GEOLOGY

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ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.

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Question 1 (25 marks)
a. Define engineering geology and an engineering geologist.

[CLO1:PLO1:C1](9 marks)

b. Describe responsibilities of engineering geologist in construction.

[CLO1:PLO2:C2](8 marks)
c. Discuss the engineering geologist job scope in construction.

[CLO1:PLO1:C2](8 marks)

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Question 2 (25 marks)
a. Define seismic waves and types of seismic waves.

[CLO2:PLO1:C1](5 marks)

b. By using Figure 2(b), complete the diagram by sketching and labelling the following:
i.

Different type of crusts,

ii. Earths internal layers,

iii. Discontinuity boundaries, and
iv. Physical behavior of each composition

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Figure 2(b)

[CLO2:PLO2:C3](14 marks)

c. Geoscientists are using the Seismic Waves Method to determine the Earths internal
properties. Describe the characteristics of the P-S waves being used in the method.
[CLO2:PLO2:C2](6 marks)

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Question 3 (25 marks)
a. Define the rock cycle.

[CLO3:PLO1:C1](3 marks)

b. Based on Figure 3(b), list out the processes represent by alphabet D H. Each alphabet
may contain more than 1 process and sub-processes.

[CLO3:PLO2:C2](12 marks)

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MAGMA

METAMORPHI
C ROCK

IGNEOUS
ROCK

F
SEDIMENTAR
Y ROCK

SEDIMENT

Figure
G 3(b)

c. Briefly discuss the processes that occur within rock cycle.

[CLO3:PLO2:C2](10

marks)

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Question 4 (25 marks)
a. Define rock weathering.

[CLO3:PLO1:C1](2 marks)

b. Briefly describe biological, chemical and physical weathering. [CLO3:PLO2:C2](9 marks)

c. Discuss the importance of weathering in rock engineering.

[CLO4:PLO2:C2](14 marks)

(100 MARKS)

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~ End of questions ~

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!PART A
Answer ALL questions in the question paper.
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1. _____ is the branch of geology that applies physical laws and principles to study
Earth.
a.
Earthquakology
b.
Physicalogy
c.
Geophysics
d.
Palentology
CLO1:PLO1:C1(1 mark)
2.

How do we know about the center of the earth?

a.
By drilling and taking out the sample from deep in the earth
b.
By using seismic waves that travel through the earth
c.
By doing lab experiment
d.
By reading reference books
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

3. The crust and upper mantle form the ____.

a.
lithosphere
b.
athenosphere
c.
core
d.
Moho discontinuity

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

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4.

The boundary that separates the crust from the mantle is the ____.
a.
mantle discontinuity
b.
Mohorovicic discontinuity
c.
lithospheric discontinuity
d.
athenospheric discontinuity
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

5. Oceanic crust is _____ continental crust.

a.
thinner than
b.
thicker than
c.
the same thickness as
d.
the same composition as
6.

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What type of seismic activity happens in an earthquake?

a.
b.
c.

Shocks
Rays
Waves

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

d.
7.

Bounces

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

What instrument would you use to measure how big an earthquake is?
a.
Calculator
b.
Spectrometer
c.
Seismograph or seismometer
d.
Abacus
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

8. The bending of seismic waves as they pass from one material to another is called
seismic ____.
a.
refraction
b.
reflection
c.
deflection
d.
waves don't bend when they pass through different materials.

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CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

9. _____ is a circulation pattern in which low-density material rises and high-density

material sinks.
a.
Conduction
b.
Convection
c.
Density flow
d.
Refraction
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)
10. Fine-grained igneous rocks (grains < 1.0 mm) that have small grains cooled rapidly
and are likely to be _______.
a.
extrusive
b.
reclusive
c.
intrusive
d.
obtrusive
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11. Most of the basalt and gabbro on the ocean floor is created at mid oceanic ridges,
which are also ____.
a.
divergent plate boundaries
b.
ocean-ocean convergent plate boundaries
c.
transform plate boundaries
d.
ocean-continent plate boundaries
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)
12. Which of the following is NOT the characteristic of sedimentary rocks?
a.
Bedding
b.
Fossils
c.
Mud cracks
d.
Foliated
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

13. _______ is a byproduct of rock weathering.

a.
Soil
b.
Metamorphic rock
c.
Igneous rock
d.
Water

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

14. In order of decreasing size (largest listed first), sedimentary grain sizes include __.
a.
clay, sand, silt, and gravel
b.
gravel, sand, clay, and silt
c.
sand, gravel, silt, and clay
d.
gravel, sand, silt, and clay
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)
15. _____ is a term that describes a series of visible layers in sedimentary rock.
a.
Units
b.
Tables
c.
Planes
d.
Bedding
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

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16. Limestone recrystallizes during metamorphism into:

a.
Hornfels
b.
Marble
c.
Quartzite
d.
Schist

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

17. The major difference between intrusive rocks and extrusive rocks is:
a.
Where they solidify
b.
Chemical composition
c.
Type of minerals
d.
All of the preceding
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)
18. Compaction and cementation are two common processes of:
a.
Erosion
b.
Transportation
c.
Deposition
d.
Lithification

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

19. A useful tool illustrating the relationships among igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic rocks is called the ___.
a.
Weathering and erosion of surface features
b.
Plate tectonic cycle
c.
Relationships between preexisting rock
d.
Rock cycle
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)
20. _______ refers to the group of destructive processes that change the physical and
chemical character of rocks at the Earth's surface.
a.
Weathering
b.
Extraction
c.
Erosion
d.
Deposition
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

PART B
Answer the question below in the answer sheet given.

With the aid of illustrations, interpret the rock cycle.

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!PART A
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CLO2:PLO2:C3(30 MARKS)

~End of questions~

1. _____ is the branch of geology that applies physical laws and principles to study
Earth.
a.
Earthquakology
b.
Physicalogy
c.
Geophysics
d.
Palentology
CLO1:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

!2.

3.

4.

the discipline of applying geologic data, techniques, and principles to the study both of
i)
naturally occurring rock and soil materials, and surface and subsurface fluids
ii)
the interaction of introduced materials and processes with the geologic environment
is the definition of:
a.
Geotechnical engineering
b.
Civil engineering
c.
Engineering geology
d.
Lecturer
CLO1:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

!The average thickness of the crust?

a.
b.
c.
d.

50km-90km continental crust, 10-20km ocean crust

10km-20km continental crust, 35km-70km ocean crust
35km-70km continental crust, 5km-10km ocean crust
3.5km-7.0km continental crust, 5km-10km ocean crust

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

How do we know about the center of the earth?

e.
By drilling and taking out the sample from deep in the earth
f.
By using seismic waves that travel through the earth
g.
By doing lab experiment
h.
By reading reference books
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

5. The crust and upper mantle form the ____.

a.
lithosphere
b.
athenosphere
c.
core
d.
Moho discontinuity

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

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6.

7.

8.

The boundary that separates the crust from the mantle is the ____.
a.
mantle discontinuity
b.
Mohorovicic discontinuity
c.
lithospheric discontinuity
d.
athenospheric discontinuity
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

What is the asthenosphere?

a. It is the surface that separates the crust from the mantle.
b. It is the zone that separates the continental crust from the oceanic crust.
c. It is in the surface that separates the inner and outer core.
d. It is the zone of weakness in the mantle on which the lithosphere moves.

Three (3) types of plate boundaries are:

a.
Conrad, Mohorovicic, Gutenberg
b.
Mohorovicic, Lithosphere, Mantle
c.
Divergent, Convergent, Transform Fault
d.
Transform Fault, Mohorovicic, Mantle

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

9. Oceanic crust is _____ continental crust.

a.
thinner than
b.
thicker than
c.
the same thickness as
d.
the same composition as

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

10. What type of seismic activity happens in an earthquake?

e.
Shocks
f.
Rays
g.
Waves
h.
Bounces

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

11. A compressional wave in which rock vibrates back and forth parallel to the direction of
wave propagation. The first wave to arrive at a recording station and pass easily through solid
rock and fluid.
The statement above refers to:
a.
L wave
b.
S wave
c.
R wave
d.
P wave
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1
mark)

12. ___ indicates that the core of the Earth is a liquid.

a. Density calculations

b. Studies of meteorites
c. The P-wave shadow zone
d. The S-wave shadow zone

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)
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13. What instrument would you use to measure how big an earthquake is?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Calculator
Spectrometer
Seismograph or seismometer
Abacus

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

14. The bending of seismic waves as they pass from one material to another is called
seismic ____.
a.
refraction
b.
reflection
c.
deflection
d.
waves don't bend when they pass through different materials.

!
!

!
!

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

15. _____ is a circulation pattern in which low-density material rises and high-density
material sinks.
a.
Conduction
b.
Convection
c.
Density flow
d.
Refraction
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)
16. Which of the following is NOT TRUE?
a.
Divergent boundary Pangea
b.
Transform fault San Andreas Fault
c.
Oceanic & Oceanic Convergence Indonesian Island
d.
Transform fault Volcanic Island

CLO2:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

17. ____ is the idea that continents move freely over Earth's surface, changing their
positions relative to one another.
a. Plate tectonics
b. Sea floor spreading
c. Continental drift
d. Continental collisions
CLO2:PLO1:C1(1mark)
18. Which of the following is TRUE about a mineral?
a.
An organic material
b.
Has a crystalline structure
c.
Has a characteristic of chemical composition
d.
All of the preceding

CLO3:PLO1:C1(1 mark)

19. The mineral ___ is strongly magnetic.

a. calcite
b. pyrite
c. magnetite
d. magnesite

CLO3:PLO1:C1(1mark)

20. On Mohs' scale of hardness your fingernail has a value of ____.

a. 12
b. 5
c. 2
d. 6
CLO3:PLO1:C1(1mark)

!PART B
!With the aid of illustrations, interpret the relationship between the earths internal structure and
seismic waves.
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CLO2:PLO2:C3(30 MARKS)
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~End of questions~