composed of distribution systems and power
supplies within the plant. It includes the AC and DC power supplies needed to bring
a the plant to a controlled state following anticipated operational occurrences or
accident conditions and to maintain it in a controlled state or safe state until offsite sources can be restored. Stand-alone power supplies, for example separate
power for security systems, are not included. The on-site power systems are separated into three different categories according to their safety significance.
The major components of the On-site Power System include the plant generator, plant transformer, auxiliary transformer, standby transformer and the distribution system feeding unit auxiliaries, service auxiliaries, batteries, rectifiers, inverters/UPSs, cables and standby AC power sources. Portions of the On-site Power System are part of the preferred power supply.
The on-site Electrical Power Systems are generally divided into three types
of electrical systems according to the different power requirements of the loads:
An Alternating Current (AC) power system. The functions of the assigned AC loads will tolerate a certain interruption in the power supply. Usually the AC power system includes a standby AC power
source. The loss of the preferred AC power supply to the Electrical
Power Systems triggers the startup of a standby electrical power
source. In most cases plant safety analyses assume that the standby
AC power source will be available for response to design basis accidents.
A uninterruptible AC power system which supplies power from inverters or motor-generator sets that are in turn supplied from a DC
source such as the DC power system or dedicated batteries with rectifiers, and include a bypass circuit to allow feeding safety loads directly
from safety class AC power systems.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Distribution systems used to distribute power throughout large commercial
and industrial facilities can be complex. Power must be distributed through various
switchboards transformers, and panel boards without any component overheating
or unacceptable voltage drops. This power is used for such applications as lighting,
heating, cooling, and motor driven machinery.
Typically the distribution system is divided into the following sections:
FEEDERS A feeder is a set of conductors that originates at a main distribution center and supplies one or more secondary or branch circuit distribution center. This section includes conductors for delivering the energy from
the service equipment location to the final branch circuit over current device; this protects each piece of utilization equipment. Main feeder originate
at the service equipment location, and sub feeders originate at panel
boards or distribution centres at locations other than the service equipment
location.
energy from the point of the final over current device to the utilization
equipment. Each feeder, sub feeder, and branch circuit conductor in turn
needs its own properly coordinated over current protection in the form of a
circuit breaker or fused switch.
POWER SUPPLIES
The AC and DC power supplies needed to bring a the plant to a controlled
state following anticipated operational occurrences or accident conditions and to
maintain it in a controlled state or safe state until off-site sources can be restored.
Stand-alone power supplies, for example separate power for security systems, are not
included.
The preferred power supplies are the normal supplies for all plant systems important to safety. They are, if available always the first and best choice of power supply to the safety electrical power systems. The preferred power supply includes portions
of both the on-site and off-site systems.
11 kV System
The connection of the NPS to the grid is in the powerstation's 400kV substation. The substation is designed to operate with both bus-coupler breakers and
both bus-section breakers closed. Individual circuits supplying the NPS will be selected to either the main busbar or the reserve busbar. The system has two unit
buses and two station buses. This system has generator transformer, unit auxiliary
transformers, station transformer as shown in figure 1.
GENERAL
The electrical power systems and components of the nuclear power plant on
the one hand generate electrical power and supply it to the external grid and on the
other hand supply electrical power to the plants systems from external and internal
power supplies. The reliable operation of these systems is important for ensuring plant
safety, accident management and the mitigation of the consequences of accidents.
The Government Resolution (395/1991) presents general safety requirements
for nuclear power plants. This resolution contains both general provisions for all safety
systems and provisions for the electrical power systems of nuclear power plants. These
are stated in more detail in Guide YVL 1.0, which sets forth the safety principles to be
applied in nuclear power plant design.
Guide YVL 1.1 describes how STUK controls the design, construction and operation of nuclear power plants. Guide YVL 5.2 gives the detailed design bases and safety requirements pertaining to electrical systems and components at nuclear facilities.
Chapter 6 describes STUKs regulatory control of a nuclear facilitys electrical systems
and components.
Section 5 of the Government Resolution (395/1991) prescribes that advanced
quality assurance programmes shall be employed in all activities which affect safety
and relate to the design, construction and operation of a nuclear power plant. Guide
YVL 1.4 presents general requirements for quality management systems and Guide
YVL 1.9 for quality management during operation.
Guide YVL 2.0 applies generally to the design and regulatory control of nuclear power plant systems specifically those assigned to a safety class and specifies in
more detail the general design requirements presented in Guide YVL 1.0.
The safety importance of the function a system performs is essential in the focusing of STUKs control activities. The safety classification of systems, structures and
components affects their control. Paragraph one of section 21 of the Government Resolution (395/1991) prescribes that the functions important to the safety of the system,
structures and components of a nuclear power plant shall be defined and the systems, structures and components safety-classified according to their safety significance. Detailed instructions for safety classification are given in Guide YVL 2.1.
In addition, several other YVL guides apply to electrical power systems and components. Guide YVL 1.8 describes how STUK controls the modification, repair and preventive maintenance of systems, components and structures at nuclear facilities during operation. The guide also presents the obligations imposed upon licensees regarding this work. Guides YVL 2.2 and YVL 2.8 set forth the requirements for safety goals
and their demonstration. The requirements for failure criteria are given in Guide YVL
2.7. Diesel generators and their auxiliary systems are dealt with in Guide YVL 5.1;
valves and valve actuators in Guide YVL 5.3; instrumentation and control (I&C) systems in Guide YVL 5.5; air conditioning systems and equipment in Guide YVL 5.6;
pumps in Guide YVL 5.7; and hoisting and transfer appliances in Guide YVL 5.8. Provision against earthquakes is addressed in Guide YVL 2.6; and fire protection in Guide
YVL 4.3. A nuclear power plants radiation monitoring systems and equipment are
dealt with in Guide YVL 7.11; and those radiation protection aspects to be considered
in the design and layout of nuclear power plant systems and components in Guide
YVL 7.18.
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT : DESSIGN BASES OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
GENERAL
This guide sets forth licensee obligations regarding the design, implementation
and operation of electrical power systems and components at nuclear power plants
as well as STUKs procedures pertaining to their control and inspection.
In addition to this Guide, the Finnish Electrical Safety Act (410/1996) and Decree apply to nuclear facilities. Electrical safety regulations and other corresponding
rules are based on the act and decree. Compliance with the electrical safety legislation is controlled by the competent authorities.
The quality glossary used in this Guide complies with SFS-EN ISO 9000 .
In accordance with the fourth paragraph of section 18 of the Government Resolution (395/1991), a nuclear power plant shall have on-site and off-site electrical
power supply systems. The execution of the most important safety functions shall be
possible by using either of the two electrical power supply systems
In accordance with Guide YVL 1.0, the plant shall be provided with systems,
which enable power supply from the main generator to the plants safety significant
systems in case the connection to the external transmission gird is lost.
The plants electrical power supply units shall be designed such that the loss of
a single electrical power supply unit followed by the loss of the plants other power
supply units, or their loss due to the same cause, is highly unlikely.
The plants off-site and on-site electrical power supplies shall be designed such
that each can alone ensure reactor decay heat removal, primary circuit integrity and
reactor sub-criticality.
The electrical power supplies of measuring systems for accident monitoring
and management shall be designed in accordance with the accident instrumentation
requirements of section 2.5 of Guide YVL 5.5.
For severe accident management and monitoring, the nuclear power plant
shall be equipped with monitoring devices, as described in section 3.6 of Guide YVL
1.0, whose electrical power supplies are to be independent of the plant units other
electrical power supply units.
General design requirements for the electrical power systems of nuclear power
plants are set forth in IEEE 308 [1], IEEE 765 [4], KTA 3701 [5] and IAEA DS303 [6],
among others, which are referred to in this Guide.
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT : DESSIGN BASES OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT : EVALUATION OF A NUCLEAR POWER SYSTEM
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT : EVALUATION OF A NUCLEAR POWER SYSTEM