Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
by
FE ALDAVE YAP
B.S.E., U n i v e r s i t y
i n the Department of C l a s s i c s
D i v i s i o n of L i n g u i s t i c s
We accept t h i s t h e s i s as conforming
t o the
r e q u i r e d standard
In presenting
Department of C l a s s i c s . D i v i s i o n
The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia
Vancouver 8 , Canada
Date
April.
196?
of L i n g u i s t i c s
ABSTRACT
The
title
"A Synchronic
A n a l y s i s of Tagalog Phonemes" as
d e f i n e d i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n , i s the o b j e c t of t h i s study.* I t
attempts t o g i v e a p u r e l y s y n c h r o n i c
d e s c r i p t i o n o f the phonemic
investi-
f o r this investigation.
of g e n e r a l
l i n g u i s t i c s , o r l i n g u i s t s i n t e r e s t e d i n the P h i l i p p i n e n a t i o n a l
language
The phonemes o f Tagalog a r e analyzed
i n terms o f the
formula:*
C
U = V
D
U n i t r e f e r s t o the phoneme.
Tagalog.1
They a r e c l a s s i f i e d and t h e i r p a t t e r n s a r e e s t a b l i s h e d
A f u r t h e r c o n t r a s t of v o i c e versus
breath
The main d i s t i n c t i v e
features
There a r e other,
subsidiary,
o f the tongue,
l e n g t h , etc.'
by schematic
diagrams:
iii
(i)
(ii)
Tagalog Consonant P a t t e r n
Tagalog Vowel P a t t e r n
d i s t r i b u t i o n or i n f r e e v a r i a t i o n . '
of phonemes w i t h i n
The
variations
g i v e n morphemes a r e here c o n s i d e r e d t o be
morphophonemic a l t e r n a t i o n s . '
The b a s i c s y l l a b l e s t r u c t u r e s
e.%;?, t u b i g /tutolg/ 'water'v
Tagalog words r e p r e s e n t e d o r t h o -
g r a p h i c a l l y w i t h a f i n a l vowel may
end w i t h e i t h e r / ? / or /h/
distribution?
CVC,
'bathrobe').N
Consonant c l u s t e r s occur I n a l l p o s i t i o n s .
Initial
clusters
iv
may be summarized
i n the f o l l o w i n g formula:
C
=
C]_C =
C =
2
Ci =
Ci =
C x =
C^ =
Consonant
the f i r s t and second C
s 1 r w y
t
i fC = s
p b k g
i f C = 1
p b t d k g
i f C 2 = r
any C except w y i f C
2
= w or y
examples:
kwento /kwentoh/
'there',
'story' , etc.*'.
1
- 1
j u n c t u r e /J7i
f!
Stress i s corre-
The f o l l o w i n g p a i r s of words a r e d i s t i n -
' i n t e r r o g a t i v e marker' .*
1
Many
TABLE. OF CONTENTS
Page
L i s t o f F i g u r e s o r I l l u s t r a t i o n s .i.y.uV;y.W.i.V^.V.Uy.i.y
viii
l <
ix
The Tagalog I ^ g u a g e . ^ i . ^ . U U . ^
xiii
Acknowledgments ;1;y.W.V.VuWV^^
xix
Dedioatlon.'i^.^&Vi^Vito^
xxi ,
l.i
INTRODUCTION^.^.^
l;tl
1^2
1^3
P r e v i o u s S t u d i e s Made on the S u b j e c t . ^ . ^ ^ V ^ . ^ . ^
l A
l.<5
Z.i
33
ty;
5.1
6^
1^
7.-
15
7.1
7 JlitL
Stops^.1^iy.'.y.^y.V^;W;^
15
7.U.-2
Nasals^.U.^U.y^.^J.U;^^
17
7;'1^3
Fricatives ; u $ ; U ^ ^ , V ^ ; ^ ^
18
7.1^
Laterali;yv.^;U^.i^
18
7;i^5
Flap^&i&i&W^
18
Phonetics.i^.^i.^i.^ij.'ii'.^-.^.i^.i
10
l
15
vi
19
7^2
VOTels.H.U^.^^^
21
7;i3
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f Semivowels^^sy.^JU^^^^iU^;^?^.^
22
7'-^
Diphthongs^iU'^.^I.^.V^
23
8.4
Distinctive
8.0.
Consonant P a t t e n i s ^ . ^ ; * ^
25
8iim
V o i c e versus V o l c e l e s s n e s s ' ; ^ . ^ ^
26
8iai'2
P o i n t versus Manner o f A r t i c u l a t i o n ^ . . * . ^ . ^ ^ ^ . ^ ^ ; ^
28
8*2
T a g a l o g Vowel
30
9.
Contrast,
V a r i a t i o n and DistributionSi^ii^^^.'i'.^i^i.i
31
9^1
Contrast
9J2
Variation
9. '2.1
A l l o p h o n i c A l t e r n a t i o n o f Consonants .U;<;i;?.UU^ii; .
9^2.12
A l l p h o n i c A l t e r n a t i o n o f Vcmels^^.^^;^.wM^i^^
9^22*3
A l t e r n a t i o n o f Diphthongs^ii.^J;^'^.^.';)^.!.'.';^.^^^^^
101
F o r e i g n Sounds
102
10 ii
PhonotactiGs;^^.y?i.i.U*^
107
10.1
Syllable StructureS^iW.^.^
107
10^2
Consonant C l u s t e r s
31
and D i s t r i b u t i o n i l . < J i ! ^ . ^ . ^ . i . ^ i 1 i l . i . ! . ! J . ^ . i ^ . y
l
91
94
ij
97
10.12ill P r e v o c a l i c Consonant C l u s t e r s
109
110
(-CC-)iuVuV.-.'.ViU
124
10.'2.3 P r e j u n c t u r a l Consonant C l u s t e r s
(-CC) i'V.V.iii.^.iiVii
125
10^3
Vowel
11;'
e
l
y
i
1
;i
i!
2
l
7
128
vii
12.'
13*
142
14.1
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS . * ; W ^ J ^ J i ^
1^9
134
151
IITOEX^v.y;y.uuy;^v.y^
155
1 1
List
of Figures
or I l l u s t r a t i o n s
Fig.
1:
Map
Fig.
2:
Philippine
Fig.
3:
Fig.
4:
Fig.
5:
A Chart of Vocoids
Fig.
6:
A Chart of
Fig.
7:
A T a b l e o f Phonemic
Fig.
8:
C o n s o n a n t Phonemes ( w i t h
Fig.
9:
V o w e l Phonemes a n d D i p h t h o n g s
Fig.
10:
Voiced-Voiceless
Fig.
11:
Tagalog Consonant
Pattern
Fig.
12:
The T a g a l o g V o w e l
Triangle
Fig.
13:
The V o w e l T r i a n g l e
of the P h i l i p p i n e s ,
Showing Tagalog-Speaking
Cultural-Linguistic
Groups
(HRA
Files)
Diphthongs
Symbols
Stop
Examples)
Pattern
(Expanded)
(with
Areas
Examples)
Organs
List
[
of Symbols and A b b r e v i a t i o n s
B r a c k e t s ; enclose p h o n e t i c t r a n s c r i p t i o n ( [ p ] )
Slant
(/V)
// // Double s l a n t l i n e s ; e n c l o s e morphophonemic
cription
**
trans-
{// e - 1 //)
S q u i g g l e ; means " a l t e r n a t e s
( v a r i e s ) w i t h " or " i n
a l t e r n a t i o n w i t h " ( [ X ] L~l])
**
T i l or t i l d e ;
over a vowel, i n d i c a t e s
nasalization
of the vowel ( [ o ] )
^
>
Raised c a r e t ;
indicates
articulation
([o*])
Cedilla; indicates
Hyphen; i n d i c a t e s
a sound w i t h s l i g h t l y h i g h e r
p a l a t a l i z e d sound
([ts])
the p o s i t i o n of a phoneme or
a f f i x i n a word ( r - f o r i n i t i a l r ; - r - f o r i n t e r v o c a l i c r j - r f o r f i n a l r , or - i n f o r s u f f i x i n ;
-in- for i n f i x in)
*<
*>
(/mahaiL/ 'dear')
'
primary s t r e s s
secondary
stress
Superior v e r t i c a l t i c k ; i n phonetic
b e f o r e the s t r e s s e d
stress
transcription,
s y l l a b l e , indicates
primary
I n f e r i o r v e r t i c a l t i c k ; b e f o r e the s t r e s s e d
indicates
secondary s t r e s s
Colon: i n d i c a t e s vowel l e n g t h
(['ba:ta?J
S i n g l e bar; i n d i c a t e s t e r m i n a l
R i s i n g juncture;
means "becomes
indicates
syllabi
'child')
juncture.
terminal
juncture.
consonant
f o r consonant
for i n i t i a l
for final
clusters
clusters
clusters
f o r medial c l u s t e r s
f o r vowel
for
semivowel
Indicates
a s y l l a b i c structure
consonant-vowel-
consonant
I n s t i t u t e of N a t i o n a l
Language
Summer I n s t i t u t e of L i n g u i s t i c s
P h i l i p p i n e Center f o r Language Study
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The T a g a l o g L a n g u a g e
How
many F i l i p i n o s
speak T a g a l o g ?
The i 9 6 0 c e n s u s
t h a t t h e T a g a l o g l a n g u a g e i s s p o k e n by a b o u t hy/o
2 7 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
shows
o f more t h a n
p o p u l a t i o n of the R e p u b l i c of the P h i l i p p i n e s ,
country w i t h a t o t a l l a n d a r e a of 1 1 5 , 0 0 0
p o s e d o f more t h a n 7 , 0 0 0
square m i l e s ,
com-
A s i a I n the Western P a c i f i c .
f r o m t h e c e n t r a l p a r t o f L u z o n , t h e l a r g e s t and t h e most
l y populated i s l a n d i n the Archipelago.
thick-
city
o f M a n i l a and p r o v i n c e s o f B a t a a n , B a t a n g a s , B u l a c a n , C a v i t e ,
L a g u n a , N u e v a E c i j a , M a r i n d u q u e , M i n d o r o and R i z a l .
In addition
Cebuano,
m i n o r l a n g u a g e s and
dialects.
T a g a l o g i s s p o k e n as a f i r s t
o r n a t i v e l a n g u a g e by 2 1 $
and
as a s e c o n d l a n g u a g e by 2 3 * 3 $ o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n f r o m o t h e r p a r t s
o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e I s l a n d s , who
language.
census.
million.
5 0 $
a l s o s p e a k t h e i r own
native
The p r e s e n t y e a r i s I 9 6 7 - - s e v e n y e a r s a f t e r t h e l a t e s t
The
t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n has i n c r e a s e d t o t h i r t y - t h r e e
By now,
one c o u l d o p t i m i s t i c a l l y g u e s s t h a t more t h a n
of the F i l i p i n o s
c a t i o n , the m o b i l i t y
can speak t h e l a n g u a g e .
The
s p r e a d o f edu-
o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n and t h e d e v e l o p m e n t
number o f mass m e d i a o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n
movies, l o c a l d a i l y newspapers,
radio,
of a
television,
c o m i c s , e t c . - - have a l l
contri-
b u t e d t o t h e e n r i c h m e n t and p r o p a g a t i o n o f t h e T a g a l o g language
xiv
all
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l mandate.
The need f o r l i n -
by Commonwealth A c t 184.'
Tagalog was o f f i c i a l -
ly
of
1937.
On December 3 0
The t e a c h i n g of the
1946,
languages
l i k e Ilokano saluyot
a k i n d of
'little
5
Tagalog words l i k e utang 'debt',. abo 'ashes', walo ' e i g h t ' , anay
' t e r m i t e ' , a n t i n g - a n t i n g 'talisman' e t c . , a r e i d e n t i c a l w i t h
'other P h i l i p p i n e languages i n form and meaning.
Malay words a r e cognate w i t h Tagalog.
More than
3,000
The f o l l o w i n g examples a r e
XV
'sky'.
Around 1,500
kambing
words are
'a k i n d of r i c e
noodle
shows
5.000 words
'grandfather', e t c .
'barbecue*,
'school', t i t s e r
i n g ' , b o k s i n g 'boxing', t e n i s
few Japanese words l i k e apa
g e i s h a 'Japanese
A word-
words.
Among the
'teacher', m i t i n g 'meet-
'tennis', i s p o r t
'sport , etc.
1
'a k i n d of
'samurai',
Japanese
altar
entered
'diploma',
from
'opera',
'cabaret', t s a l e t
'chalet', p o l t r i
'poultry', prinsipe
'semester',
seminar
P u b l i c a t i o n of the I n s t i t u t e
xvi
bos
kabayo
'horse', p l s o
'wigwam , k a u k u s
1
'sputnik',
f r o m S a n s k r i t ; padyama o r p i d y a m a
sari
alkohol
sala
shajmou 'shampoo',
'candy', magasin
salawal
'pyjamas',
'copper'
'magazine',
' a p r i c o t , kendi
1
guage.
Tagalog i s s t i l l
growing.
f r o m d i f f e r e n t l a n g u a g e s o f t h e w o r l d h a v e come i n t o
t h r o u g h t h e mass m e d i a .
Tagalog
They h a v e become a n a t u r a l i z e d p a r t o f
the Tagalog-based n a t i o n a l
language.
I n 1940 i t was
In 1 9 5 5
a Department
national
officially
items
to "Filipino
of Education c i r c u l a r
c o r r e s p o n d e n c e s , as w e l l as i n a l l
c i r c u l a r s , memo-
randums, b u l l e t i n s and f o r m s , t o r e f e r t o t h i s s u b j e c t i n t h e
curricula.
"Filipino".
L a t e r t h e w o r d l a n g u a g e was d r o p p e d a n d i t became
In 1 9 5 9 ,
t h e Department
xvii
T h i s change a t t r a c t e d p u b l i c . a t t e n t i o n .
Why P i l i p i n o ?
goes the q u e s t i o n
National
the Visayan
Islands
the D i r e c t o r of the I n s t i t u t e of
the S e c r e t a r y
and
i n the p o p u l a r press.'
A c e r t a i n congressman r e p r e s e n t i n g
f i l e d a case i n court a g a i n s t
Why
of E d u c a t i o n , the S e c r e t a r y
the P r e s i d e n t
of F o r e i g n
Affairs^
of the U n i v e r s i t y of the P h i l i p p i n e s , f o r
respondents.'
as the
States,
t h a t o f f e r i t as a r e g u l a r course:
U n i v e r s i t y of
Filipino
students
of l i n g u i s t i c s p r e f e r Tagalog t o Tagalog-based P i l i p i n o .
Is
there r e a l l y a d i f f e r e n c e ?
1
B e g i n n i n g Tagalog:
A Course f o r Speakers of E n g l i s h *
gives
xviii
the f o l l o w i n g d i s t i n c t i o n :
For student purposes, the d i f f e r e n c e
between P i l i p i n o and Tagalog might best
be d e s c r i b e d i n terms of s t y l e and f o r m a l i t y , i n somewhat the way we can d i s t i n g u i s h
between the "For whom i s t h i s ? " type of
E n g l i s h and the "Who
i s t h i s f o r ? " type.
Tagalog, the P h i l i p p i n e "Who
i s this for?"
type, has been p u r p o s e l y chosen r a t h e r than
P i l i p i n o , s i n c e i t i s the purpose of t h i s
t e x t to prepare the student f o r an i n f o r m a l ,
i n c o n s p i c u o u s , and n a t i v e - l i k e , r a t h e r than
f o r a f o r m a l , n o t i c e a b l e , and s c h o o l - l i k e ,
c o n t r o l of the language.'
Acknowledgments
This i n v e s t i g a t o r
i s greatly
suggest-
had the b e n e f i t
o f c o n v e r s a t i o n w i t h h e r on matters
pertinent
expresses h e r a p p r e c i a t i o n
guistic Circle.
Written or verbal
received
field
and
from the f o l l o w i n g
persons d i s t i n g u i s h e d
i n t h e i r own
o f s p e c i a l i z a t i o n has spurred h e r on t o l i n g u i s t i c
research
studies
Dr.
all
University,
University
tute
of N a t i o n a l L a n g u a g e t o everyone of them, h e r g r a t e f u l
thanks.
XX
of mind i n l i n g u i s t i c s ;
and t o the U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h
completed.
Dedicated
to
THE INSTITUTE OP NATIONAL LANGUAGE
1
1;
INTRODUCTION.
Philippine linguistics.
T h e r e i s now a g r o w i n g i n t e r e s t i n
Tagalog, the basis
n a t i o n a l l a n g u a g e , d e s e r v e s some s e r i o u s
of the P h i l i p p i n e
study.
There i s a
c r y i n g need f o r l i n g u i s t i c a l l y - o r i e n t e d m a t e r i a l s
P h i l i p p i n e languages.
As t h e r e
on t h e
e x i s t s a t p r e s e n t no a d e q u a t e
d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e sound system o f T a g a l o g , i t i s u r g e n t
that
s o m e t h i n g be made a v a i l a b l e .
1.1
Synchronic Analysis
This
thesis entitled
o f T a g a l o g Phonemes" p r e s e n t s
This
"A
a new a p p r o a c h
I t attempts t o
t h e l a t e s t f i n d i n g s o f modern d e s c r i p t i v e
study represents
a rather r a d i c a l departure
a n a l y s i s recommended by t h e
I n s t i t u t e o f N a t i o n a l Language and b e i n g
taught i n P h i l i p p i n e
schools.
1.2
the
Scope and O r g a n i z a t i o n
study l i m i t s
of the Materials.
t h e scope of t h e d i s c u s s i o n .
The n a t u r e o f
I t i s purely
d e s c r i p t i v e a n a l y s i s o f T a g a l o g p h o n e m e s s e g m e n t a l s and
segmentals.
The t e x t s t a r t s w i t h
t h e sounds o f speech:
a
supra-
phonetics,
g o e s on t o t h e s i g n i f i c a n t s o u n d s o f s p e e c h : p h o n e m i c s , a n d t h e n
t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o i s shown.
analyzed
Each s i g n i f i c a n t u n i t i s
i n terms o f c o n t r a s t , v a r i a t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n .
t a c t i c s , morphophonemics and a l t e r n a t i v e f o r m u l a t i o n s
as
separate topics.
segmental f e a t u r e s :
Phono-
are presented
juncture
Terms u s e d i n t h e s t u d y a r e d e f i n e d
A t a b l e o f symbols and a b b r e v i a t i o n s ,
and p i t c h .
i n the introductory
a list
of figures or
pages.
2
i l l u s t r a t i o n s , and a d i s c u s s i o n of the Tagalog
g i v e n i n the p r e l i m i n a r y pages.
also included.
i n v e s t i g a t o r ' s f i n d i n g s and c o n c l u s i o n s .
the index f o l l o w
1*3
language a r e
The b i b l i o g r a p h y and
Previous
been w r i t t e n on Tagalog
phonology.
There e x i s t p a r t i a l
analyses
there
phonology e x t r a c t e d
g u i s t i c s , such as those
Hemphill.
of Tagalog
At present
of B l o o m f i e l d , S t o c k w e l l , Pittman and
A r t i c l e s on Tagalog
phonemes w r i t t e n by C a y a r i and
of inform-
a t i o n of l a t e r works.
For the purpose of t h i s study,
s u l t e d the p u b l i s h e d and unpublished
t h i s i n v e s t i g a t o r has conresearches
on Tagalog
under-
project,
of g i a n t s .
The
of i d e a s and i n f o r m a t i o n .
3
A l l the e a r l i e r works mentioned above a r e not exhaustive but
helpful.
T h i s t h e s i s i s modestly comprehensive.
Such study i s
i n d i s p e n s a b l e as a b a s i s f o r f u r t h e r a n a l y s i s of the h i g h e r
levels
(morphology
1.4
and s y n t a x ) .
In this
the i d i o l e c t
of the i n v e s t i g a t o r .
describing
F o r pronun-
S i n c e the o b s e r v a t i o n s on
here i s s y n c h r o n i c i n
of the
The approach i s r e s o l u t e l y
eclectic.
A t l a n t i c are incorporated.
Although there i s no e x c l u s i v e
4
Gleason,
P i k e e t c . , i s apparent
on e v e r y page.!
formula:
C
U = V
D
A c c o r d i n g t o P i k e , a n y t h i n g i n t h i s w o r l d c a n "be a n a l y z e d i n
terms o f t h e above f o r m u l a .
it
The t a b l e , f o r i n s t a n c e , i s a u n i t ;
i t v a r i e s . w i t h other tables i n s i z e ,
I n t h e world of language,
of l i n g u i s t i c a n a l y s i s , t h e meaningful
phoneme.
i n the lower
level
u n i t o f sound i s t h e
Phonemes h a v e c o n t r a s t , v a r i a t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n a s
described i n this
study.
^ P i k e , U n i t (U) e q u a l s C o n t r a s t ( C ) , V a r i a t i o n (V) a n d
D i s t r i b u t i o n ( D ) . T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i n c a p s u l e was e x p l a i n e d
by P r o f . R i c h a r d Roe o f t h e Summer I n s t i t u t e o f L i n g u i s t i c s i n
a seminar a t the U n i v e r s i t y of the P h i l i p p i n e s i n 1 9 6 4 . '
1
D e f i n i t i o n of Terms Used:.
of the phonemes
and
one
point
r e f e r e n c e to h i s t o r i c a l
Analysis
changes.
r e f e r s to the
l i s t i n g the v a r i o u s phonemes w i t h a l l t h e i r a l l o p h o n e s .
Unit;
e v e r y t h i n g t h a t precedes and
the
follows
exclusion
of
i t i n the
spoken c h a i n i s
s i g n i f i e r of a c e r t a i n concept (Saussure).
In t h i s study,
u n i t r e f e r s t o the phoneme.
C o n t r a s t i s a d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n between two
which when s u b s t i t u t e d
function
g u i s h kulay ' c o l o r
Variation,
and
gulay
produce a change i n
and
/g/
distin-
'vegetable'..'
s h i f t i n g r e g u l a r l y between two
does not
elements
a l s o c a l l e d a l t e r n a t i o n i s a correspondence
e x i s t i n g between two
(Saussure).
linguistic
series
of c o e x i s t i n g
Free v a r i a t i o n i s v a r i a t i o n
distinguish
Distribution:
and
forms
(alternation)
which
forms.
d e s c r i p t i v e l y , t h i s means the
occurrence of
utterance.
6
2.
Phonetics
The s c i e n c e of l i n -
p o i n t s of view.*
Or he
can
These are r e f e r r e d t o as
a r t i o u l a t o r y , a u d i t o r y and a c o u s t i c p h o n e t i c s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The p r e s e n t study i s concerned only with a r t i o u l a t o r y phone t i c s s i n c e i t d e s c r i b e s the p r i n c i p a l p a r t s of the body r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the p r o d u c t i o n and d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n of speech sounds
and the p r o c e s s e s involved;"
yi
stop or a u d i b l e f r i c t i o n ^
complete
I n i t s a r t i c u l a t i o n the stream of
of a i r completely f o r a f r a c t i o n of a second or by
f o r c i n g i t i n t o narrow channels p r o d u c i n g a u d i b l e f r i c t i o n s
2.i
without
s y l l a b i c nuclei;!
c e n t e r s of s y l l a b l e s
A combination
of a
a c t i n g as a s y l l a b i c nucleus) p l u s a
semivocoid i s known as a
diphthongs
called
to p a r t i c u l a r
languages.
Fig;' 4:
Labial
Stop
Nasal
"consonants"
A Chart of Tagalog
Dental
Alveolar
Velar
[ P
L't ]
Ck
[ d ]
[ e ]
[ m
Cn
Fricative
Contoids
Glottal
[ ?T,
[ 8 ]
[ h
?8.i
(New
Lateral
[ 1 ]
Flap
[ r
[ y
Semivowel
[ w ]
Fig'3 5'
Front
Unrounded
High
Mid
Center
Unrounded
Back
Rounded
[ i ]
[ u
CI
CU
[ e ]
Low
[ o ]
[ a 3
Fig.-i 6:
Center
Back
High
[ iw ]
[ uy
Mid
[ ey ]
[ oy
Low
[ ay ]
4.<
[ aw
I n the e a r l y 1920's, l e a d i n g l i n g u i s t i c s c h o l a r s l i k e S a p i r ,
B l o o m f i e l d , Troubetzkoy, and others came t o r e a l i z e t h a t , i n the
phonology
classi-
T h i s approach r e c o g n i z e s the v a l u e of p h o n e t i c s
speech-sounds?
i n any
9
w i t h i n t h e system I t s e l f
Thus, i n d e s c r i b i n g t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l aspects
o f language,
I n the study o f a r t i o u l a t o r y p h o n e t i c s , he
t h e soundsi' He
d e s c r i b e s t h e a c t u a l speech-events i n terms o f t h e i r
lation;*
articu-
I n t h e words of P i k e , "phonetics
gath-
The d e f i n i t i o n
i t . i " ^
and phonemics;
u n i t s , respectively.*
This p a i r o f formative
elements i s funda-
[ ] , and a phonemic
/;' I n p h o n e t i c
t r a n s c r i p t i o n , analysts
10
In phonemic tran-
s c r i p t i o n , on the other hand, they keep a one-to-one correspondence between the symbol and the phoneme, but i n the much more
r e s t r i c t e d framework of the maximal number of phonemes i n the
speech of one individual.'
For the purpose of accuracy i n phonological d e t a i l , phonol o g l s t s have developed systems of transcriptions:
narrow tran-
5.
11
as a s i g n i f i c a n t
f e a t u r e o f sound, a r e c u r r e n t d i s t i n c t
or a p o i n t of c o n t r a s t .
unit,
The d i s -
12
Fig.
7:
Bilabial
. CONSONANTS
k
g
. . - .
m
Lateral. .
Glottal
Velar
t
d
P
b
Fricative
Dental
Alveolar
h . . :
- -
r
Semivowel
.. w
VOWELS
F r o n t .'
Unrounded
- -
y
Center
Unrounded
Back ;
"" "Rduncted -"
o
a
Trachea
c
r '
14
6.
A l l standard d i a l e c t s
segmental phonemes c o n s i s t i n g
consonants / p b t d k g ? m n n
/ w
The c l a s s e s of Tagalog
s h l r / ,
of f o u r t e e n
two semivowels
f e a t u r e s of a c o n t r a s t i v e k i n d , c o n s i s t i n g
of t h r e e s t r e s s e s
/ *
~ /, t h r e e l e v e l s of p i t c h / 1
/ 11 /'
The i n v e n t o r y l i s t i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e of
phonemic
symbols
( Fig 7 )v
of
movable
The
principal
s m a l l appendage
The
The a r t i c u l a t o r s , a t c e r t a i n
from the f r o n t
15
i n columns a c c o r d i n g t o tongue-height from h i g h , through mid
to low;'
7.
Segmental
I t was emphasized
Phonemes
e a r l i e r t h a t speech i s p r i m a r i l y a
L i n g u i s t s f i n d such
s i g n a l i s a l i n e a r sequence of d i s c r e t e segments, c a l l e d
segmental phonemes.'
Consonants
segmental o r l i n e a r phonemes.'
Consonants
Consonants
i n v o l v e the o b s t r u c t i o n or r e s t r i c t i o n o f the
outward
Stops
I n the p r o d u c t i o n o f s t o p s , the a i r stream may be completel y stopped a t some p o i n t by c l o s i n g the passage through which i t
flows;'
check-
the complete
( l ) a p r e l i m i n a r y c l o s i n g , on?
Nelson F r a n c i s ,
The S t r u c t u r e of Amerlcan E n g l i s h
(New York: The Ronald P r e s s Company, 1958), pp.i 72-73.-
16
(2)
an i n t e r m e d i a t e
c l o s u r e , o r p e r i o d o f s i l e n c e , o r i n the case o f v o i c e d
stops,
and (3)
f i n a l release, or o f f - g l i d e
from the p o i n t of
articulations'
I f a stop occurs f i n a l l y i n an u t t e r a n c e , i t i s u n r e l e a s e d .
t h a t i s , the speech organs a r e simply r e t a i n e d i n the p o s i t i o n
of c l o s u r e s
An u n r e l e a s e d
i n u t t e r a n c e - f i n a l and
'detached*;i
Released
tightlyS
/b/ i s a v o i c e d b i l a b i a l stop formed l i k e /p/ but w i t h the
17
A/
Under the i n f l u e n c e of
vary
the
a d d i t i o n of voice.-*
/ ? / i s a v o i c e l e s s g l o t t a l stop produced by t i g h t l y c l o s i n g
the g l o t t i s , thus checking
as any
other consonant.'
7.1.2
The
Nasals
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e i n producing
o r a l c a v i t y i s completely
n a s a l s i s t h a t the
stopped a t a c e r t a i n p o i n t of a r t i c -
Sounds so
A l l three
i n final positions
i s a v o i c e d b i l a b i a l n a s a l produced by t i g h t l y c l o s i n g
/n/ i s a v o i c e d d e n t a l n a s a l a r t i c u l a t e d by b r i n g i n g the
tongue t i p f i r m l y a g a i n s t the back of the upper f r o n t t e e t h
with the velum lowered."
/n/ i s a v o i c e d v e l a r n a s a l formed with the back of the
tongue a g a i n s t the velum, which i s lowered, a l l o w i n g a passage
of
18
7 s i S3
Fricatives
stream
of a r t i c u l a t i o n so as
to
f o r the a i r c u r r e n t
t o pass through.*
Examples of
fricative
/s
/ s / i s a v o i c e l e s s a l v e o l a r f r i c a t i v e a r t i c u l a t e d by
i n g the f r o n t of the tongue a g a i n s t
pushthe
j e t of
the
the g l o t t i s S
l y and
o r a l c a v i t y , and w i t h a very s l i g h t f r i c t i o n i n
a breathy r e l e a s e i n word f i n a l
7.1.4
positions
Lateral
In the f o r m a t i o n of the l a t e r a l i n g e n e r a l ,
c l o s e d at the m i d l i n e
tongue t i p a g a i n s t
a i r t o pass out
the mouth i s
the p a l a t e and
over one
of
the
t h e r e i s an opening f o r
the
/ I / i n Tagalog i s a v o i c e d
initial-
f l a t from the t i p t o
w i t h the a l v e o l a r
ridge,
p r o d u c i n g a q u a s i - v o c a l i c l a t e r a l resonances
7 SI. 5
Flap
/ r / i s a voiced
a l v e o l a r f l a p formed by the r a p i d
the a l v e o l a r r e g i o n s
contact
In
i n t e r v o c a l i c p o s i t i o n i t i s u s u a l l y a r t i c u l a t e d with a s i n g l e
19
tap t r i l l .
The m a j o r i t y
S emi vowels
Nonfixed p o i n t of a r t i c u l a t i o n
y / i n general.>
i n Tagalog i s a v o i c e d l a b i o v e l a r semivowel a r t i c -
The amount of l i p - r o u n d i n g
teethS
20
Phoneme
Phonetic
Transcription
Conventional
Orthography
Meaning
/p/
[pa'?a:h]
paa
'feet'
/w
['ba:ta?~]
bata
A/
[ta:?oh]
tao
person*
/a/
[da'li:?-]
dali
'hurry up'
A/
[ka:?In-j
kain
'eat'
/g/
[ ga:tas]
gatas
'milk'
/?/
[?o:?oh]
oo
'yes'
/m/
[ma tashj
mata
'eyes'
/n/
['na:yon~]
nay on
'village'
A>/
[rja'yo:n~]
ngayon
'now'
A/
[sa:gln-]
saging
'banana'
A/
[ha'li:k-]
halik
'kiss'
[la:kad"]
lakad
'walk'
[*ri:toh]
rito
'here'
/V
[wi:ka?-]
wika
'language'
/y/
[ ya:ban~]
yabang
'pride'
P i g . 8:
child
21
7*2
Vowels
Vowels, B l o o m f l e l d
d e f i n e s , are m o d i f i c a t i o n s
of the
voice-sound t h a t i n v o l v e no c l o s u r e , f r i c t i o n , or contact
of the tongue or l i p s S
1 0
q u a l i t y but a l s o i n sonority.'
As e x p l a i n e d
by B l o c h - T r a g e r
They e x p l a i n f u r t h e r t h a t a sequence of
sounds i n a normal u t t e r a n c e
i s t h e r e f o r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by
s u c c e s s i v e peaks and v a l l e y s of s o n o r i t y .
The c h a r t of vocoids
( P i g s 5) l i s t s
n o r m a l l y occur i n s t r e s s e d s y l l a b l e s S
s y l l a b i c sounds.
I n Tagalog, a lower
The lower h i g h
Usually unstressed
/e/
but i n some p o s i t i o n s i t i s
unstressed.!
tongue-advancement,
tongue-height and
lip-roundingS
L e o n a r d B l o o m f l e l d , Language (New York: H o l t ,
and Winston, 1933)
102S
1 0
Rinehart
.
^ B e r n a r d Bloch and George L s T r a g e r , O u t l i n e of L i n g u i s t i c
A n a l y s i s (Baltimore: L i n g u i s t i c S o c i e t y of America,1942$ pS 22S
22
low c e n t r a l unrounded
/e/
mid f r o n t unrounded
A/
h i g h f r o n t unrounded
/of
/u/
h i g h back rounded
7 S3
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Semivowels
Semi-
Unlike
] pattern
The d e t e r -
Since
Nonsuspect (non-ambiguous)
sound
Thus:
(ambiguous)
23
cv.cvc
CV.CVC
ba.lak
[ba:lak-]
plan
ya.ta?
[ia:ta?-]
'perhaps*.
wa.lis
[ua'li: s]
'broom'
?i.kaw
[?i'ka:u]
'you'
ka.may
[ka'ma'.i]
'hand'
ba.liw
[ba'li:u]
* crazy *
bu.wan
[bu'ua:n""3
'moon'
ba.yad
['ba:iad~]
' payment
bu.kid
[bu:kld ]
'farm'
consonant or
consonant.'
Diphthongs
g l i d e b e f o r e another
called off-glide..
As d e s c r i b e d e a r l y i n the p r e c e d i n g sec-
t i o n ( 7 . 2 ) , a s y l l a b i c , sometimes c a l l e d a n u c l e a r . i s a vowel
A sequence of a
diPhthongjl
syllabic.'i
are
articulated
semivowels / w y /.'
posi-
f o r one of
Phonetic
Trans c r i p t i on
/a/
[?a'na:k~]
anak
''child'
/e/
['?e:wan~]
ewan
/ i /
[?I'na:h]
ina
mother'
/of
['?or?oh]
oo
yes'
[?u;tos]
utos
'.'command*
/ey/
[mesjj
may
'there i s , a r e '
/ay/
['burha^J
buhay
'life'
/oy/
[?a'po:i]
apoy
'fire'
/uy/
[ka'suij
kasuy
'cashew'
/aw/
[sa'basuj
sabaw
'soup'
/iw/
Osirslu]
sisiw
'chick'
Conventional
Orthography
Meaning
Diphthong
Pig.
9'.
Examples)
25
8.
I t has
utterances
D i s t i n c t i v e Features
been d i s c u s s e d
that i n l i n g u i s t i c descriptions
are represented
as sequences of d i s c r e t e segments
contoids
and
vocoids
from one
d i f f e r e n c e s , e.g.,
on the phonetic
v o i c i n g , b i l a b i a l p o s i t i o n and
l e v e l , are d i s t i n g u i s h e d
or h i g h and
l i p - s p r e a d i n g i n the case of / i / ; -
stop
f r o n t tongue
These d i f f e r -
Consonant
artic-
are
components. s i n c e phonemes
features.
Patterns
their
patterns
p o i n t of a r t i c u l a t i o n , manner of
v o i c e or b r e a t h i n consonants, and
tongue-advancement, l i p - r o u n d i n g or spreading
artic-
tongue-height,
and
other
fea-
p r i m a r i l y to J a k o b s o n
1 2
and H a l l 1
that i s
i s here u t i l i z e d
1 3
Hall,
93.
as
26
i t i s h e l p f u l i n understanding the f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s
the phonemes i n v o l v e d ,
phonemic a n a l y s i s ^
although i t i s not
The
of the essence
of
g r a p h i c schemes of these f e a t u r e s
are
d i s t i n c t i v e features
of
As a r e s u l t ,
l e s s symmetrical p a t t e r n
lowing section.'
l e s s elegant
T h i s l a c k of o v e r l y neat p a t t e r n s i s
we
i f too p r e t t y
to
of a
phonetically
( l a b i o v e l a r ) and
alveolar,
/y/
column, and
semivowels
and
main dimensions
p o i n t of a r t i c u l a t i o n and
manner
In a d d i t i o n , t h e r e i s a f u r t h e r c o n t r a s t
/w/
articulations
and
( a l v e o l o - p a l a t a l ) under b i l a b i a l
respectively.
of phonemic c o n t r a s t :
the
s o l v e d here by p l a c i n g d e n t a l
a l v e o l a r a r t i c u l a t i o n s i n one
be
should be s u s p i c i o u s
asymmetrical s i t u a t i o n . * "
fol-
These
of
in
contrasts
a t a time as d i s t i n c t i v e f e a -
of p a r t i c u l a r phonemess
8sisi
V o i c e versus
Voicelessness
V o i c e . Gleason d e f i n e s , i s a r e g u l a r , p e r i o d i c v i b r a t i o n
2?
generated through the a c t i o n of the v o c a l bands.*
v o c a l bands are v i b r a t i n g , they impart musical
When the
quality
or
The
vibration
may
The
absence
breath
C o r r e l a t e d thus
The
t h e i r voiced
voice-voiceless distinction
which s e t s them up i n c o n t r a s t ! v e
counoccurs
are
dimensions of c o n t r a s t i n v o i c i n g
F i g . 10
represented
b
Fig.The
10:
;d
voiced-Volceless
Stops
the "tendency t o -
The
v o i c e l e s s - v o i ced
pat-
absence of a v o i c e d counterpart
/?/.<
to the v o i c e l e s s g l o t t a l
the
stop
28
paradigm was formed (FigS
11).*
consonants, v o i c e ceases t o be a d i s t i n c t i v e
not a d i s t i n c t i v e feature.'
8.1 , 2
;
P o i n t versus Manner of A r t i c u l a t i o n
other
The g r a p h i c
repre-
s e n t a t i o n a l s o shows a three-way p o s i t i o n a l c o n t r a s t of n a s a l s
/m n rj/ i n the same manner, a two-way c o n t r a s t of f r i c a t i v e s
/s h / and semivowels /w y/.
Phonemes / l r / a r e p a i r e d by t h e i r
consonants
by p o i n t of a r t i c u l a t i o n s
Contrast
i n p o i n t of a r t i c u l a t i o n h o l d s a l s o f o r o p p o s i t i o n
i n manner of a r t i c u l a t i o n i l l u s t r a t e d by v e r t i c a l l i n e s from
stops, f r i c a t i v e s , nasals, U n g u a l s
vowels i n a f i v e - d i m e n s i o n a l
( l a t e r a l and f l a p ) t o semi-
p a t t e r n , hence the r e s u l t a n t F i g . l i s
1
29
Fig."' 11:
30
8.2
The
Tagalog Vowel P a t t e r n s
system ( F i g . 12)
with
I n the
threes
A g r e a t number of Spanish
have l o n g been a p a r t
u n p r e d i c t a b l e p o s i t i o n s and they no l o n g e r a l t e r n a t e w i t h
and / u / i n educated
Fig.' 12:
speech.
tongues
The main d i s t i n c t i v e
two-dimensional
f e a t u r e s o f Tagalog vowels i n v o l v e
There a r e o t h e r f e a t u r e s l i k e rounding o f l i p s ,
trasts
/ i /
tense-
Fig.* 13:
( F i g . 13).'
31
I n the l i g h t of t h i s a r t i o u l a t o r y frame of r e f e r e n c e ,
m a t e r i a l of
the language;
9S
9.1
C o n t r a s t , V a r i a t i o n and D i s t r i b u t i o n
Contrast
In connection
with d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e s and
acoustic
there
The
s o l e f u n c t i o n of
t h a t the p h o n o l o g i c a l
system of any
apart."
T h i s g i v e s the phoneme i t s i d e n t i t y S
The
essence of phoneme, t h e r e f o r e , i s d i s t i n c t i v e n e s s or c o n t r a s t s
Some l i n g u i s t s c a l l the c o n t r a s t between the presence
absence of a f e a t u r e , or between two
and
d i s t i n c t i v e features
an
oppositions
In Tagalog some p a i r s of phonemes d i f f e r only by
such o p p o s i t i o n , others by two,
and
one
11 &
13s
cits
as shown i n F i g S
32
Phonemes a r e t h e r e f o r e v i e w e d i n t h i s l i g h t n o t a s s o u n d s
produced i n such-and-such
manner b u t a s e l e m e n t s w h i c h s t a n d i n
c o n t r a s t w i t h each o t h e r i n t h e p h o n o l o g i c a l
language.
W h e n e v e r two e l e m e n t s o c c u r i n t h e same e n v i r o n m e n t ;
( i n t h e same p o s i t i o n ) w i t h r e s p e c t
f u n c t i o n o r meaning,
other.
with
system of the
t o each o t h e r , w i t h d i f f e r e n t
t h e y a r e s a i d t o be i n c o n t r a s t w i t h
each
I f t h e t w o e l e m e n t s o c c u r i n s u c h a way a s t o c o n t r a s t
each o t h e r , l i n g u i s t s
distribution.
T h u s , T a g a l o g / p / a n d /b/ o c c u r i n t h e same e n v i r o n m e n t a s i n p a l a
'pa:lah] ' s h o v e l ' v s . b a l a 'ba:lah] ' b u l l e t ' , k a p a g [ k a ' p a . g ] ' i f
v s
['?a:lap3
vs. alab
initial,
m e d i a l and f i n a l p o s i t i o n s , i n t h a t t h e y s e r v e t o d i s t i n g u i s h
words o f d i f f e r e n t meaning.
kubkob [kUb'ko:b]
v s , i
thus c o n t r a s t i n
c o n t r a s t w i t h each o t h e r .
between
The t w o s o u n d s
'cut t i p of grass'
The same i s t r u e o f t h e o p p o s i t i o n
/ t / v s . / d / a n d / k / v s . / g / a s shown i n t h e p a i r s t a g a
[ta'ga:?J
v s . d a g a [ d a g a : ? ] 'mouse' a n d
'pure'.'
Each p a i r / p /
v s . / b / , / t / v s . / d / o r / k / v s . / g / h a s t h e same manner a n d p o i n t
of a r t i c u l a t i o n ;
t h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e between
them i s t h a t / b d g /
add v o i c e t o t h e f e a t u r e s p r e s e n t i n / p t k /.
S t o p s show c o n t r a s t n o t o n l y i n v o i c e b u t a l s o i n p o i n t o f
articulation;
hence
'tired, fatigued'
'bullet'
vs.
the opposition
b e t w e e n b i l a b i a l a n d d e n t a l / p / vs., / t /
and
/b/
vs. /d/,
33
respectively.'
t a l a ['ta:lah]
' l e a k i n g from a
Hughes c a l l s these s e r i e s o f o p p o s i t i o n s
by the f e a t u r e i n
Various
questions
p o s s i b l e kinds
o f c o r r e l a t i o n and s e r i e s o f c o r -
c o r r e l a t i o n o f v o i c e i n c l u d e s the f o l l o w i n g phonemes:
p
only
hence a l a b i a l - d e n t a l - v e l a r c o r r e -
The f o l l o w i n g phonemes
b
a l s o show a c o r r e l a t i o n o f n a s a l i t y s
['ma:ma?3 'any
vs.' nganga
15
John Ps Hughes, The Science o f Language: An I n t r o d u c t i o n
2 L i n g u i s t i c s (New York: Random House, 4th P r i n t i n g , 1964)
ps 246s
34
c o n c l u s i v e evidences t h a t n a s a l s /m n i}/ form a c o n t r a s t
since
They a l s o show a l a b i a l - d e n t a l - v e l a r
correlation.
'lake'
vs. y a r i
['ya:ri?]'made'
c o n t r a s t s i n v o l v e a f r o n t - v e r s u s - b a c k , high-versus-mid and
versus-rounded.*
unrounded-
/ i /
v s . /e/ as i n
v s . /u/
bun',
>
' c a p , beses
1
35
The process
which i s normally
observed,
following c r i t e r i a :
i s simply t h a t of a p p l y i n g the
d i s t r i b u t i o n , phonetic s i m i l a r i t y
i d e n t i t y of f u n c t i o n or meaning.
a n a l y s t s use minimal p a i r s .
two
and
For t h i s purpose, l i n g u i s t i c
c o n t r a s t i n g p a i r of u t t e r a n c e s i s c o n c l u s i v e and
c o n v i n c i n g evidence
the same phoneme.
ference
( F i g . 11
to show t h a t two
. c o n t r a s t s i n v o i c i n g , p o i n t of a r t i c -
to
of Tagalog
fol-
minimal p a i r s :
b
ampon /?ampc5n/ 'adopted
kapag / kapag/
ipon /?fpon/
i f v s . kabag /kabag/
'savings' v s . ibon / ? f b o n /
'fruit-bat'
'bird'
36
pangaw /parjaw/ 'clamp f o r punishment'
'wet'
(glass)
'net-trap'
cake'
falsehood'
/pun6*?/
'goodness'
'adore'
'mention i n p a s s i n g '
37
v s . bukod /bukod/
'separate'
'midwife'
remove d i r t on t h e
something
skin'
'a g i r l ' s
name'
name'
'carpenter'
taga /taga?/
v s . d a g a / d a g a ? / 'mouse, r a t '
tala /talah/
'fishing
net'
t a l a / tala"?/ 'notes,
experience
learned'
tali
/tali?/
'string,
t i e ' vs. d a l i / d a l i ? /
'inch'
'flow
blood)
' s t o p p i n g , as
tinta /tint^h/
vs. d i l a / d f l a ? /
'tongue'
'play'
'a g i r l ' s
name'
38
balak / b a l a k /
trellis'
vs.' g a l a / g a l a h /
' g a l a (uriform)'
'respect'
kulo /kul6?/
maturity'
'vegetable'
'parry'
'a s p e c i e s
off
of
shrub*:
likaw /lfkaw/
'courtship'
(metal)"
39
pakas /p&kas/ ' a kind of dried f i s h ' vs. takas /ti^kas/ 'escape'
pakaw /pSkaw/ 'hoop i n the nose of carabao' vs. takaw /ta"kaw/
!
'greediness'
pag /pag/ ' i f vs. tag /tag/ ' t a g ; a f f i x '
1
scale'
palas /palas/ 'pare, c l i p ' vs. talas /talas/ 'sharpness'
1
40
'raucousness
'light'
through'
heef
'spur f o r f i g h t i n g
cock'
beef
(incl.)'
temporary
suspension of work'
p i g i l / p j f g i l / 'held, detained' vs. t i g i l
p i l a /prflah/ ' l i n e , queue' v s . t i l a
pili
/pili?/
/tigil/
'stop'
/ t i l a h / 'maybe'
/till?/
'shriek'
'answer, r e p l y '
shove'
p u l i s / p u l f s / 'policeman' v s . t u l i s / t u l i s / 'pointed'
pulong /puloi}/ 'meeting' v s . t u l o n g / t u l o n / 'help'
p u l o t / p i t l o t / 'pick up;
foundling' vs. t u l o t / t u l o t /
'permit'
'true,
real'
41
'pull'
towards o n e s e l f *
tagayan /tagayan/
a p r o v i n c e i n Mindanao'
t a l a / t a l a h / ' l e a k i n g from
container' vs. k a l a
/kaUah/
'tortoise'
talang
/taUan/
'untied,
loosened'
tambal /tambal/
'goat'
'swinging'
tanan /tanan/
/kapSs/
'short, l a c k i n g '
42
tatlo /tatloh/
'three
series''
'action,
movement *
tinis /tfnis/
' s h r i l l n e s s of v o i c e
'&
vs.
k i n i s / k f n i s / 'smoothness'
t u l i g / t u l - f g / ''stunned, s t u p e f i e d '
vs.; k u l i g / k u l f g /
'the
young
of a p i g '
t u l o g /tul'og/
'head-louse'
batik
/ba"tik/
batik
/ b a t f k / a k i n d of imported f a b r i c * vs.
speaking termsI
bati /batf?/
'on
1,
43
Cabra /kaorah/
'gorge'
'shave'
v s . alam /?alam/
'known*
/kantaW
kanta
kaso /ka*soh/
'song' v s . anta
/?antari/
'rancidity'
/talSk/
talak
'notes, r e c o r d '
b,aga /bagS?/
b a i t / b a ? f t / 'prudence,
/blilan/
/balSs/
'fishing-net
/balif?/
'inch''
'flow
(of b l o o d ) '
bantay /bantay/ 'guard' vs.' dantay /dantay/ ' r e s t the l e g on
something*
banyos /bany6"s/
/dany6s/
'damages*
vs.' dangal / d a n ^ l /
'honor'
'arrival*
bukal / b u k a l /
'blackberry'
'play'
'impact,clash'
'quarrel'
balad /balad/
'ballad*' vs.' b a l a g / b S l a g /
'bower, arbor,
trellis'
45
d a l a /dali??/ ' p a i n f u l experience l e a r n e d ' vs.- g a l a /gal?/
'wanderer'
dalang /d&lan/ ' i n f r e q u e n t ; slow' vs." galang / g ^ l a g /
'respect'
(touch)'
dapok
/dap5k/
to a t t a c k of w e e v i l s , r e f e r r i n g t o wood'
diwang /dfwan/ ' c e l e b r a t e ' v s . i giwang /gifwan/ ' r o c k i n g ,
wabbling'
dulang /drtlan/ 'low d i n i n g t a b l e * vs. gulang / g i t l a n / 'age,
;
maturity'
d u l a y / d i t l a y / 'climb from branch t o branch' vs.* gulay / g i l l a y /
vegetable'
s
t a / t a h / 'an e n c l i t i c pronoun, d u a l ' v s . s a / s a h / ' i n , on, from'
taad /ta?d/
answer'
taan /ta?'an/ ' r e s e r v e , r e s e r v a t i o n ' vs. saan /sa?an/ 'where'
1
'soap'
hands'
46
taklang /taklarj/
equal
and
s i m i l a r t h i n g s j o i n e d t o g e t h e r , f a c i n g each o t h e r '
t a h o l / t a h o l / 'barking of dog' v s . s a h o l /sahJol/ 'wanting,
l a c k i n g *'
t a l a /t|la?/ ' b r i g h t s t a r ' v s . s a l a / s a l a ? /
'filter'
e.g.,
'scorched,seared'
v s . salanga / s a l a g a ? / 'a
a ball'
t a l o p / t a l o p / 'peeled, skinned' v.s.
tampay /tampay/ ' s e r e n i t y , calmness*
e.g.,
s a l o p / s a l o p / *ganta'(a neasure)
v s . sampay /sampay/ 'hang,
c l o t h e s on a l i n e '
47
' c a r r y away' vs.
tangay /tanay/
/sankSl/
office'
'harden-
i n g of a mother's b r e a s t '
tanggol /tango !/ 'defend' v s . sanggol / s a n g 6 l / 'baby, i n f a n t '
1
/sanhSd/
'smell
odor'
'smoked f i s h '
a f t e r b e i n g chewed'
tapak /tapak/ ' f o o t s t e p ' vs. sapak /sapak/ 'breaking i n t o two,
1
as
when e a t i n g '
t a p a l / t a p a l / 'patch' v s . s a p a l / s a p a l / 'bagasse, residuum':
tapat / t a p S t / 'frank, honest;
sufficient'
t a r l / t a r i ? / 'metal spur' v s . s a r i / s a r i ? / 'species; v a r i e t y '
t a s a /tasSh/
'a s p e c i e s of
palm'
t a t a / t 5 t a h / 'grandfather' v s . t a s a / t a s a h /
'cup'
t i g a n g /tigar}/ 'extremely
tilay /tflay/
'skirt'
/siflay/
glance'
t i n i n g / t f n i r j / 'sediment' v s . s i n i n g
/sifnirj/
'art'
'short
48
'copy'
'cold'
tubo /tifbo?/ ' p r o f i t ' vs.* subo /sifbo?/ 'take i n t o the mouth'
tukong /ttfkon/ ' - t a i l l e s s f o w l ' vs.' sukong /siJkon/ 'bundle of
rattan'
t u l o n g / t i J l o r j / 'help' vs.' sulong / s i l l o n /
'advance'
bamboo'
tundo /tund'6?/ ' p r i c k ' v s . sundo /sundo'?/
'agreement'
'irregular
growth of t e e t h '
tuso /tiJsoh/ ' a s t u t e
,;
h
am /?am/
'ham*
'ember'
49
bao /b5?oh/ 'coconut s h e l l ' v s . baho /banoh/ 'bass (tone or v o i c e ) '
baog /ba?6g/ ' s t e r i l e
(woman)'vs.' bahog
/bah6g/
'mixed ( r i c e with
something)*
b a t a /bta?/ ' c h i l d ' vs. b a t a / b ^ t a h / 'bathrobe'
;
/kat5?/
*envy* vs.' h i l i / h f l i h /
'a s p e c i e s of f i s h '
'shake* vs.- h i l i g / h i l f g /
'inclined*
'request,
petition'
i p o n / ? f p o n / 'savings; gathered' vs. hipon /hfpon/ 'shrimp'
1
'difficulty'
'slice'
bit'
'consumed'
50
/pfpi?/
vs.
Tundo
/tundon/ *a d i s t r i c t i n
Manila'
Tagalog
expression (interrogation)'
51
salang / s a l a i j /
touch l i g h t l y
s a l a s /saUas/ ' p a r l o r , h a l l *
'indecency'
/haloh/
'pestle'
s a l o /sal<5h/
file'
'string'
sari
crack' vs. h i g i t
1
/higift/
'stretch"
silat / s i l a V
'stretched'
raw'
"breath"
'sister-in-law'
m
baga /bag?/ * tumor, b o i l ' v s . maga /maga"?/ ' s w o l l e n "
bago /bagoh/ 'new'
52
b a l a t /bala't/ ' s k i n ' vs.< malat /mal^t/ hoarseness of v o i c e
b a l i / b a l f ? / 'broken, f r a c t u r e d ' v s . mali / m a l f ? /
'wrong, e r r o r '
beriberi'
'mallet'
name*
n
daga /dagah/ 'dagger, sword' vs. naga /n&gah/ 'a s p e c i e s of t r e e ;
:
'where'
parried'
danay /danay/ ' s i d e , p a r t ' vs. nanay /nanay/ 'mother'
1
then'
9
baga /baga*?/ 'tumor, b o i l ' v s . banga /ban?/ " n a t i v e earthen j a r '
53
baga /baga?/ 'lung' vs.' banga /barja?/ 'a s p e c i e s o f palm*
bagay /bagay/ ' t h i n g , matter' vs.I bangay /harpy/ ' q u a r r e l '
bago /bagob/ 'a s p e c i e s of t r e e ' vs. bango /ban/6n/ 'fragrance,*..
;
aroma'
b i g a s / b i g a s / 'husked r i c e *
out'
galit /galit/
of teeth',
friction*
*chew, m a s t i c a t e '
'trembling'
wedge i n s e r t e d i n t h e mouth !
1
handcuffs'
d i s s o l v e (s omething)'
kamya /kamyab/ "a s p e c i e s of p l a n t " vs. kanya /kanyab./ ' h i s , h e r '
1
fwhen'
t o a man's C h r i s t i a n name" v s .
54
masa /masah/ 'dough' vs.' n a s a /n&sah/
' i n , on'-
/nisnfs/
'ravelled'
'roof
'skull'
nawa /naw?/ 'May i t be so.' vs.i ngawa /naw'5?/ 'loud empty t a l k i n g '
punas /punas/ 'sponge bath' vs.' pungas /pu"nas/ 'getting up h a l f
awake'
puson /pus6n/ 'hypogaatrium* vs.' pusong /pus6*n/ 'impudent, shameless'
sanay /sanay/ 'used t o , experienced' vs.' sangay /san&y/ 'branch'
55
1
na /nah/ ' a l r e a d y ' v s . l a / l a h / 'musical
naman /namah/ 'a Tagalog
note
fi
'content'
/ n i ? f g / 'tete-a-tete' vs. l i i g / l i ? f g /
'neck'
c.
r
dilis /dflis/
'a s p e c i e s of anchovy' v s . r i l i s
/rflis/
'railway'
name
r
b a l a /blah/ ' b u l l e t ' v s . bara /barah/ 'measure equal t o 2.75 f t . '
1
56
'pulverized'
halang /hSlarj/ 'obstacle, obstruction' vs. harang /haran/
'crosspiece'
i l i n g /?iln/ 'shake the head vs. i r i n g /?irin/ 'abuse'
1
'closed'
57
t a l a s /tal'as/ 'scrape
wardness i n speech'
tali /tali?/
'metal spur of a
f i g h t i n g cock*
talik /talfk/
'steepness'
t a l o / t a l o h / 'defeated*
y
barong /bar6*n/ 'short f o r barong Tagalog. (a man's a t t i r e ) ' v s v
bayong /bay<5n/ 'sack made of b u r i palm l e a v e s '
k a r a /karah/ 'the head s i d e o f t h e c o i n ' v s . kaya /kayah/ 'competence, a b i l i t y *
Iran / i r a h / Iran
( P e r s i a ) v s . i y a n / i y a h / 'that'
'hanging l o o s e
sara /sarah/
gladness'
skirt '
(hair)'
58
hiwas /hiwas/ ' o b l i q u e ' vs. h i y a s / h i y S s /
1
'jewel'
saklaw /saklSw/ ' w i t h i n the scope' v s . saklay / s a k l a y / 'hanging'sawa /sawab/ 'boa' vs.? saya /say&W ' j o y , gladness*!
tanaw /tanaw/
i n Rizal.
'calculation'
seems* v s . y a r i - / y a r i ? / 'make'
roots,
T h i s type of con-
These are i l l u s t r a t e d
i n the f o l l o w i n g examples:
p/b
kapkap /kapkap/ ' f r i s k ' v s . kabkab /kabkab/ 'scrape o f f *
kupkop ^kupkop/ ' s h e l t e r e d ' v s . kubkob /kubkob/
'encircled'
'voracious
e a t i n g , as of a p i g '
l u p l o p / l u p l o p / ' s i t t i n g on a n e s t ' vs.' l u b l o b / l u b l o b /
pakpak /pakp&k/ 'wings' vs. bakbak /bakbk/ 'detached'
;
'wallowin
59
60
k/g
l a k l a k / l a k l & k / 'gulp*
v s . l a g l a g / l a g l a g / " f a l l e n , dropped
/pakpak/
( p a n s i t l u g l o g ) *'
'trot'
'unfastened'
'music'
p/t
pakpak
/pakpak/
/takt5k/
j e r k and shake'
'unfastened'
organize'
'aunt'
'surgical operation'
pukpok /pukptfk/
'pate; knock'
(ashes
61
t/k
spread,
unfolded'
taltal /taltal/
'scraped;
scratched'
t a t a / t S t a h / 'grandfather' vs.: kaka /kalcah/ 'uncle, aunt'
tawtaw /tawtaw/ 'touch the t i p ( f i s h i n g r o d ) ' v s . kawkaw /kawkaw/
'dip
tistls /tistfs/
against'
b/d
baboy /baooy/ ' p i g ' vs.' Dadoy /da^oy/ 'a man's name'
bagbag /bagbag/ 'broken up ( l a n d ) ' v s . dagdag /dagdag/ ' a d d i t i o n '
basbas /basbas/ ' b l e s s i n g ; a b s o l u t i o n * v s ^ dasdas /dasdas/ 'chopped
off
busbos /busbos/ ' s u r g i c a l o p e r a t i o n ' vs.' dusdos /dusdos/ 'sarna
on the head'
butbot /butb'6"t/
the
finger
'poke with
62
d/g
daldal / d a l d a l / 'talkativeness' vs. galgal / g a l g a l / 'stupid, d u l l *
dasdas /dasd^s/ 'rasped, chopped o f f
'scratched'
v s . sagsag /sagsag/
'trot'
b/m
babad /babaa/ 'thoroughly soaked i n l i q u i d ' v s . mamad /mamacL/
'softened
vs.
d/n
damdam /damdam/ ' f e e l i n g ' v s . namnam /namnam/ ' t a s t e , savor*
dikdik /dikdfk/
*pounded, p u l v e r i z e d ' v s s n i k n i k / n i k n f k /
'a species
of f l y '
dutdot / d u t d S t / 'poke w i t h the f i n g e r ' v s . nutnot /nutnSt/ 'rub
o f f , wear away by f r i c t i o n '
g/*}
gaga /gagiab./ ' v i o l a t i o n o f c h a s t i t y ' vs. nganga /ijanab./ 'open
:
(mouth)'
g a l g a l / g a l g a l / ' s t u p i d , d u l l ' vs. n g a l n g a l
1
/nalnal/
'loudcrying'
63
gasgas /gasga's/
'loud empty t a l k i n g
/nasnas/
/natnt/ 'gnaw'
/nutnot/
something'
m/n
mama /mama?/ 'any man, m i s t e r ' v s . nana /nana?/ 'pus'
mismis /mismis/ ' p a r t i c l e s of food l e f t a f t e r the meal' v s .
n i s n i s / n i s n i s / 'raveled'
n/n
naknak
/naknak/
'loud c r y i n g '
nana /nana?/ 'pus' v s . nganga /nna?/
nawnaw
/nawnaw/
'prepared buyo'
v s . ngawngaw
/niseis/
'giggle'
'continuous
trifle'
t/s
tabtab / t a b t a V
e a t i n g , as of a p i g '
64
taktak /taktSk/ "jerk and shake* vs. saksak /saksiSk/ *stab*
tadtad /tadtaa/ 'chopped, minced* vs. sadsad /sadsaa/ 'anchored,
;
grounded'
tagtag /tagtag/ 'unfastened' vs.- sagsag /sagsag/ ' t r o t '
tantan /tantan/ 'cease, cessation* vs. sansan /sansan/ 'repeatedly,
incessantly'
tangtang /tanta*}/ ' p u l l and jerk' vs. sangsang /sansaij/ 'strong odor'
1
/sas5g/
' s p l i t bamboo'
value'
t i b t i b / t i b t f b / "the end of sugar cane' vs. sibsib /sibsfb/ ' s e t t i n g
of the sun"
t i k t i k / t i k t f k / 'spy' vs.' s i k s i k / s i k s f k / 'crowded; insert i n t o '
t i g t i g / t i g t f g / ' j e r k i n g and shaking' vs.' s i g s i g / s i g s f g / "torch
made of s p l i t bamboo'
timtim /timtffm/ 'sufferance' vs.; simsim /simsfm/ ' t a s t e '
tingting / t i n t f n / 'midrib of palm leaves' vs.* singsing / s i n s f n /
'ring'
tuktok /tukt<5k/ 'pate; knock' vs. suksok /suksSk/ ' i n s e r t i n t o '
tungtong /tun,t<5n/ 'cover for pots' vs. sungsong /sunsSn/ ' s a i l
against the wind
tutog /tiStog/ 'snuff, e . g . , cigars' vs. susog /susog/ 'amendment'
s/h
sabsab /sabs&b/ 'voracious and noisy eating, as of a pig* vs.
habhab /habhab/ 'attack by a dog or p i g '
65
sadsad /sadsa'd/ 'anchored, grounded' vs. hadhad /hadhacl/ 'rub
1
vigorously'
sangsang
'peppery'
?/h
i n i n / ? l n ? f n / 'leave ( r i c e ) on t h e f i r e a f t e r i t has been
cooked'
vs.' h i n h i n / h i n h f n / 'modesty'
uirot /?ut?'3t/ 'keep or h o l d food i n the mouth without chewing
it'
n/1
naknak /naknak/ ' s w e l l i n g ' vs.' l a k l a k /lakla'k/ 'gulp'
1
'flickering
light'
nawnaw /nawnaw/ 'to take r o o t , as p l a n t s ' v s . lawlaw /lawlaw/
'dangling''
nugnog /nugnog/ 'nearness' vs. l u g l o g / l u g l o g /
:
'shake'
loosely'
w/y
kawkaw /kawkaw/ ' s t i r r i n g l i q u i d with the hand* v s . kaykay
/kaykay/ ' s c r a t c h i n g of c h i c k e n '
tawtaw /tawtaw/ 'touch the t i p , e.g., f i s h i n g r o d ' v s . t a y t a y
/ t a y t a y / *a bamboo plank o r b r i d g e '
wawa /wawa?/ 'mouth of a r i v e r ' v s . yaya /yaya?/
'invitation'
66
Double c o n t r a s t s a l s o occur i n Tagalog words of t h r e e or
more s y l l a b l e s , as i n the f o l l o w i n g examples:
halakhak
/halakhSk/
/halaghag/
} careless'saluksok
/saluksSk/
/salugs<5g/
'downpour of p e r s p i r a t i o n '
/palakpa*k/
'go through
salugsog
'search, i n v e s t i g a t e '
palakpak
/tagakt^k/
or a c r o s s '
pagatpat /pagatp^t/
' f l a p p i n g of wings'
t a l u k t o k /talukt<5k/ 'top, summit' vs.' saluksok
/saluksSk/
'uproot
grass w i t h a b l u n t instrument'
tagunton /tagunton/
'premonition';
taliktik /taliktfk/
'sonorous v o i c e ' v s . s a l i k s i k
/saliksfk/
'research'
t i b a t i b / t i b a " t i b / ' d i r t on the s k i n ' v s . s i b a s i b /sibsib/ 'rush
against
tigatig
violently'
/tigStig/
sigasig
67
tari tari
/taritari /
?
'different
'slanderous
gossip' vs. s a r i s a r i
/sarisari?/
kinds'
palapala /palapalah/
'platform;
improvised
c a n o p y fitom b r a n c h e s '
vs. h a l i n h i n / h a l i n h f n /
'replace, substitute*
h a l i n h i n / h a l i n h f n / ' r e p l a c e ' vs. h a l i n g h i n g / h a l i n h i n / 'neigh
of a
horse
kalaykay
'rake'
common i n T a g a l o g w o r d s
For i n s t a n c e , /b/
contrasts
initial
terchange
and
final
forming
final positions.
'blaze'.
sounds of the r e d u p l i c a t e d s y l l a b l e i n -
a contrast i n s y l l a b l e - i n i t i a l
and
syllable-
the
following;
bakbak / b a k b l k /
off
/sabsab/
'noisy
eating'
and
eating'
'roll,
v s . pakpak /pakpalt/
reel'
'wings'
v s . d i k d i k / d i k d i k / 'pounded,
pulverized'
kubkob
/kubk6b/
68
kudkod /kudkSd/
laklak / l a k l a V
ladlad /ladled/
spy on'
nisnis
/nisnis/
69
'wide open*
70
e
iwan /?fwan/ 'to l e a v e (someone)
or d e n i a l of something'
b i l a / b f l a h / ' s p l i t bamboo used as reenforcement * v s . b e l a
/be*lah/ ' s a i l of a boat'
bilo /bfloh/ 'ball, r o l l
( f l o u r or r i c e ) ' v s . b e l o /he'loh/
'veil'
/bentah/'sales'
/sflih/
'another
f a m i l y name'
t i l a /tjflah/
fabric
b i n i / b f n i h / 'modesty' v s . buni / b u n i h /
binyag / b i n y a g /
'herpes'
crooked'
'color'
71
h i l a / h f l a h / ' p u l l ' vs.i h u l a /hu*lah/ 'hula dance'
ika
/?ik5?/
ikit /?fkit/
ihaw /?ifhaw/
'rain'
v s . i l u k o t /luko"t/ 'crumpled'
ligas /ligas/
'a s p e c i e s of shrub*
v s . lugas / l u g a s / ' f a l l i n g o f f
ligaw /lfgaw/
'tears'
p i l a / p i l a h / 'chipped
/pulah/
'red'
pilas /pilas/
'hypogstftrium'
the l i m i t of a distance*'
siha /sfha?/ * s l i t
orange*
s i l o n g /s-flon/ 'the space below the house*: vs.* sulong /siSion/
'go ahead'
s i n o k /sino"k/ 'hiccough'
'surfeit'
72
tilis /tills/
'lye* vs. t u l i s / t u l f s /
'pointed'
'growth;
folded'
profit
' d r i n k , gulp'
'ball'
r e s e t a /res&tah/
vi
buling /billin/
'smut, smudge' v s . h o l i n g / b o l i n /
'bowling'
/b5tas/ 'boots'
kura
muna
73
The
(historically
The f o l l o w i n g i s a sample l i s t i n g
of these near-minimal c o n t r a s t s :
d/r
daga /dagah/ 'dagger ' vs. raha /rahah/
1
'frajah'f
'linemark'
'rival'
'lottery*!
d u l o / d t i l o h / ''end', vs.* r o l y o /r6*lyoh/ ' r o l l '
i/e
a r i n a /?ar;fnah/ ' f l o u r ' vs.' reyna /re*ynah/
'queen, muse*
bihon /bfhon/
'green*:
k l i m a /klfmah/
74
kundi /kundf?/ 'but, except' v s . konde /kondeh/ 'count'
g i r a y / g f r a y / 'swaying movement' v s . gera /gerah/ 'war'
h i b i / h f b i h / ' d r i e d shrimps' v s . hepe /hepeh/ ' c h i e f , boss'
hili
/hfli?/
lullaby'
'axle'
/li?ft/
'smallness' v s . l e e g / l e ? l g /
'rein'
'flashlight'
'neck'
'ticket'
native dish'
p i s t a /pistab./ ' f e a s t , h o l i d a y ' v s . p e s t e /pe'steh/ 'pest'
sila /silab/
silo /sflo?/
75
bubo /bilbo?/ ' c a s t , smelt' vs.' bobo /boboh/ ' s t u p i d , d u l l '
bukal /buka"!/ 'water s p r i n g ' vs.' l o k a l / l o k S l /
'local*
b u l a /bvilS9/ 'bubble* v s . b o l a / b o l a h / ' b a l l * buno /bun'<5?/ ' w r e s t l i n g ' vs.i bono /b5noh/ 'bond'
b u n t a l /buntl/
b u t l /bu*tih/ 'goodness'
buto /butob/
'bottle'
'copy'
1,
'quota'
'stupid'
'parrot'
(plate)'
76
mundo /mundoh/ 'world* vs.' modo /mo'doh/ 'manners'
p u l o t /pulo*t/ 'honey'* vs.- poot /po?<5t/ 'hate'
puri
/ptfirih/
putal
/putctl/
/tot1/
suno /suho?/
'tower'
' a r t e s i a n well*:
'total'
' l i v e w i t h a person o r f a m i l y ' vs.- sona /sohah/
zone*
suob /su?6b/
'fumigation'
'bomb'
tunay /tuhay/ ' r e a l , t r u e ' vs.* Tonang /tonan/ 'a woman's name'tupa /tiSpah/ 'sheep' v s . toga /to'gah/ 'cap and gown'
upa /?u*pah/
'opal'
'yes, s i r '
77
a t i s /?ttis/ a s p e c i e s of t r e e and i t s f r u i t *
f
ate /l&teh/
* elder sister*
atubill /?atubflih/
atole
atas
/?at6leh/
/?5tas/
'hesitance'
' f l o u r gruel*
'order, command'
b i k a s / b f k a s / 'posture,
built'
'tomorrow'
body*
body'
78
b i k o / b f k o h / 'a k i n d of r i c e
cake
swelling'
Bohol / b o h S l / 'Bohol
city'
bakol
/b5kol/
' l a r g e basket*
city'
'bullet'
b i l i h a n / b i l f h a n / 'to buy
from'
b e t o h i n / b e t o h i n / 'to v e t o '
butuhan /butuhah/
'skinny, bony'
botohan /botohah/
'election*
batuhan /batuhah/
'stony p l a c e '
79
b i l i n / b f l i n / 'order; a d v i c e b e f o r e l e a v i n g '
B e l en /bel'en/ 'a g i r l ' s name*
b u l i n g / b i S l i n / 'smut, smudge'
boling /bolin/
'bowling*
baling /balln/
'turn, i n c l i n a t i o n '
'a k i n d o f wine'
buti /btftih/
goodness'
bote
bottle'
/b5teh/
bati /batfh/
Bito
/bftoh/
stir,
beat'-
beto /bStoh/
veto'
bone;
boto /b'Stoh/
vote*'
bato /bat'<5h/
'stone;
seed*
kidney'
'Britain
1 ,
80
kilo
/kfloh/
kilo'
keso
/kesoh/
cheese*
kula /kulah/
bleach*
kola /k6lah/
g l u e , paste*;
k a l a /kUlah/
tortoise'
k i l o /kilo"?/
'crooked, curved
b e l o /b&Loh/
veil''
k u l o /kul<5?/
boiling'
k o l a /k 6*1 ah/
glue, paste'
k a l o /kale*?/
pulley'
k i n d i n g / k i n d f n / ' a f f e c t e d gait''
kendi / k e h d l h / 'candy'
kundi /kundif?/ 'but, e x c e p t
1,
'than'
'fort*
k o t a /ko*tah/ 'quota*
k a t a / k a t a h / 'we
(dual)
81
i h i / ? f h i ? / 'urine'
ehe
/?e*heh/ 'axle'
uha
oho
'chaff
'a s p e c i e s
of t r e e '
opal / ? o p a l /
apaw /?apaw/
'opal'
'overflowing'
i s a / ? i s a h / 'one'
ESSO /?e*soh/ 'ESSO gas'
usa /?usah/ 'deer'
oso /?6soh/ 'bear'
asa /?asah/ 'hope'
giray /gfray/
'stagger,
totter'
'teacher'
82
h i b i / b f b i h / ' d r i e d shrimps'
hepe /hepeh/ ' c h i e f , boss*
hupa /hupa"?/ 'appeasement, m i t i g a t i o n '
hopya /hopya"?/ 'a k i n d of Chinese bun'
habi /habih/
'weave*
h i l i k / h i l f k / * snore*
h e l e /he*leh/
'lullaby'
h u l i / h t f l i h / 'catch'
honda /hondah/ 'Honda b i k e '
halik /halfk/ 'kiss'
h i p o n /hfpon/ 'shrimp'
hepe /he*peh/ ' c h i e f , boss'
upong /fiSpon/ 'at the p o i n t of '
Opon /?6pon/ a town I n Cebu'i
hapon /hapon/
'afternoon'
l i b o /Ifboh/
'thousand'
leon /le?on/
'lion*
lubo
/lub5?/
turbidity'
l i k o t / l i k ' S t / 'movement'
l e g a l / l e g a l / 'lawful, l e g a l '
l u k o t /luk<5t/ 'crumpled'
l o k o /l6"koh/ 'crazy, f o o l '
l a k o /lko?/ 'goods b e i n g s o l d around'
83
liit
/li?ft/
'smallness,
littleness*
l e e g /le?g/ 'neck'
luoy /lu?6y/
'withered'
look / l o ? o V 'bay'
l a o n /la?6n/ ' o l d '
limot /ifmot/
'forget*
lente /lenteh/
'flashlight*
'raft'
L i n a / l f n a h / *a g i r l ' s name*
Nena /nenah/ *a g i r l ' s name'
Luna / l u n a h / 'a f a m i l y name'
La Loma / l a lomah/ 'La Loma Cemetery'
l a n a / l a n a h / 'wool'
Linda /lfndah/
'flashlight'
/ l u n t f ? / 'green'
lomo /lomoh/
'loin'
l a n t i k / l a n t f k / 'bend, curve'
8k
lira /ifrah/
'lyre
l e t r a /l&trah/
letter*
l u r a /lura^?/ 'sputum*
loro /loroh/
'parrot'
l u s a k / l t f s a k / 'mire, mud'
l o s a /l'osah/
'porcelain
lasa /lasah/
'taste'
litid /lftid/
(plate)'
'ligament'
/ l u n t f ? / 'green'
l o t e /l6*teh/
lot'
lati
marsh'
/l&ti?/
mina /mfnah/
mine'
Mena /mehah/
a woman's name'
muna /muhah/
beforehand'
Mona /mohah/
a g i r l ' s name'
mana /mahah/
inheritance'
nina /ninah/
of them, by them'
Nena /nehah/
a g i r l ' s name'
nuno /nuho?/
forefather'
85
n g i n g i / n f n i ? / 'the angle between f i n g e r s o r t o e s '
nene /nine?/
'little
girl'
/ p f l a s / ' t e a r , rend'
'escape'
posas /posas/
'manacle, handcuff*
pasas /pasas/
'raisin*
pilok / p i l o V
'twisted f o o t '
p e l u k a /peltfkah/ 'wig*
p u l o t /pul<5t/ 'honey'
poot /po?o*t/ 'hate, h a t r e d '
p a l o t / p a l o t / 'odor of u r i n e '
p i p i / p f p i h / 'mute, dumb'
Pepe /pepeh/ 'a boy's name'
p u r i / p i i r i h / ' p r a i s e ; honor'
pobre /p6*breh/ 'poor'
pare /pareh/
86
/p6sas/
pasas /pa*sas/
'manacle, h a n d c u f f
'raisin'
p i s o / p f s o h / 'peso'
pero /pe*roh/ 'but'
puro /ptfroh/ 'pure'
Poro
/ p i s t a h / 'feast, holiday*
peste / p e s t e h / 'pest'
p u s t a / p u s t a h / 'bet'
poste /p'6"steh/ 'post'
pasta /pastah/ ' f i l l i n g
sila /silah/
(dental)'
'they'
/sflih/
'pepper'
/solih/
Sally
/salih/
87
silya /silyab/
'chair
s e l y o /se*lyoh/ 'stamp'
sulyap /'sulyap/ ' s i d e g l a n c e '
sodyo /socLyoh/ 'sodium'
s a l y a / s a l y a h / 'throw away'
s i n a /slnSh/
'person marker ( p i . )
senso /sensoh/
'census'
suno /suno?/
' l i v e w i t h a person or f a m i l y
sona /s6*nah/
'zone'
sana /sanah/
' e x p r e s s i o n of d e s i r e or hope
t i l o s / t f l o s / 'pointed'
telon / t e l 6 n / 'curtain, screen'
tulong / t i l l 0 1 3 /
'help, aid'*
'waterfall'
'a d i s t r i c t i n M a n i l a '
88
tinis /tfnis/
' s h r i l l n e s s of v o i c e
tenis / t e n i s / 'tennis'
tunis / t u n i s /
'lard'
tune'
t a n g i s / t a r j i s / 'weep'
t i r a / t f r a h / 'go ahead and
act'
t e l a / t e l a h / ' f a b r i c , cloth
turo/ turo?/
'instruction'
toro /toroh/
'bull'
t a r o / t a r o h / 'chinese j a r '
Besides
The
f o l l o w i n g i s but a s h o r t sample
listing:
/d/ remains /d/, never / r / even i n i n t e r v o c a l i c p o s i t i o n
i n the f o l l o w i n g n a t i v e words:
/ d a k i f l a ? / 'great'; kadahilanan
kadakilaan
'greatness' < d a k i l a
'un/dalam-
t o touch'
experience
madalas
un-
learned*;
madama "to
'frequent,
89
o f t e n ' < d a l a s / d a l a s / 'frequency'; madaldal
'dark-
ness'; madulas 'slippery*; < d u l a s / d u l l s / * s l i p p e r i n e s s ' ; padabugdabog 'obeying i n a r e l u c t a n t or angry manner, accompanied by
stamping
a manner', etc.*
Always /e/ never / i / s
beses /be*ses/ 'number of times' ; keso /k&soh/ 'cheese', dwende
/dwendeh/ 'dwarf' , ebanghelyo
1
/?ebanhe*lyoh/
/?eherssyoh/ 'exercise' , e l e k t o r
1
/?emperad5r/ 'emperor',
girl',
/seme*streh/
'semester*,
s e s e n t a /sese*ntah/ ''seventy*, s i y e t e
90
Always /of
never /u/ :
'grandmother', l o l o /16"loh/
'ounce", opera
opo
'ovary', obispo
oregano /?or'^ganoh/
/?6rbit/
,!
orbit,
'hosanna',
/?6tsoh/
occurs i n a number of n a t i v e
Examples
l o o b /lo?6b/
as i n l e e g /le?e*g/ 'neck's
91
9.2
V a r i a t i o n and D i s t r i b u t i o n
distribution,
P o i n t s of c o n t r a s t i n the
The c l a s s i f l c a t o r y process a l s o i n v o l v e s
subsuming
For instance,
positions
In phonemic
t r a n s c r i p t i o n , the words g i v e n above would be w r i t t e n r e s p e c t i v e l y as /ktfboh/, /bund6*k/, and /bukb<5k/, and /palaka"?/, /kukoh/
and /pa*ko?/.i
I t i s d e r i v e d from
o.' c i t . , p.' 2 6
Every
92
phoneme has a t l e a s t one a l l o p h o n e and some have two or more.
similarities
D i s t r i b u t i o n r e f e r s t o the c o n d i t i o n under
the p o s i t i o n i n which
posi-
They a r e i n
contrastive d i s t r i b u t i o n L i n g u i s t s
consider a noncontrastive
93
Another example of
round-
occurs i n weakly s t r e s s e d s y l l a b l e s , as i n
round' .'
1
They a l t e r n a t e f r e e l y w i t h
i n a l l p o s i t i o n s , as
Such sounds a r e s a i d t o be i n
( f r e e a l t e r n a t i o n ) , and of n o n c o n t r a s t i v e r a t h e r
than complementary d i s t r i b u t i o n .
[ o ] and [:>] a r e s a i d t o be
without
I n o t h e r words, they a r e
resemblance
They
94
9.'2.1
A l l o p h o n i c A l t e r n a t i o n of Consonants
[ x ] has a v e l a r a r t i c u l a t i o n and i t i s
I t i s especially far
of them, as
as i n kagat
The a l l o -
speech
[pa'?i:t
'possible
'full,
lip-
under
95
T h i s allophone a l s o occurs i n
'chaperone', I n t s i k
There i s no v o i c e d allophone of / s / i n
positions
The / r / i n Tagalog has an allophone [ r ] which occurs i n a l l
freely
but i t v a r i e s
of the consonants
have a p a l a t a l i z e d
The a r t i c u l a t i o n of the s a i d
[pye:r]
[bya'nam]
[ba'tya:?]
[dya:s]
radyo
96
['rasdyoh] ' r a d i o ' , Miyerkules [*<mye:rkUtle:s] ''Wednesday* ,
may a-may a [* mya:'mya: ?] ' l a t e r on', kanya [kan'ya:h] ' h i s , h e r ' ,
;
[sll'ya:h]
,!
of a cat'<,
'cigarette ,
1
( a l l o p h o n e s ) , the d i s t r i -
and i n c o n v e n t i o n a l orthog-
Variation
Distribution
Example
/P/
[P]
Everywhere
/b/
[b]
Everywhere
/t/
[t]
Everywhere
/patpSt/
'wing'
split'
/d/
[d]
Everywhere
/daldaU/ [ d a l ' d a r l ]
daldal
'talk-
ativeness *
A/
[k]
Everywhere
. .
except be- /manko*k/ [man'k6:k] mangkok 'bowl'
tween vowels
[x]
Between
vowels
....
/?abakah/ [?aba'xa:h] abaka ''Manila
hemp*
/g/
"
/?/
[g]
Everywhere
"stupid'
[?.]
Everywhere
'child'!
[0]
In free variation
with [ ? ] i n p r e - /pa?aUam/ (_pa'?a:lam]|'-w'pa'a:lam) *
vocalic position
paalam
'goodbye*'
'
"alternates,
97
/m/
[m]
Everywhere
/n/
[n]
Everywhere
A)/
D}]
Everywhere
/ n i s n f s / [ n l s ' n i : s ] ngisngis
/s/
[s]
Everywhere
[|]
Before / y /
/syempreh/ [*sye:mpreh] siyempre 'of
and i n c l u s t e r
with / t /
course'
''giggle'
l;
/tsine'las/ [t|I'ne:las] t s i n e l a s
''slippers'
/h/
[h]
Everywhere
/!/
[ l ] Everywhere
/r/
[r]
Everywhere / r f t o h / [ * r i : t o h ] r i t o
[R]
In free variation
w i t h [ r ] under /prenoh/ ['pRe:noh] Prenojj 'Brakeii'.
emphatic c o n d i t i o n s
/w/
[w]
Everywhere
/y/
[y]l Everywhere
9.'2;'2
Tagalog / i /
/ h f h i p / [hi:hlp] h i h i p
'blow'
/ l a l i m / [ ' l a : l l m ] l a l i m 'depth'
'here'
A l l o p h o n i c A l t e r n a t i o n of Vowels
has three a l l o p h o n e s : [ i j [ F j [ l ] s
The h i g h -
(the l a s t s y l l a b l e , , b e f o r e a j u n c t u r e ) , e.'gs,
['ni:nonJ
'godfather', t a l i n o
[ta'li:noh]
The s l i g h t l y lowered-high-front-tense-unrounded
[marU'ml^sh]
[bI'lI :h]
'buy ,
r
98
uwi
The l o w e r - h i g h - f r o n t - l a x -
e;g.%
b a k i t [ba:klt]
Occasion-
a l l y , [ i ] and [ i ^ a l t e r n a t e f r e e l y i n c e r t a i n p o s i t i o n s .
The
t h r e e a l l o p h o n e s are i n completely n o n c o n t r a s t i v e d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
p a r t i a l l y i n complementary d i s t r i b u t i o n and p a r t i a l l y i n f r e e
variation.!
S i m i l a r l y , /u/ has t h r e e a l l o p h o n e s :
high-back-tense-rounded
[uj"[U*]"[u3.'
The
['bu:tlh3
The s l i g h t l y
lowered-high-back-
s y l l a b l e , e.g.,
The lower-high-back-lax-rounded
[krU*:s]
etc
[e]
a l t e r n a t i n g f r e e l y w i t h the higher-mid-front-tense-unrounded
and
99
words l i k e aywan [?e*y*wa:n] 'expression of n e g a t i o n ' , mayroon
[me*yro?o:n] 'there i s , a r e ' , kaysa [ke*y'sa:h]
'than', k a i l a n
,,
and s l i g h t l y r a i s e d
[o*]
[o].' The v a r i a t i o n i s e n t i r e -
Low-central-tense-unrounded
[ a ] occurs under s t r e s s .
v a r i a n t s of / a / :
p a a r a l a n ['pa?ara'la:n]
'school', l a l a k i
'hope , d i n a d a l a
1
ipadala
S t r e s s e d vowels
N a s a l i t y i s e n t i r e l y c o n d i t i o n e d by the presence
Nasalization i s
100
i n y o n g [ ? I n f y o : r j ] 'your p l u s
today', ngipin
("'nil's p i n 1
'teeth',
a t t r i b u t i v e m a r k e r 'ng*:, a n d t h e
like.'
Phoneme
A/
Variation
[ i ]
[i*]'
Distribution
Example
Under s t r e s s except
/balita?/ [ba'li:ta?]
in a prejunctural
syllable
balita
'news'
Under s t r e s s i n a
/gabfh/ [ga'bl*sh]
prejunctural syllable
gabi 'night '
1
[i]
U n d e r weak s t r e s s
/ g a b i h / [''gasblh]
)i
/e/
[e]
Everywhere except
before /y/
' yam'
pe*sa?/ [_'pe:sa?] p e s a
'a k i n d o f n a t i v e
[e*]
/eywan/
dish*!
[? *y wa:n]
,
of
negation
/u/
[_u]
[U*]
Under s t r e s s e x c e p t
in a prejunctural
syllable
Under s t r e s s i n a
/baltft/ [bu'lU*st]
prejunctural syllable
balut
'duck's egg'
[U]
U n d e r weak s t r e s s
/ b u k a s / [ b U ' k a s s ] bukas
'open'
/o/
[o]
[o*]
Co]
Everywhere
101
/a/
[a]
Everywhere under
strong stress
/lalSkad/ [ila:'la:kad]
lalakad
[a ]
Under weak s t r e s s
v a r i e s f r e e l y with
[>] i n c e r t a i n
positions
' w i l l walk*
/kinagalitan/
w [klma:g,?'li:tan]
'was
scolded'
9.2.3
!
A l t e r n a t i o n of Diphthongs
/oy/
alternates
['ba:bui]
fc
pig',
Diph-
between / a /
102
9.2,k
F o r e i g n Sounds
V
The
f o l l o w i n g f o r e i g n sounds /
occur
Bonifacio, Brofas,
Bofill,
Ceferina, Ceferino, D e l f i n , E p i -
Fallurina,
Fausto, Fe,
Federico, F e l i c i t a s , F e l i c i s i m a , F e l i c i s i m o , F e l i p e , F e l i s a ,
F e l i x , Felwa, F e r d i n a n d , F e r i a , Fermin, Fernandez, F e r o l i n o ,
F e r r e r , F i d e l , F i e l , F i g u r a c i o n , Filemon, F i r m a l i n o ,
F l o r , F l o r a , F l o r d e l i z a , Florenda,
F l o r i t a , F l o r o , F l o r y , Fonacier,
Fortunata,
Fortunato,
Florendo,
Flerida,
Flores, Floresca,
F o n d a v i l l a , Fordham, F o r n i e r ,
Rufino,
etci
Place-names w i t h / f / :
Cape San I l d e f o n s o , F a c t o t i a , F a i r e , D i f f u n , L a F o r tuna, L e f a Pt.', San A l f o n s o , San F e l i p e , San Fernando, Punta
*The examples a r e mostly names o f F i l i p i n o government o f f i c i a l s l i s t e d i n the 1966 O f f i c i a l Program of the P h i l i p p i n e
Independence C e l e b r a t i o n and some were taken from the d i r e c t o r y
of the F i l i p i n o A s s o c i a t i o n i n B r i t i s h Columbia, f u r n i s h e d by
the P h i l i p p i n e Consulate i n B.-'Cu' Place-names were taken from
a map o f the P h i l i p p i n e s . *
103
F l e c h a , San
F r a n c i s c o , San I l d e f o n s o , San R a f a e l ,
Names w i t h
etc
/v/:
Buenviaje,
Bienvenido,
Casanova, C l a r a v a l l , C l a -
Elvi,
Elvis,
Jover, J o v i , J o v i t a , J o v i t o , L e v e r i z a ,
L e v i , L e v i s t e , L o v i n a , Malvar, Monteverde, M i r a v a l l e s , N a v a l ,
Nieva, Nieves, O l i v a , O l i v e r , O l i v i a , P r i m i t i v a , P r i m i t i v o ,
P r o v i d e n c i o , R e v i l l a , S a l v a , Salvador,
vosa, S e v e r i n o ,
Salvacion, Salvio, S a l -
Valenzuela,
Valdezco, V a l e n c i a ,
Velasco,
Villa,
Villaluz.Villa-
Vil-
l a s , V i l l a s a n , V i l l a s i s , V i l l e g a s , V i l l e n a , Vilumiin, Vinzons,
V i o l a , Viray, V i r g i l i o , V i r g i n i a , V i r o l a , Vivas, Vivencio,
V i v e s , Yuvienco,
Vivero,
etc
Place-names with
/v/:
A l a v a Is. , A l t a v a s , A r e v a l o , Avenida R i z a l , A v i l e s ,
!
Buevavista,
C a l v e r , Can-avid, C a v i t e , C l a v e r i a , Cervantes,
104
Cordova,
D a v i l a , D i v i l a c a n Bay, D i v i s o r i a , D i v i u s a P t . , I v i s a n ,
T a l a v e r a , V a l l a d o l i d , Vallehermosa, V a l l e y Cove, V e l t i s e z a r ,
Verde Is.,Passage, V i g a , V i g a n , V i g o , V i l l a f l o r ,
Villareal,
V i l l a s i s , V i l l a v e r t , V e l l a v i c i o s a , V i n t a r , V i r a c , Virgoneza,
V i r i a t o , V i s i t a , etc.
( C a t t y ) , Kathleen ( K a t t y ) , Dorothy
( T u r i n g ) , Meredith
(Turing),
(Dotty),
( B e t t y ) , E t h e l ( E t e l ) , McArthur
( D i t a ) , Thelma ( T e l , Telma),
Theodocia
105
i
Names w i t h / s / :
A n a s t a c i a , Asuncion, B o n i f a c i o , Concepcion,
Consola-
c i o n , C o n s t a n c i a , C r e s c e n c i a , C r e s c e n c i o , F r a n c i a , Encarnacion,
E s t a c i o , J o v e n c i o , L u c i a , Marsha, M a r c i a l , P a c e n c i a , P a l a c i o ,
Pascacio, Pasion, P a t r i c i a , P a t r i c i o , Presentacion, Prudencia,
Prudencio, R e s u r e c c i o n , S a l v a c i o n , Shea, Sheik, S h i r l e y , S h i r l i t a , Venancia, Venancio,
Visitacion, etcs
Names w i t h / z / :
A b l a z a , A b o i t i z , A l a z a r , Almanzor, A l t a v a z , Alvanez,
A l v a r e z , A r q u i z a , Areza, Alzona, Arzadon, Asurez, Azares, Azcona,
Aznar, Azucena, B a i z a s , B a l l o z o s , B a l t a z a r , Banzon, Bauza, Beat r i z , B e n i t e z , Benzon, Bermudez, Calaboza, Ceniza, Corazon, Cortez,
E l i z a , E l i z a l d e , E n r l q u e z , Esperanza,
zon, Gianzon,
Gonzalo,
Zubiri,
106
Place-names w i t h / z / :
Azagra, A z p i t i a , Barbaza, C a p i z , Gonzales, Jimenez, L a
Paz, Lezo, Lopez Bay, Luzon, Manreza, Pan de Azucar Is.-, Pozor r u b i o , R i z a l , Sanchez E r a , San L a z a r o , Sta." Cruz, Sta.> Inez,
Tanza, Tenzas, Zambales, Zamboanga, Zamboanguita, Zaragoza,
Zarraga, Zimigul, Zitanga, e t c
These borrowed sounds, i n g e n e r a l , a r e so r e p r e s e n t e d i n
f a c t i n the p r o n u n c i a t i o n of most educated F i l i p i n o s . '
A great
Some i l l i t e r a t e
F i l i p i n o parents, f o r
o r San F e l i p e , r e s p e c t i v e l y . ;
Navotas,
certain loan
Perhaps /&/ i s
107
10;3
Phonotactics
section.*
of
phonemes, r e f e r r e d t o as "phonotactics;'"
t a c t i c s , according to H i l l ,
It is
d i s t r i b u t i o n a l c r i t e r i a i n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , p h o n o t a c t i c s i s an
e x t e n s i o n of phonemics.
10 ;1
I n Tagalog,
The S y l l a b l e S t r u c t u r e
the number of v o c o i d sounds i n any u t t e r a n c e i s
the f o l l o w i n g words:*
speakers
For instance,
speaker
e a s i l y r e c o g n i z e s the number o f
H i l l , A r c h i b a l d ; I n t r o d u c t i o n t o L i n g u i s t i c Structures,-
(New York: H a r c o u r t , Brace and Company, 1958/, p.- 68.' He i s i n debted t o an unpublished l e c t u r e by Robert P.' S t o c k w e l l d e l i v e r e d
b e f o r e the L i n g u i s t i c I n s t i t u t e h e l d a t the Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y
I n s t i t u t e of Languages and L i n g u i s t i c s i n 1954..
1
* S y l l a b l e - d i v i s i o n i s r e p r e s e n t e d by a p e r i o d (.') on the
l i n e w i t h i n a word.i
108
syllables
i n each words
between sounds.'
The s y l l a b l e - d i v i s i o n
falls
clearly
As s a i d e a r l i e r , the sound a r t i c u l a t e d
with
On the b a s i s of t h i s c o r r e l a t i o n
defined
certain
no c o n t o i d f o l l o w i n g i n the same s y l l a b l e i s r e f e r r e d t o as an
open s y l l a b l e , esgs , the f i r s t s y l l a b l e of b a t a / b S t a ? /
1
'child";
and "checked"
syllables,
varieties
of mid-range vocoids S
The s y l l a b l e s t r u c t u r e i s here s t a t e d i n terms of the
permissible
syllables
combinations
(C) i n the
I t i s assumed t h a t the b a s i c
(CV), e.gs,
consonant-vowel-
/mukha?/ 'iface'ril
(CV);!
(V), (VC)
structure
or a
syllables;!
Tagalog words w r i t t e n w i t h
Tagalog words s p e l l e d
with a
109
/ ? / and / h / a r e c o n t r a s t i v e
examples
illustrate
point:
1. as
'The c h i l d i s b e a u t i f u l . '
the
lung)
you
the
ember)
Consonant C l u s t e r s
(CC)
i n terms of
of a vowel a r e r e f e r r e d t o as
The c l u s t e r i n g h a b i t s
of Tagalog phonemes
110
are almost a l t o g e t h e r the c l u s t e r i n g of consonants alone,
Tagalog vowels do not
cluster.-
That i s , no
two
vowels occur w i t h -
Historically,
there
syllable
or
consonants only..'
the
freely i n a l l positions.
are r a r e
since
The
only r e s t r i c t i o n i s t h a t c l u s t e r s
finally.'
10.2.GL
Prevocalic Clusters
P r e v o c a l i c consonant c l u s t e r s (CC-)
can be summarized i n a
s e r i e s of formulas:*
Let
C
C
1.
2.
The
Consonant
lC
the f i r s t and
C"! = t
if
r
C
second C
= s
= P
if
3-
Ci = P
k.
Ci =
any C except ?
clusters described
C
g
= 1
if
if
follow-
i n g examples:
1.
tsa /tsah/
'tea'
t s a t s a / t s ^ t s a h / 'cha-cha dance'
* T h i s i n v e s t i g a t o r i s i n d e b t e d to an unpublished l e c t u r e
g i v e n by Dr.' Ernesto C o n s t a n t i n o of the Department of L i n g u i s t i c s
and O r i e n t a l Languages, i n 1965
at the U n i v e r s i t y of the
Philippines.
Ill
t s a l e k o /tsale*koh/ 'a k i n d of garment
t s a l e t / t s a l & t / 'chalet'
tsamba / t s a m b a V
tsek / t s e k /
'good l u c k ; guess'
'check'
'slippers'
'pickles'
'crop'
k o t s e /ko'tseh/ 'car'
kutsero
lantsa /lants^h/
'launch'
p l a n t s a /plantsah./
'flatiron'
m i t s a /mitsah./ 'wick'
p l a k a / p l S k a h / 'phonograph d i s k '
p l a k e /plake*h/ 'plaque'
p l a n e t a /plane'tah/
'planet'
'plant^ works'
'plaza'
/plasta*doh/
'fallen
'silver'
flat'
112
plema /pieman/ 'phlegm'
p l e t e /pl&teh/
'fare*
plorera /plorerah/
pluma /plilmah/
blangket
'flowervase'
'pen'
/blanket/ 'blanket'
'block'
b l u s a /blu*sah/
"blouse"
klase /klaseh/
'class*
klabe /klaoeh/
' c l a v i c h o r d ; key'
k l a r o / k l l i r o h / 'white of an
egg'
'complaint'
"glove'
globo /gl'6boh/
"globe"
p r a n e l a /prane*lah/
Pranses /pranses/
'flannel'
'French'
113
prasko /praskob./
'flask
'prisoner'
presyo /pre"syoh/
'price'
/primeroh/
'privilege'
'first'
prinsipal /prinsipal/
'principal'
p r i t a d a / p r i t a a b h / *a k i n d of d i s h '
p r o b i n s i y a /probinsyab/ 'province'
programa /progrSmah/ 'program'
propaganda /propagandah/ 'propaganda'
propesor / p r o p e s o r / ' p r o f e s s o r '
p r o p e t a /prope*tah/ 'prophet'
protesta /protlstah/
'protest'
'fruit'
'brassiere'
bras / b r a s / 'brush'
braket /bra"ket/ 'bracket'
Bretanya /bretanyah/
'Britain'
114
b r i g a & a /brig&dah/ 'brigade'
brigadyer /brigadyer/
'brigadier'
brilyante /brilyahteh/
'diamond'
'bronchitis'
brush'
'pound'
l i b r e /llbr'eh/ 'free'
l i b r o / l l b r o h / 'book'
trak /trak/
'truck*
/transaksiyon/
trangka / t r a n k a h / 'door
'transaction*
fastener'
'treatment'
'train'
trenta /trehtah/
tres / t r e s /
'thirty'
"three*
t r e s e /tre*seh/
'thirteen'
t r i p u l a n t e / t r i p u l a h t e h / 'crewman'
115
trombon /trombon/ 'trombone'
trono /tr<5noh/ 'throne'
tropeo / t r o p e o h / 'trophy'
trapik /trapik/
'traffic'
a t r a s / ? a t r 5 s / 'backward movement'
atraso /?atrasoh/
'tardiness'
'contractor'
l e t r a /le*trah/ ' l e t t e r ,
print'
'dragon'
'drill,
exercise '
116
kriminal /kriminal/
'criminal'
k r i s i s / k r f s i s/ ' c r i s i s'
kristal /kristal/
Kristo /krfston/
'crystal'
'Christ"
kritika /krftikah/
'critic'
k r o s i n g /krtSsin/ ' c r o s s i n g *
krudo /kru*doh/ 'crude
oil*
1,
'gravel'
grado /gr'aaoh/
'grade'
'cablegram'
buwal /bwal/
'fallen,
uprooted'
117
'bad l u c k *
'wlture'
'viaticum'
/byendh/
'parent-in-law'
'girlfriend,
sweetheart'
'stable'
'owl'
'quarantine'
season'
118
'quarter'
'collar
1 ,
' s t r i n g of m u s i c a l instruments
'discount'
'a s p e c i e s of p l a n t '
'coward'
dwarf
119
d i y a n /dyan/
'there
d i y a r y o /dyaryoh/ 'newspaper'
d i y a s /dyas/ 'musical j a z z '
d i y e s /dyes/ ' t e n '
d i y e t a /dye*tah/ ' d i e t ; d a i l y allowance'
d i y o s /dyo's/ 'god'
d i y o s a /dyosah/
'goddess'
'rib*
gloves'
(female)'
'handsome, good-looking'
129
'clay'
l u w a l / l w a l / 'out; o u t s i d e '
luwalhatl /lwalh^ti?/
'glory'
'dizziness'
knowledge'
axle'
121
her; by him/er'
name'
(lips)'
of a c a t '
'force'
'anus'
122
piece'
roll'
a g i r l s name'
1
'there'
rosaryo /rosaryoh/
'rosary'
'good l u c k '
sprout'
groundfloor
she'
course'
'seven'
s i y o k /syok/ 'cry o f a f r i g h t e n e d
chicken'
123
s i y o k t o n g /syoktorj/ 'a k i n d of Chinese wine*
grasya /grasyah/
'grace
d i s g r a s y a / d i s g r a s y a h / 'accident*
d i b o r s i y o /dib6*rsyoh/ ' d i v o r c e '
demokrasya /demokrasyah/
'democracy'
'reason'
'aunt'
t i y o / t y o h / 'uncle'
t i y a k / t y a k / ' c e r t a i n , sure'
t i y a g a /tyag'a,?/ ' d i l i g e n c e '
t i y a n / t y a n / 'stomach'
tiyani /tyahi?/
'tweezers'
tiyempo /tye"mpoh/
'time; t i m i n g '
'bother*
and / C i y / r e s p e c t i v e l y
( c f . Morphophonemics).
;
with
124
10.2.2
Tagalog
I n t e r v o c a l i c C l u s t e r s (-CC-)
c l u s t e r s occur m e d i a l l y i n u t t e r a n c e , t h a t i s ,
whether w i t h i n words or
I n t e r v o c a l i c c l u s t e r s are medial
c l u s t e r s which
s i n g l e consonant.'
The
per-
s i t u a t i o n can be sym-
The l e x i c a l frequency
'run
of t h i s
an i n t e r n a l open j u n c t u r e b r e a k i n g i t i n t o f i n a l
and i n i t i a l
c l u s t e r s as /-VC
d i s p l a y ' , or /-VCC
+ CCV-/
+ CCV-/
consonant
i n loanword d i s p l e y / d i s p l a y /
i n ekstra
/Skstrah/
'extra'.
Since
clusters.'
A sample l i s t i n g of c l u s t e r s o c c u r r i n g across s y l l a b l e or
morpheme boundaries
i s g i v e n below:
'doctor'
ka /??akyt kah/
b a b a l i k s i y a /b&balfk/
k a i n na / k a ? i n nab/
suweldo
/sweUdoh/
'you w i l l
climb'
'eat
'salary*
now'
125
'once more
/pantaloh/
/?aklaV
'ran'
'pant^'
'book'
t i k t i k / t i k t f k / 'spy',
tindahan
/tindaban/
paligsahan
'store'
/paligsaban/
'contest'
protestante /protestanteh/
'protestant'
'music*
dalamhati /dalamh^ti?/
* sorrow, a f f l i c t i o n '
k o n g r e s i s t a /kongresifstah/ 'congressman*
saliksik /saliksfk/
'research'
/representanteh/
'representative'
l u n i n g n i n g /luninrisfn/
'brilliance'
* goodbye, s i r *
10.'2.-'3
P r e j u n c t u r a l Consonant C l u s t e r s
(-CC)
consonants only/-
such as teks
they
final
/teks/
126
'pleat', i s t l t s
/?istfts/
'speech', p l i t s
'stitch', tidbits
'tidbits', t s e s t e r f i l d / t s e s t e r f f l d / 'Chesterfield
/tidb&ts/
cigarette',
m e
c e r t a i n phonemes i n
o l d e r people's supposed
Tagalog.
system
clusters,
pirito
or / e /
b e f o r e loanwords b e g i n n i n g w i t h / s / p l u s consonant, as i n
Tagalog i s k u l / ? i s l n l l / , i s p o r t / ? i s p 5 r t / , istambay
/?istambay/,
127
p r o t h e t i c vowel o c c u r r i n g b e f o r e / s / f o l l o w e d by a
consonant,
/?istasy6h/,
i s k a n d a l o /?iskandal'6h/ and i s k i n a
'special' ,
'street',
respectively.
10.3
Vowel
Frequency
There a r e as many
s y l l a b l e s as t h e r e a r e vocoids i n an utterance.'
The f o l l o w i n g
Ang P u l i t i k a ( P o l i t i c s ) , Ang
Pilipina
samplings
combined g i v e a t o t a l of 123^ s y l l a b l e s .
688
samplings
s y l l a b l e s w i t h / a / , 277 with / i / ,
The three
There a r e
17
. . . . . . . . . . .
'See Beginning Tagalog:
A Course f o r Speakers of E n g l i s h
(Berkeley and Los Angeles:
U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , I965,
pp. 208, 173 and 228, r e s p e c t i v e l y . )
128
of Occurrence
. a .
688
55 M
277
22.h% . . . .
. ,o
153
12.4$ .
M.7%
58
. . -U. .
e .
58
- -M-.i7.fo
coming
Tagalog.11.
Morphophonemic
Alternations
Tagalog a l s o e x h i b i t s a number of a l t e r n a t i o n s of
phonemes w i t h i n morphemes.
These a l t e r n a t i o n s of phonemes w i t h i n
L i n g u i s t s c a l l t h i s f i e l d o f a n a l y s i s morpho-
129
1 ft
a l t e r n a t e , phonemic shapes t h a t morphemes have i n a language.
A d e t a i l e d study of the morphophonemics of Tagalog i s beyond the l i m i t s of t h i s t h e s i s .
Such an a n a l y s i s
orthography.'
These
five-vowel
(FIg.13),
where / i /
However,
Since
there
allophonic.
n a t i ons:
/!/ a l t e r n a t e s with / e / i n a p r e - J u n e t u r a l
as i n babae /bab?eh/
syllable,
/baba*?ih/ 'female', l a l a k i / l a l a l c i h / -
R. S t o c k w e l l , A C o n t r a s t i v e A n a l y s i s of Tagalog and E n g l i s h
(Los AngelesJ
U n i v e r s i t y of C a l i f o r n i a P r e s s , 1958, p. B-4.*
Mimeo.) Heogives e x c e l l e n t examples of morphophonemic a l t e r n a t i o n s
on p. B-35.
130
/lala*keh/ 'male , s a k i t / s a k i t / ** /sake*t/ 'sickness*; / u /
1
a l t e r n a t e s w i t h /o/ i n a p r e j u n c t u r a l s y l l a b l e , as i n b a l u t
/balrtt/ -
/bal6*t/
/buk6d/
**
/buktfd/
/tiySk/
/tyak/
/meyr6"?n/ /meVon/
/keylagan/
'necessary'.'
Some of these a l t e r n a t i o n s a r e
occurs b e f o r e
/p
b/
/n/
occurs b e f o r e
/d
/n/
occurs b e f o r e
/k
w/
y/
131
T h i s phenomenon of sound change i s o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o as
a s s i m i l a t i o n , i . e s , a p h o n e t i c process whereby two phonemes
a c q u i r e common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
I t i s a r e g r e s s i v e or r e t r o -
t h i s phenomenon)
/pang- m pan-
~ pam-/
'fifty'
'one
i n a f f i x pang-
' p e r t a i n i n g t o , f o r * p l u s a noun, as i n
'the', as i n ang b a t a
P r o n u n c i a t i o n s are sometimes
above examples.-
I n normal
speech, a s s i m i l a t i o n s a c r o s s word
or may
not take
132
and ako* r i n ay
The a l t e r n a t i o n ,
never / r / even i n i n t e r v o c a l i c p o s i t i o n
of the a l t e r n a t i o n s
As a
(Cf. p. 88 ).
Some
are d i a l e c t a l a l t e r n a t i o n s
as i n the case
'seduce'.
A l t e r n a t i o n between / r / and / l /
o r / d / and / l /
seems t o
among the l e s s p r i v i l e g e d .
Examples
kuwarta
/lugal/
'place',
'sputum'.
/ d i n i g / 'hear', t i n i g / t f n i g / * / t i n i g /
between / n / and / l / ,
fruit',
- /lin.aga?/
*Metathesis.
alternation
nilagaVnil^ga?/
/niltfgaw/
'voice';
' b o i l e d i n water' ,
1
nilugaw*
a l t e r n a t i o n between /k/
/baksaV
'fall;;failure'
133
lagpak /lagp'Sk/
/lakpSk/ ' f a l l ;
/ t i k d a s / 'measles';
f a i l e d ' , t i g d a s /tigda's/ *
' n a t i o n * , a r i n a /?ar3*nah/ / h a r f n a h /
'flour', u l i n i g /?ulihig/
Some a l t e r n a t i o n s a r e s t y l i s t i c a l t e r n a t i o n s .
n a t i o n between /p/ and ft/
i s a case i n p o i n t .
The a l t e r -
Some educated
T h i s type of a l t e r n a t i o n i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n
c e r t a i n words such as p i y e s t a / p i y e s t a h /
h o l i d a y ' , p i n o /pfnoh/ > / f f n o h /
/prtftas/
etc.;
/ f i y e s t a h / 'feast,
'skirt' ,
Examples
probinsiya
bakasyon /bakasyoh/
/vakasyoh/
'vacation' , e t c .
134
12.-J Suprasegmental Features
The study of p r o s o d i c f e a t u r e s i n modern l i n g u i s t i c s i s
s t i l l i n i t s i n f a n c y , or a t any r a t e e a r l y
adolescence,compared
juncture,
They are
There seem t o be
two
One
it.
some i n d i c a t i o n s as t o how
they may
be s o l v e d could be
mentioned
here.
I n Tagalog, there i s a r a t h e r complex
system of w r i t t e n or
p r i n t e d a c c e n t u a t i o n recommended by the I n s t i t u t e of N a t i o n a l
Language and taught i n the s c h o o l s .
The o f f i c i a l
"Grammar of
1-35
namely: the acute accent ( *< ) p l a c e d i n any p o s i t i o n above
the vowel as i n p ^ a r a l a h /pcC?aralah/ ' s c h o o l , the grave
1
o f accent phenomena, i t i s t r a d i t i o n a l
of h a b i t s
language.
I n t h i s study, s t r e s s was p r e f e r r e d t o a c c e n t . t o r e f e r t o
the phonemically s i g n i f i c a n t f o r c e or loudness g i v e n a vowel
or s y l l a b l e .
o b j e c t of debate among s c h o l a r s .
F o r i n d i v i d u a l words i n Tagalog,
t h i s i n v e s t i g a t o r s e t up three l e v e l s of s t r e s s : the s t r o n g e s t
s t r e s s was c a l l e d primary and i n phonemic t r a n s c r i p t i o n i t was
marked by the acute accent /*/, w r i t t e n over the vowel phoneme
forming the nucleus o f the s t r e s s e d s y l l a b l e ;
the next s t r o n g e s t
136
o p t i o n a l l y , be i n d i c a t e d by / ""V.
I n a Tagalog word of more than one
s y l l a b l e , at l e a s t
one
The
three c l e a r l y d i f f e r e n t p h o n e t i c l e v e l s of s t r e s s
a l l be observed
six-syllable
i n a normal p r o n u n c i a t i o n of the f o l l o w i n g
sentence:
now.'
'help.
'helpful'
one
another'
makipagtulungan /makipagtulurjan/
'to
pinakamatulungin /pinakamatulurjfn/
cooperate'
'most h e l p f u l '
even tone.
contrast.
occurrence
i s unpredictable.
be
The
rules.
I t i s p o s s i b l e to change the
f o l l o w i n g sentences
only by
c o n t a i n a p a i r of words d i f f e r e n t i a t e d
stress:
1.
137
'Is
2.
ember d i f f e r e n t f r o m a b s c e s s
,Kakanin
and
lungs?'
n g k a s a m a n g k a s a m a ang k a k a n i n s a mesa,
/ k a k a n i n nan
sah
me*sah/
(will
eat-noun
marker-companion-of-the-tenant-the
goodi es-on-table)
'The
companion of the t e n a n t w i l l
on t h e
3
eat the
goodies
table.'
B a t a n g b a t a ang
/batah nan
ginaw k a h i t walang b a t a .
(bear-by-child-the-cold-even-without-bathrobe)
'The
child
c o u l d s t a n d the c o l d even w i t h o u t
bathrobe'.
4.
I s a l a m a n g ang
/ ? i s a h laman, Ian.
lamang n i y a sa a k i n .
lamarj. n i y a h s a h
?kin/
(one-only-the-advantage-him-over-me)
'He
5.
has
o n l y one
L a l a k i ang
/lal^kih
In
it
advantage over
aso.
Lalaki
?an ?&soh/
/lalakfh
( m a l e - t h e - dog)
(will
'The
'The
dog
i s male.'
me.'
ang
?an
aso.
?as5h/
grow b i g - t h e - s m o k e )
smoke w i l l
grow b i g . '
i s a d i s t i n c t i v e phenomenon t i e d i n w i t h m e a n i n g .
There i s
a c o n s i d e r a b l e number o f s u b s t a n t i v e s w h i c h a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d
o n l y by s t r e s s .
For
example:
and
'child'
'skin'
138
hamon /hamon/ 'challenge* vs. hamon
1
/ham6n/
'ham'
'chignon'
A word may
following
minimal p a i r s a r e d i f f e r e n t i a t e d only by s t r e s s
emphasis.
A.'
a h i t / ? a b i t / 'shave' v s . a h i t / ? a h f t /
kalat /kalat/
'shaved'
'scattered'
' e a s i l y broken'
b i r u i n / b i n l ? i n / 'to tease' v s . b i r u i n / b i r u ? f n /
'always b e i n g
teased'
t a l u n i n / t a l t l n i n / 'to d e f e a t ' v s . t a l u n i n
/talunfn/
.'easily d e f e a t e d '
u t a n g i n /?uta^nin/ 'to get on c r e d i t ' v s . u t a n g i n
/?utanfn/
'taken
on c r e d i t '
G.
antukin /?antukfn/
'to f e e l s l e e p y ' v s . a n t u k i n
/?antifkin/ 'habitually
sleepy'
139
h i r a m l n / h i r a m f n / 'to borrow
borrowed'
s i p u n l n / s i p u n l n / 'to c a t c h c o l d * v s . s i p u n l n
/ s i p u n l n / ' s u s c e p t i b l e t o cold':
t a n g g a l i n / t a r j g a l f n / 'to detach' vs.' t a n g g a l i n
/ t a f y g a l i n / 'detachable'
yamutin /yamutin/
The f o l l o w i n g a r e examples:
buhay /btfhay/ ' l i f e ' , v s . buhay / b u h a y / / ' a l i v e , l i v i n g '
galit /galit/
'anger' vs. g a l i t / g a l f t /
1
'angry'
'hungry'
Thus:
'drinks'
p a l i t a n / p a l i t a n / ' t o change' v s . p a l i t a n / p a l i t a n /
exchange*'
singilin /sinilfn/
/sinllin/
'accounts
tahanan /tahanan/
/tahanan/
'to c o l l e c t accounts' v s . s i n g i l i n
'home'
collectible'
140
s c enery
the ultima.'
bihisan /bihfsan/
/bihisan/
'dressing-room*
clock'
society'
the p o i n t .
list
of minimal
for further
s t r e s s c o n t r a s t s c o l l e c t e d by t h i s i n v e s t i g a t o r
study.
Pitch / l /
or primary s t r e s s .
P i t c h /3/ i s f o r s y l l a b l e s
with s p e c i a l emphasis.
Normally,
P i t c h i s c o r r e l a t e d with s t r e s s .
141
a s u c c e s s i o n of s y l l a b l e s remains approximately
any
stress.
C l o s e l y a l l i e d w i t h the problems of s t r e s s are those of
junctures.
Tagalog.
/
| /.
Two
One
types of t e r m i n a l j u n c t u r e s are r e c o g n i z e d i n
may
has important
s y n t a c t i c functions.' The
l a b e l l e d " r i s i n g " j u n c t u r e /j
and
be
/, which marks a p i t c h r i s e .
It
142
13.1
A survey
A l t e r n a t i v e Formulations
of v a r i o u s works on the phonology of
Tagalog
D i f f e r e n c e s i n f o r m u l a t i o n s f o r the same
One
analyst, f o r instance,
conclusions
This
study.
"non-
linguists,
examined
the a t t i t u d e s and p h i l o s o p h y
of the a n a l y s t s .
There a r e , f o r
i n s t a n c e , d i f f e r e n c e s i n g r a p h i c s y m b o l i z a t i o n , such as
the
choice
f o r the v e l a r n a s a l /n/,
or the
The
19
of i t made by v a r i o u s w r i t e r s
symbolize
graphic differences.'
Another p o i n t i s the treatment
of / t s / .
Wolfenden,
20
for
Elmer Wolfenden, A Re-statement of Tagalog Grammar. Publ i s h e d j o i n t l y by the Summer I n s t i t u t e of L i n g u i s t i c s and the
I n s t i t u t e of N a t i o n a l Language.' (Manila: Bureau of P r i n t i n g ,
1961)
p. 2.
143
i n s t a n c e , i n t e r p r e t s / t s / as a u n i t a r y c o n t o i d , d e s c r i b i n g
it
as an a f f r i c a t e sound w r i t t e n w i t h a d i g r a p h , not a c l u s t e r
as d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s thesis.' Lopez,
Bloomfield's
Tagalog a n a l y s i s
2 2
t a k i n g cognizance o f
t r e a t s the a f f r i c a t e combina-
t h e r e f o r e not a
conflicting
E a r l i e r works, f o r i n s t a n c e , present a
three-vowel p a t t e r n a g a i n s t the f i v e - v o w e l p a t t e r n .
a n a l y s t s d e s c r i b e d i, and
e or u and
o as a l l o p h o n i c v a r i a n t s ,
Some
s t i l l are i n some
B l o o m f i e l d , f o r i n s t a n c e , assumes t h a t
h i g h e r v a r i a n t s . . . are
PIttman w r i t e s :
a and
21
i. 3
l 2
'" -
' '
Language (Manila:
22
Leonard B l o o m f i e l d ,
Tagalog Texts with Grammatical
A n a l y s i s (Ann Arbor: U n i v e r s i t y M i c r o f i l m Inc. , 1917), p. 134
1
, .
23
11,
144
Hemphill analyzes i , and e, as allophones i n f r e e v a r i a t i o n ,
g i v i n g the examples l a l a k i
the f i r s t
[tayoyumupo]
f o r t h i s problem of
(the c o n f u s i o n o f allophones o f
A n a l y s t s have d i f f i c u l t y
of / i /
[ e ] as an allophone
[3
allophone o f / i /
If its
say i t i s a phoneme.'
25
Wolfenden, l o c . c i t .
145
/ i /
minimal c o n t r a s t s f o r / i /
recognized
Applying
and c l e a r
&'f3).-
T h i s a n a l y s i s i s completely i n
agreement w i t h t h a t of S t o c k w e l l , ^
2
between / i /
t r e a t i n g the a l t e r n a t i o n
phonemic r a t h e r than a l l o p h o n i c .
Another i n t e r e s t i n g problem i s i n the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of
the b a s i c s y l l a b l e s t r u c t u r e of Tagalog.
The t r a d i t i o n has
T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t the g l o t t a l consonant
The
Stockwell
formulation
i s s t a t e d as folloxtfs:
The f o u r common s y l l a b l e s t r u c t u r e s i n
Tagalog a r e /V/, /CV/, /VC/, and /CVC/. These
may be represented i n the s i n g l e formula
/(C) V ( C ) / , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t n e i t h e r , e i t h e r ,
or both consonants may be p r e s e n t , and t h a t
146
the maximum s y l l a b l e i s /CCVC/, i n which
a two-consonant c l u s t e r i n i t i a t e s the
syllable.
The f u l l e s t s y l l a b l e formula
i s then /(C) (C) V (C)/.' /V/ i n c l u d e s
diphthongs, i . e . /V/ and /S/.
To i n c l u d e
the second element of the diphthong r e q u i r e s t h a t one f u r t h e r d i g i t be added t o
the formula: /(C) (C - S) V (S) (C)/.-*'
;
Paterno concludes t h a t
whereas
position.^
of Tagalog a u t o m a t i c a l l y p l a c e
E i t h e r / ? / or /h/ i s p r e s e n t i n w o r d - f i n a l
p o s i t i o n i n words w r i t t e n w i t h a f i n a l vowel.
i s i n d i r e c t l y shown i n s c h o o l textbooks.
"by /**/ or /*/ over the immediately
The
distinction
Word f i n a l / ? / i s marked
preceding s y l l a b l e
although
/h/ i s
shown as the i n i t i a l
n a t i n g morphemically
w i t h /-an/ and / - i n /
r e s p e c t i v e l y , e.g.',
27
' S t o c k w e l l , on. c i t . . p. 34.'
28
A d e l a i d a Paterno, "Tagalog Consonant Phonemes Compared
w i t h E n g l i s h Consonant Phonemes." The MST E n g l i s h Q u a r t e r l y
1
(1957) , P.
17.'
29
'R. M.' C a y a r i , "The Phonemes of Tagalog."
J o u r n a l of Science (June, 1956), p.' 251.'
The
Philippine
Ik?
kabataan
(< k a - + babae
'women i n g e n e r a l
), b a s a l n
) and b a s a h i n
'to r e a d ' ) .
In this
analysis
vowels.
T h i s formula-
of E n g l i s h ) .
a s s e r t t h a t t h e r e a r e no f i n a l
P r e j u n c t u r a l Consonant C l u s t e r s ) . '
T h i s study a l s o d i s a g r e e s
restrictions
i n i t i a l l y and f i n a l l y . . . "
A long l i s t
(p. B-30).-
of Tagalog
148
Another d i f f e r e n c e i s t h a t some analyses have o r i e n t e d t h e i r
c o n t r a s t on the b a s i s of the v o i c e d - v o i c e l e s s a x i s o n l y , where
as t h i s study g i v e s minimal c o n t r a s t s on the b a s i s of v o i c i n g ,
p o i n t and m a n n e r - o f - a r t i c u l a t i o n a x i s .
Other problems are concerned with s t r e s s or a c c e n t u a t i o n
i n Tagalog.-
There may
be d i f f e r e n t s o l u t i o n s t o the problem:
which i s p h o n e m i c l e n g t h or s t r e s s ?
At t h i s e a r l y stage of development of Tagalog
i t i s not easy to say t h a t one
type of l i n g u i s t i c
i s s u p e r i o r or i n f e r i o r to another.
t h a t the f o r m u l a t i o n s presented
ones.'
The
linguistics
formulation
There i s a p o s s i b i l i t y
In the words of
Hall:
I t has been f a s h i o n a b l e to d i s t i n g u i s h ,
f a c e t i o u s l y , between two approaches to l i n g u i s t i c s , the 'God's t r u t h ' s c h o o l (which
supposedly c o n s i d e r s t h a t there i s one fundamental t r u t h to be expressed concerning every
l i n g u i s t i c system), and the 'hocus-pocus'
s c h o o l (which t r e a t s l i n g u i s t i c s as simply a
s e t of game-like manoeuvers to be c a r r i e d out
a c c o r d i n g t o the a n a l y s t ' s preconceived p r i n c i p l e s , and u s i n g the l i n g u i s t i c f a c t s only
as a s e t of d a t a to be manipulated a t w i l l ) .
In these terms, we can perhaps say t h a t 'God's
t r u t h ' i n language (as i n other matters) does
e x i s t , but t h a t i t i s not g i v e n to man to
d i s c o v e r i t and formulate i t i n any but approximate terms, which can have only r e l a t i v e v a l i d i t y ; and t h a t hocus-pocus i s b a s i c a l l y f o r e i g n to the aims of l i n g u i s t i c s or any other
s c i e n c e , except as a perhaps unavoidable p a r t
of the 'philosophy of as if_' i n h e r e n t i n a l l
s c i e n t i f i c analysis.'30
H a l l , op_.< c i t . , p.i
123.'
149
14.
SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS
s e g m e n t a l phonemes: f o u r t e e n
consonants / p t k ? b d g m n n s h l r / ,
/ w y /, a n d f i v e v o w e l s / i e a o u /.
as c o n s o n a n t s
are:
i ninitial
and f i n a l
two semivoxtfels
The s e m i v o w e l s
position.
function
The d i p h t h o n g s
/ e y a y oy uy i w aw /.
Some a n a l y s t s p r e s e n t a t h r e e - v o w e l s y s t e m o f T a g a l o g :
/ i a u /.
They d e s c r i b e [ e j a n d [ o ] a s a l l o p h o n e s o f / i / a n d
some d i a l e c t s
of Tagalog.
and s t i l l a r e
The p r e s e n t s t u d y r e v e a l e d t h a t
f i v e v o w e l phonemes now e x i s t i n t h e l a n g u a g e
a s e v i d e n c e d by
a c o n s i d e r a b l e number o f m i n i m a l a n d n e a r - m i n i m a l
The
contrasts.
c o n s i d e r e d morphophonemic r a t h e r t h a n a l l o p h o n i c .
O t h e r morpho-
p h o n e m i c a l t e r n a t i o n s commonly o b s e r v e d i n T a g a l o g a r e :
// a y - ey e //, // a ? i - ay ey e //, // Cuw - Cvr //,
// m n n //,
of
S //,//1
~ h //,//&
( / f / ) //, a n d //b
- (/v/)
//.*
Some
or s t y l i s t i c
alternations.
The
b a s i c s y l l a b l e s t r u c t u r e i s CV a n d CVC.
consonant.
A l l final
A T a g a l o g word
ending
w i t h a v o w e l may h a v e a f i n a l / ? / o r / h / a l t h o u g h t h i s i s n o t
r e f l e c t e d i n t h e w r i t i n g system.
initially,
Consonant c l u s t e r s
occur
m e d i a l l y and f i n a l l y .
of
*The s o u n d s i n p a r e n t h e s e s a r e n o t a p a r t o f t h e s o u n d
Tagalog.
system
150
primary / 7 , secondary /"/ and weak (unmarked).
l e v e l s of p i t c h : / l / ,
and
two t e r m i n a l
juncture
As
/2/
and / 3 / ,
junctures:
I t has three
r e a d i n g from low t o h i g h
a s i n g l e bar / j
/ and a r i s i n g
/ \ /.
t h e r e e x i s t minimal c o n t r a s t s
based on the i n c i d e n c e
There a r e a t l e a s t two c o n t r a s t i n g
of s t r e s s : primary v s . weak.
levels
An i n t e r m e d i a t e l e v e l of p h o n e t i c
i s involved.
predictable,
primary s t r e s s , o c c u r r r i n g i n c e r t a i n positions.*
There i s a d i s t i n c t c o r r e l a t i o n between Tagalog s t r e s s and
length
conditioned
by s t r e s s .
syllable.
Length i s
Which i s phonemic i n T a g a l o g
stress
Are p i t c h and j u n c t u r e
a l s o t o be considered
phonemes?
The
and
problems of s t r e s s , l e n g t h , p i t c h , rhythm,
intonation pattern
aspects o f these f e a t u r e s
the scope o f t h i s t h e s i s .
left
f o r future
require
juncture
1
thought and r e s e a r c h
Some
beyond
investigation.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A.
B l o o m f i e l d , Leonard.
Company,
1933.
BOOKS
Language.
F r a n c i s , Nelson W.
The S t r u c t u r e of American E n g l i s h .
New York: Ronald Press Co.,
1958
Gleason, Henry A. An I n t r o d u c t i o n t o D e s c r i p t i v e L i n g u i s t i c s .
Second e d i t i o n , New York: H o l t , Rinehart and Winston,
1955.
H a l l , Robert A. I n t r o d u c t o r y
Company,
1964.
Linguistics.
H i b b i t , George W.
Fundamentals of Speech.
Doubleday & Company, I n c . , 1962.
New York: C h i l t o n
New
York:
H i l l , A r c h i b a l d A. I n t r o d u c t i o n t o L i n g u i s t i c S t r u c t u r e s .
New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company,
1958.
Hockett, Charles.- A Course i n Modern L i n g u i s t i c s . New
Macmillan,
1962.
York:
The Phoneme.
of Language.
Ninth p r i n t i n g .
Phonetics.
1950.
of
M a r t i n e t , Andre*. Phonology as F u n c t i o n a l P h o n e t i c s .
Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1949.
London:
152
P i k e , Kenneth L. . Language i n R e l a t i o n t o a U n i f i e d Theory
of the S t r u c t u r e of Human Behavior. V o l . I . C a l i f o r n i a :
Summer I n s t i t u t e of L i n g u i s t i c s , 1954.
. Phonemics: A Technique f o r Reducing Language t o
Writing.- N i n t h p r i n t i n g .
Ann Arbor: The U n i v e r s i t y o f
Michigan P r e s s , 1964.
Robins, R. H. General L i n g u i s t i c s : An I n t r o d u c t o r y Survey.
Second p r i n t i n g .
London: Longmans, 1965
S a p i r , Edward. Language.
Company, 1921.
Second
Massachusetts:
153
G.
ARTICLES
Indianapolis,
Block, Bernard.
"A Set of P o s t u l a t e s f o r Phonemic A n a l y s i s , "
Language Monograph No.'
1948.
F i s b h e r - J ^ r g e n s e n , E l i . ' "The Commutation Test .and I t s
A p p l i c a t i o n t o Phonemic A n a l y s i s , " Language Monograph
No. 2 2 , 1956.
F r i e s , C h a r l e s C..' and K.- L. P i k e , " C o e x i s t e n t Phonemic Systems,"
Language Monograph No.' 2 6 , 1949.
H a l l e , M. "On the Role of S i m p l i c i t y i n L i n g u i s t i c Descriptions.,"
Language Monograph No.- 35.
Harris.
Haugen, E i n a r .
"Phoneme or Prosodeme,"
Language Monograph
D.
PAMPHLETS
B i b l i o g r a p h y of the Summer I n s t i t u t e of L i n g u i s t i c s .
1964.-
California,
WORKS ON TAGALOG
Los Angeles:
154
Buck, Hs H.- . lTagalog.,..-The N a t i o n a l Language," J o u r n a l o f the
E a s t A s i a t i c S o c i e t y . Vol. I l l , 1954.'
,
The P h i l i p p i n e
1957. -
Fe As ( comp...) P i l i p i n o E n g l i s h . E n g l i s h P i l i p i n o Dictionaryi
Quezon C i t y : The Phoenix P u b l i s h i n g House, I96I.1
INDEX
accent, 1 0 9 , 1 3 5 , 142
concept, 10
conditioned a l t e r n a t i o n , 1 3 0 ,
149
a l i o - ( p r e f i x ) , 91
consonant, 7, 1 5 , 2 2 , 2 3 , 2 5 ,
26, 28, 94, 9 6 , 108, 1 0 9 .
110, 124, 1 2 5 , 1 2 9 . 1 3 0 ,
147, 149
allograph, 143
allomorphs, 147
allophone, i i i 9 1 . 9 4 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 9 8 ,
128, 144, 149, 150
contoid, 6 , 7
contrast, i i , 1, 4 , 5 , 9 , 2 6 ,
31, 3 2 , 9 1 . 9 4 , 1 2 9 , 147.
148
alternation, i i i , 5 , 9 4 , 1 0 1 , 128,
129, 1 3 0 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 2 , 1 3 3 , 1^9
contrastive d i s t r i b u t i o n , 3 2 , 92
contrastive doublets, 58
corpus, 3
c o r r e l a t i o n , 3 3 , 34
Arabic, x v i
dental, 1 6 , 32
a r t i c u l a t o r y phonetics, 6
diagram, 11
assimilation, 131
d i a l e c t a l alternations, 1 3 2 , 149
automatic, 132
axis, 148
2 5 , 28,
b i l a b i a l , 1 6 , 2 6 , 32
d i s t i n c t i v e features, i i ,
30, 31
d i s t r i b u t i o n , i i , 1, 4 , 5 , 3 1 ,
35, 91, 9 2 , 9 5 , 9 6 , 1 0 0 , 1 0 7 ,
147
-erne ( s u f f i x ) , 10
Chinese, x i v , xv
emic, 9
closed s y l l a b l e , 6 7 , 108.
c l u s t e r , i i i , 1 0 9 , 110, 1 2 3 , 124,
125, 1 2 6 , 143, 147, 149
complementary d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
9 2 , 9 3 , 9 8 , 144
iii,
English, x i v , xv, x v i i i , 1 9 , 30
126,
environment, 3 2 , 3 4 , 9 2 , 9 3 , 129
etic, 9
156
f l a p , 18
informant, i i , 2, 3
i n t e n s i t y , 135
Japanese, xv
form c l a s s , 138
l a t e r a l , 18
French, xv
L a t i n , xv
f r i c a t i v e s , 18, 28, 91
function, 28, 3 1 , 3 2 , 35, 9 1 ,
l e x i c a l , x i v , xv, 124
functional, 10, 25
l i n e a r , 15
German, xv
l i n g u a l , 28
g l i d e , 23
lip-rounding, 14, 30
loan-word, x i v , 106
Lopez, C e c i l i o , 143
low vowel, 15, 22
major languages, x i i i
Malay, x i v
Malayo-Polynesian family, x i i i
Manila, x i i i , 3 , 101
Mindoro, x i i i , 3
mid vowel, 15, 21, 22
minimal p a i r , 35, 138
minor languages, x v l i i
Ilokano, x i v
Indian language, x v i
nasal, 17, 28
Indonesian language, x v i
n a s a l i t y , nasalization, 99
157
national language, i i , x i v , x v i l
non-contrastive d i s t r i b u t i o n , 92
p i t c h , i v , 14, 134, 1 3 5 ,
141, 150
140,
143
non-uniqueness, 142
nucleus, 7, 22,; 108
p o s i t i o n a l variant, 91
open s y l l a b l e , 108
prestige, 133
organs of speech, 9, 16
orthography, 20, 24, 1 3 3 ,
135
primary stress, i v , 9 7 ,
139, 149,
P a c i f i c , western, x i i i
prosodeme, 134
p a l a t a l i z e d , p a l a t a l i z a t i o n , 94,
95, 143
palate, 18, 19
Paterno, A.i,
2, 146, 147
pattern-congrui ty,
22
135,
prosody, 134
rhythm, 140
rounded, 1 2 ,
14
Russian, x v i
Sanskrit, x v i
P h i l i p p i n e s , i i , x i i i , x i v , 1,
102, 147
Sapir, Edward, 26
phone, 91,
schwa, 21
secondary stress, i v , 9 7 ,
139. 149
segmental, 1,
136, 149
14, 1 5 ,
135,
3 0 , 134,
segmentation, 11
semivowels, 1 9 ,
110, 149
sonority, 2 1 ,
2 2 , 2 3 , 2 6 , 28,
108
1 3 1 , t r a n s c r i p t i o n : phonetic, i x , 1 0 ,
2 0 , 24,; phonemic, i x ;
ethnophonemic, 1 0 ; morphophonemic, i x
speech-sound, 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 3 , 91
speech, 3 , 6 , 9 , 1 1 ,
146
Stockwell,
94, 101,
t r i l l , 195
stops, 1 5 , 1 6 , 2 ? , 28, 3 2 , 33
u n i t , i i , 5 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 2 5 , 91
unrounded, 1 2 , 14
structure of s y l l a b l e s , i i i ,
149
107
s t y l i s t i c alternations, 1 3 3 , 1^9
unstressed, 2 1 , 136
uvula, 14, 9 8 , 9 9 , 1 0 6 , 128,143
variant, 9 8 , 9 9 , 1 0 6 , 128, 143
s u f f i x , 9 , 146, 147
v a r i a t i o n , i i i , 1, 4 , 5 , 3 1 , 9 1 ,
9 6 , 1 0 0 , 144
velar, 17
s y l l a b l e s , 2 1 , 23
velum, 14
Visayan, x i v , x v i i
syllable-timed, 140
vocoid, 6 , 7 , 2 1 , 127
symbol, i x , 1, 9 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 14,
16
voice, 2 6 , 33
symmetry, 2 7 , 147
synchronic, i i , 3 , 5
system, i i , 9 , 2 7 , 2 8 , 3 0 , 3 1 ,
32, 1 0 9 , 13^, 1 4 3 , 149
vocal bands, 27
voiced, 1 6 , 1 7 , 2 7 , 28
voiceless, 1 6 , 1 7 , 18, 2 6 , 27
vowel, 7, 2 1 , 3 0 , 9 1 , 9 4 , 9 7 ,
108, 1 0 9 , 110, 127, 128, 129
1 3 5 , 146, 147, 159
Tagalog, x i i i , x i v , xv, x v i i ,
x v l i i , 1, 3 , 6 , 14, 2 7 , 3 0 ,
9 1 , 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 , 108, 124, 125
126, 1 2 7 , 128, 1 2 9 , 13^, 1 3 5 ,
1 3 6 , 1 3 7 , 146, 147, 149
tongue, 14, 18
zero, 135
t r a d i t i o n a l , 1,
135