Submitted by:

Jacqueline DC. Aquino

Grade 10 Love
Submitted to:
Mrs. Gina G. De Leon

Electromagnetic Waves and Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic waves is the transmission of energy through a vacuum or using no
medium. It is caused by the osscilation of electric and magnetic fields. These waves
move at a constant speed of 3x108 m/s and often called electromagnetic radiation, light,
or photons.
Electromagnetic waves has different types of waves and these types of waves are called
electromagnetic spectrum.
Electromagnetic spectrum includes the order of increasing frequencies and decreasing
wavelenght of waves: radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light,
ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.

Radio Waves

Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than
infrared ray. Radio waves have frequencies from 300 GHz to as low as 3 kHz, and
corresponding wavelengths ranging from 1 millimeter (0.039 in) to 100 kilometers (62
mi). Radio waves are generated by radio transmitters and received by radio receivers.
These naturally occurring waves are made by lightning, or by astronomical objects.
Radio waves were first predicted by mathematical work done in 1867 by Scottish
mathematical physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell noticed wavelike properties of
light and similarities in electrical and magnetic observations. His mathematical theory,
now called Maxwell's equations, described light waves and radio waves as waves of
electromagnetism that travel in space, radiated by a charged particle as it undergoes
acceleration.
Uses / Applications
Medicine: Radio waves are used to transmit the pattern of a heartbeat through a
monitor at a patient's home to a nearby hospital. They are also used to radio the
condition of a patient from an ambulance to a hospital. Radio waves are used in
medicine when paramedics are dispatched to the scene where they are needed. The
hospital can tell the paramedics the condition of the person so that the paramedics can
prepare a medical treatment kit.
Industry: Radios are also used in industry, mainly in the transportation business.
Radio waves can also be used to provide communication on construction sites.
Science: Radio waves from outside the earth are detected using in radio telescopes.
Radio waves are picked up when they hit the antenna of the radio telescope. The wave
then goes to the tuner, then to the amplifier, and finally to the plotter.
Consumer Goods: These waves are used in the remote control models which people
buy. They are also used in radios, televisions and wireless headphones.

Microwaves

Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from as

long as one meter to as short as one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz
(100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm). Microwaves were first used for radar in WWII. (19391945) The development of microwaves is only one step of the gradual evolution of the
concept and application of electromagnetic waves. Maxwell formulated a set of
equations supporting all electromagnetic phenomena, which became known as
Maxwell's equations. Hertz's experiment proved further generalizations and
applications which led to the development of the microwave.
Uses / Applications
Communication: Point-to-point (telecommunications), Microwave transmission
and Satellite communications
Navigation: Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Global Positioning
Radar: Radar uses microwave radiation to detect the range, speed, and other
characteristics of remote objects. Development of radar was accelerated during World
War II due to its great military utility. Now radar is widely used for applications such as
air traffic control, weather forecasting, navigation of ships, and speed limit enforcement.
Radio astronomy: Most radio astronomy uses microwaves. Usually the naturallyoccurring microwave radiation is observed, but active radar experiments have also been
done with objects in the solar system, such as determining the distance to the Moon or
mapping the invisible surface of Venus through cloud cover.
Heating and power application: Microwave ovens became common kitchen
appliances in Western countries in the late 1970s, following the development of less
expensive cavity magnetrons. Water in the liquid state possesses many molecular
interactions that broaden the absorption peak.
Spectroscopy: Microwave radiation is also used to perform rotational spectroscopy
and can be combined with electrochemistry as in microwave enhanced electrochemistry.

Infrared

Infrared (IR) is invisible radiant energy, electromagnetic radiation with longer

wavelengths than those of visible light, extending from the nominal red edge of the
visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (frequency 430 THz) to 1 mm (300 GHz) (although
people can see infrared up to at least 1050 nm in experiments). Most of the thermal
radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared.
Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by astronomer Sir William Herschel, who
discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by
means of its effect upon a thermometer. Slightly more than half of the total energy from
the Sun was eventually found to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared. The balance
between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on Earth's climate.
Uses / Applications
Night vision: Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient
visible light to see.
Thermography: Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and
industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of
infrared cameras on cars due to the massively reduced production costs.
Hyperspectral imaging: A hyperspectral image, a basis for chemical imaging, is a
"picture" containing continuous spectrum through a wide spectral range.
Tracking: Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive
missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic
radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it.
Heating: Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source.
Communications: IR data transmission is also employed in short-range
communication among computer peripherals and personal digital assistants.

Visible Light

All electromagnetic radiation is light, but we can only see a small portion of this
radiationthe portion we call visible light. Cone-shaped cells in our eyes act as receivers
tuned to the wavelengths in this narrow band of the spectrum. Other portions of the
spectrum have wavelengths too large or too small and energetic for the biological
limitations of our perception.
As the full spectrum of visible light travels through a prism, the wavelengths separate
into the colors of the rainbow because each color is a different wavelength. Violet has the
shortest wavelength, at around 380 nanometers, and red has the longest wavelength, at
around 700 nanometers.

Uses / Applications
We use light to see things.
Laser: Light waves can also be made using a laser. This works differently to a light
bulb, and produces "coherent" light. Lasers are used in Compact Disc & DVD players,
where the light is reflected from the tiny pits in the disc, and the pattern is detected and
translated into sound or data. Lasers are also used in laser printers, and in aircraft
weapon aiming systems.

Ultraviolet Waves

Ultraviolet
(UV) light is an electromagnetic radiation with a
wavelength from 400 nm to 100 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than Xrays. Though usually invisible, under some conditions children and young adults can see
ultraviolet down to wavelengths of about 310 nm, and people with aphakia (missing
lens) can also see some UV wavelengths. Near-UV is visible to a number of insects and
birds.
UV radiation is present in sunlight, and is produced by electric arcs and specialized
lights such as mercury-vapor lamps, tanning lamps, and black lights. Although lacking
the energy to ionize atoms, long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation can cause chemical
reactions, and causes many substances to glow or fluoresce. Consequently, biological
effects of UV are greater than simple heating effects, and many practical applications of
UV radiation derive from its interactions with organic molecules.
Uses/ Applications
Our skin: When we expose our skin to UVB, it stimulates the production of vitamin
D, which our bodies need. Window glass absorbs UVB, so people need to go outside to
gain the benefit. However, too much exposure to UVB can cause skin cancers, so the aim
is to find the optimum amount of exposure.
Sterilisation and disinfection: UVB also helps us when we hang washing outside
to dry, as some of the bacteria present in the washing are inactivated by exposure to
UVB.
Astronomy: Observing and recording the UV from astronomical objects such as
planets in our solar system, stars, nebulae and galaxies enables us to gain extra
information such as the temperature and chemical composition of these objects.
Fluorescence and lighting: A number of substances are able to absorb the energy
in UV light and immediately convert it into visible light. This effect is called
fluorescence. The ink in highlighter pens contains a fluorescent dye that enables the ink
to reflect vividly in sunlight and to glow strongly in the dark when a UV lamp is shone
on it.
Scanning: UV is used for detecting forged bank notes in shops.

X Rays

X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Most X-rays

have a wavelength ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, corresponding to frequencies in
the range 30 petahertz to 30 exahertz (31016 Hz to 31019 Hz) and energies in the
range 100 eV to 100 keV. X-ray wavelengths are shorter than those of UV rays and
typically longer than those of gamma rays. In many languages, X-radiation is referred to
with terms meaning Rntgen radiation, after Wilhelm Rntgen, who is usually credited
as its discoverer, and who had named it X-radiation to signify an unknown type of
radiation.
Uses / Applications
Radiographs: A radiograph is an X-ray image obtained by placing a part of the
patient in front of an X-ray detector and then illuminating it with a short X-ray pulse.
Bones contain much calcium, which due to its relatively high atomic number absorbs xrays efficiently.
Computed tomography: Computed tomography (CT scanning) is a medical
imaging modality where tomographic images or slices of specific areas of the body are
obtained from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken in different
directions.
Fluoroscopy: Fluoroscopy is an imaging technique commonly used by physicians or
radiation therapists to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of a
patient through the use of a fluoroscope.
Radiotherapy: The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as radiation therapy and is
largely used for the management (including palliation) of cancer; it requires higher
radiation doses than those received for imaging alone.

Gamma Rays

Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays, and denoted by the Greek letter , refers
to electromagnetic radiation of an extremely high frequency and therefore consists of
high-energy photons. These rays typically have frequencies above 10 exahertz (or >10 19
Hz), and therefore have energies above 100 keV and wavelengths less than 10
picometers (1012 meter), which is less than the diameter of an atom.
Gamma rays are ionizing radiation, and are thus biologically hazardous. They are
classically produced by the decay of atomic nuclei as they transition from a high energy
state to a lower state known as gamma decay, but may also be produced by other
processes. Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma radiation in
1900, while studying radiation emitted from radium. Villard's radiation was named
"gamma rays" by Ernest Rutherford in 1903.
Uses / Applications
It is used for treatment of cancerous cell in our body without the use of the surgery.
It is used in industries to kill the harmful bacteria, organism like yeast etc.
Like x rays, it is also used to sterilize medical instruments.
It is used to detect brain and heart abnormalities.
Gamma rays are used by Engineers, since they can penetrate better than X-rays, to
look for cracks in pipes and aircraft parts..
One of the destructive use is their important role in development of the atomic bomb.

References:

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