Академический Документы
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Культура Документы
Spring 2007
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
Performance Measures
Definition: A convolutional encoder which maps one or more data
sequences of infinite weight into code sequences of finite weight is
called a catastrophic encoder.
Example: Encoder #5. The binary R = 1/2, K = 3 convolutional
encoder with transfer function matrix
G(D) = 1 + D 1 + D 2 ,
has the encoder state diagram shown in Figure 15, with states
S0 = 00, S1 = 10, S2 = 01, and S3 = 11.
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
S1
1/01
1/11
0/00
S0
0/10
1/10
0/01
S3
1/00
0/11
S2
Peter Mathys
S3
10
S2
01
01
10
10
01
01
10
10
01
00
S1
11
S0
11
00
11
00
10
01
10
01
10
01
10
01
00
11
11
00
01
10
00
11
11
00
01
10
00
11
11
00
01
10
00
11
11
00
01
10
00
11
Performance Measures
11
11
00
00
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
A(w , i, `) .
`=1
Performance Measures
X
Aw =
A(w , i) .
i=1
Aw Pw (E) ,
w =dfree
where
Pw (E) = P{ML decoder makes detour with weight w } .
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
Pd (E) =
8
>
>
>
>
>
<
d
X
e=(d+1)/2
d
e
!
e (1 )de ,
d odd ,
!
d
>
X
>
1 d
d/2
d/2
>
>
(1
)
+
>
: 2 d/2
e=d/2+1
d
e
!
e (1 )de ,
d even .
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
d
X
d e
(1 )de .
e
e=dd/2e
A much simpler, but often also much more loose bound is the
Bhattacharyya bound
Pd (E)
d/2
1
4 (1 )
.
2
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
X
X
w =d
free
i=1
A(w , i) is
A(w , i) Pw (E) .
i=1
Multiplying A(w , i) by i and summing over all i then yields the total number of
P
data symbol errors that result from all detours of weight w as
i=1 i A(w , i).
Dividing by k, the number of data symbols per frame, thus leads to the
following theorem.
X
X
i A(w , i) Pw (E) ,
w =dfree i=1
Performance Measures
The graph on the next slide shows different bounds for the
probability of a bit error on a BSC for a binary rate R = 1/2,
K = 3 convolutional encoder with transfer function matrix
G(D) = 1 + D 2 1 + D + D 2 .
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
10
10
10
Pb(E)
10
15
10
20
10
Pb(E) BSC
Pb(E) BSC Bhattcharyya
Pb(E) AWGN soft
25
10
5.5
4.5
Peter Mathys
3.5
log ()
10
2.5
1.5
Performance Measures
10
10
10
R=1/2,K=3,dfree=5
R=2/3,K=3,dfree=5
R=3/4,K=3,dfree=5
R=1/2,K=5,dfree=7
R=1/2,K=7,dfree=10
10
Pb(E)
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
3.5
2.5
log () for BSC
10
Peter Mathys
1.5
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
Performance Measures
r(t)
+
|
{z
Channel
Peter Mathys
Filter
hR (t)
|
b(t)
{z
Receiver
t=0
}
b0
Performance Measures
hR (t) = R
P (f )
,
2
|P()| d
HR (f ) = R
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
2
p
e (+ Es ) /N0
,
fb0 (|a0 = Es ) =
N0
and
2
p
e ( Es ) /N0
fb0 (|a0 =+ Es ) =
.
N0
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
a0 = Es a
0 = + Es
fb0 (|a0 = Es )
fb0 (|a0 =+ Es )
Es
2 Es
+ Es
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
p
1
1
s
(+ Es )2 /N0
P(E|A0 = Es ) =
d = erfc
e
,
2
N0
N0 0
R
2
2
where erfc(x) = 2 x e d e x . Because of the symmetry
of antipodalsignaling, the same result is obtained for
P(E|a0 = + Es ) and thus a BSC derived from an AWGN channel
used with antipodal signaling has transition probability
r E
1
s
= erfc
,
2
N0
where Es is the energy received per transmitted symbol.
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
free
10
P (E) uncoded
b
Pb(E) union bound
P (E) Bhattacharyya
10
10
Pb(E)
10
10
10
10
10
12
10
6
8
E /N [dB], E : info bit energy
b 0
b
Peter Mathys
10
12
Performance Measures
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
Upper Bounds on P (E) for Convolutional Codes on AWGN Channel, Hard Decisions
b
10
10
10
P (E)
10
10
Uncoded
R=1/2,K=3,dfree=5
R=2/3,K=3,dfree=5
R=3/4,K=3,dfree=5
R=1/2,K=5,dfree=7
R=1/2,K=7,dfree=10
10
10
12
10
6
8
Eb/N0 [dB], Eb: info bit energy
Peter Mathys
10
12
Performance Measures
N1
Y
j=0
e (j cij Es )
Peter Mathys
2 /N
Performance Measures
N1
Y
j=0
N1
X
j=0
N1
X
j=0
(j cij Es )2 N
ln(N0 )
N0
2
N1
Es X 2
N
=
(vj 2 vj cij + cij2 ) ln(N0 )
N0
2
2Es
N0
= K1
j=0
N1
X
vj cij
j=0
N1
X
||2 + NE
N0
N
ln(N0 )
2
vj cij K2 ,
j=0
Performance Measures
Example:
Supposethe convolutional encoder with
G(D) = 1 1 + D is used and the received data is
v = -0.4, -1.7, 0.1, 0.3, -1.1, 1.2, 1.2, 0.0, 0.3, 0.2, -0.2, 0.7, . . .
Peter Mathys
Performance Measures
r w E
1 X
c
Dw erfc
.
Pb (E)
2k
N0
w =dfree
Performance Measures
Upper Bounds on Pb(E) for Convolutional Codes with Soft Decisons (Dashed: Hard Decisions)
10
R=1/2,K=3,dfree=5
R=2/3,K=3,dfree=5
R=3/4,K=3,dfree=5
R=1/2,K=5,dfree=7
R=1/2,K=7,dfree=10
Pb(E)
10
10
10
15
10
3.5
2.5
log10() for BSC
Peter Mathys
1.5
Performance Measures
r wR E
1 X
b
Pb (E)
Dw erfc
,
2k
N0
w =dfree
Performance Measures
Upper Bounds on P (E) for Convolutional Codes on AWGN Channel, Soft Decisions
b
10
10
10
P (E)
10
10
Uncoded
R=1/2,K=3,dfree=5
R=2/3,K=3,dfree=5
R=3/4,K=3,dfree=5
R=1/2,K=5,dfree=7
R=1/2,K=7,dfree=10
10
10
12
10
6
8
Eb/N0 [dB], Eb: info bit energy
Peter Mathys
10
12