PLANT & ANIMAL MOVEMENT

PLANT MOVEMENTS
Tropisms
These are growth movements exhibited by plants either towards or away
from the direction of the stimulus. these tropism are positive when growth is
forward the stimulus, such as the growth of roots in response to gravity
(positive geotropism) or their movement toward where the water source is
(positive hydrotropism).
TAXIS
A taxis is a movement response caused by an external stimulus. The
movement of the organism is either towards the stimulus (positive taxis) or
away from it ( negative taxis)
MOVEMENTS FROM INTERNAL STIMULI
HELICAL OR SPIRATING MOVEMENTS - are common to many plants which are
exhibited by the growing tips trace an imaginary helix or spiral as they
elongate. these are not very visible to the eyes.
TWINING MOVEMENTS - are exhibited by plants with climbing stems called
tendrils and twiners enabling them to hold on to a support. twining of tendrills
are caused by hormones auxin and ethylene produced in the growing points.
NODDING MOVEMENTS - are common to members of the legume family like
beans and peas which exhibit a side to side movement as the seedds
germinate into seedlings. The movements facilities the progress of growing
plant tips through the soil.
NASTIC MOVEMENTS - are non-directional movements. turgor movements are
caused by changes in the turgor pressure of some special cells in the plants.
CONTACT MOVEMENT - are actually changes in turgor pressures caused when
plant parts like leaves comme in contact with another object or force.
MISCELLANEOUS MOVEMENT - Ex. gliding movements in slime molds and
blue green algae, opening of fruit pods and capsules when very dry,
dehydration movements or censor mechanism not caused by living cells but
by physical factors such as dryness of the dead areas.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLES TISSUES :

Irritability or excitability - the ability of the muscles to be stretched.
Extensibility - The property of the muscles to be stretched.
Elasticity - The property of the muscle to return to its original shape after
stretching force has been removed.
Contractility - a special characteristic of muscle tissue where the muscle
shortens, thickens, and contracts.
TYPES OF VERTEBRATE MUSCLES:
Skeletal muscle - are attached to the bones. they cover the skeleton and give
shape to the body as well as make it possible for us to move about during
workk or play.
Smooth muscle - are found in the walls of viscera such as the stomach,
intestine and the
urinary tract, It is also seen in the walls of blood vassels, giands and skin.
Cardiac muscle - is highly specialized tissue found in the walls of the heart.

SKELETAL MUSCES
A typical skeletal muscles in an elongated mass of tissue composed of
millions of individual muscle fibers bound together by a conncective tissue.
The entire structure is surroinded by a tough smooth sheet of connective
tissue so that it can move iver adjacent muscles and other structure with a
minimum friction.
PARTS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE:
Origin - is the end of the muscle that is the relatively more fixed point of
attachment.
Insertion - in the end that is freely movable.
Belly - is that portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion.

Each muscle fiber contains several hundred to several thousand myofibrils

while each myofibril contain 1,500 myosin filaments and 3,000 actin
filaments.
SARCOLEMMA - is an exceedingly thin, elastic, tough sheath or the plasma or
cell membrane.
SARCOPLASM - is a semi-fluid ground subtrance or matrix where myofibrils
are suspended and consist of:
Fluid that contains large quantities of K, Mg , PO4, protein enzymes,
mitochondria.
Two sets of separate tubules that are fuctionally realated systems
Sarcoplasmic reticulum or ER of the musscle cell - consist of longitudinal
tubules that lie parallel to the myofibrils.

Transverse system of T-tubule - deep invagination or identification of the

sarcolemma into the interior of the musccle fiber.
Naming the skeletal muscle.
Muscles are named according to :
LOCATION: intercostal miscles (between the riibs) ; brachi ( region of the arm
tibialis posterior(behind the tibia)
ACTION: flexor, extensor ; abductor and adductor
DIVISION: biceps; triceps; quadriceps
POINT OF ATTACHMENT : coccygio-sacralis; sterno-radialis
DIRECTION OF MUSCLES FIBERS: rectus; transverses
SHAPE: trapezius; deltoid
SIZE: gluteus medius, gluteus maximus.

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS SHOWS THAT :

ATP is cahnged to adenosine diphospate (ADP) then to a denosine
monophosphte(AMP). The breakdown of ATP provides energy for actual
muscles contraction.
Phosphocreatine (PC) is broken down to inorganic phosphate (P) and
creatine(C). The breakdown of PC supplies energy to resynthesize ATP.
Glycogen is converted to lactic acid. The reaction convertinf glycogen to
lactic acid affords enery for reforming PC from P and C.
Oxyfen reacts with 1/6 of the lactic acid to provide energy for reconveting the
4/5 of lactic acid to glyycogen.

FATiGUE - is the inability to continue contraction. resuting from accumulation

of lactic acid and depletion of glycogen and ATP. The motor end plates on
muscles are rendered inactive by the lactic acid.
OXYGEN DEBT - Occurs during moderate exercises where little or no lactic
acid accumulates in the muscle cells, but with vigorous exercises, the oxygen
demand is maybe greater than the oxygen supply to the cells.