International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 3 Issue: 6

ISSN: 2321-8169
4218 4222

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Performance Enhancement of MIMO MC-CDMA System employing

Cylically Rotated Complete Complementary Codes
B. Uma Maheshwari1
M.Tech,
ETM Department,
GNITS,
Hyderabad, INDIA.
Umamaheshwari.b1@gmail.com

P. Sreesudha2

Dr. K. Rama Linga Reddy3

Assistant Professor, ETM Department

GNITS
Hyderabad, INDIA.
sree.sudha38@gmail.com

Professor & HOD, ETM Department,

GNITS,
HyderabadINDIA.
kattareddy2000@yahoo.com

AbstractWireless communication needs very high data rate and throughput in order to meet increasing demand for
multimedia applications. MC-CDMA technique along with multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technique is used to increase
data rate and to reduce the channel impairments. Spreading code plays a major role in CDMA technique, Cyclically rotated
complete complementary codes (CRCCCs) are used for spreading which have perfect auto-correlation and cross correlation
properties. Bit error rate (BER) can be reduced and have other advantages like high data rate, high throughput, reduced inter
symbol interference (ISI) and multiple access interference (MAI). MIMO MC-CDMA system employing CRCCCs is designed
and simulation results are shown.
Keywords- MC-CDMA, BER, CRCCCs, MIMO, throughput, MAI, ISI.
__________________________________________________*****_________________________________________________
I.

INTRODUCTION

The major demand for wireless communications is to

achieve high data rate and better BER performance. MCCDMA includes the advantages of both CDMA and OFDM,
since it is the combination of both techniques. MIMO MCCDMA [1],[7] system achieves high transmission rate,
reliability, high capacity.
Orthogonal complete complementary (OCC) [3] codes
are used to reduce the multiple access interference (MAI). A
cyclical rotation scheme is applied to these codes to maximize
the throughput, these extended codes are called CRCC codes.
Spreading codes plays a major role in CDMA
technology. These spreading codes should be perfectly
orthogonal and should have perfect auto-correlation and cross
correlation properties. The proposed CRCCCs satisfies all these
properties and achieves better BER performance than other
spreading codes.
1.1 Methodology
The proposed work is performance analysis of MIMO
MC-CDMA [1], [7] technique employing CRCC codes.
The first step is to study the fundamentals of MCCDMA system, and then the MIMO technique is applied. Then
gold codes are applied for spreading, the design is simulated in
Rayleigh channel. This is done for 2x2 and 4x4 antennas.
The second step is to apply CRCC codes [1]-[4] for
spreading and simulation is done. This is also done for 2x2 and
4x4 antennas. The results are compared with the gold code
results.
Simulation results shows that the BER performance of
CRCCC is better compared to gold codes and results also show
that the BER performance is sensitive to length of spreading
code. The performance is calculated in terms of Bit Error Rate
(BER) versus Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) using MATLAB.

This technology has applications in mobile multiple access

infrastructures where receiver processing and power resources
are limited.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section
II describes the transmitter, channel and receiver model for
MIMO MC-CDMA system. Section III describes spreading
codes. Simulation results are shown in section IV are results are
analyzed in section V. Finally the conclusion will be given in
section VI.
II.
SYSTEM MODEL
2.1(a) MC-CDMA: MC-CDMA is the combination of
CDMA and OFDM. Therefore it has the advantages of both the
schemes. In MC-CDMA each data symbol is spreaded in
frequency domain and transmitted on different subcarrier which
achieves significant improvement in BER performance.
2.1(b) MIMO: In radio communications MIMO
means multiple antennas both on transmitter and receiver side.
Multiple antennas can be used to reduce the error rate and also
increases the reliability and capacity of the system.

Figure 1: MIMO system with M transmit and N receive antennas

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 3 Issue: 6

ISSN: 2321-8169
4218 4222

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 1 shows the MIMO system with M transmit 2.2 (b) Receiver:
antennas and N receive antennas. Then the matrix of
Figure 2 (b) represents the receiver of MIMO MCdimensions NxM with complex transfer factors can be given as CDMA system. The cyclic prefix is removed from the received
signal.
Then the received signal r is conjugate transpose with
the channel matrix H. then the resultant signal is despreaded by
using the CRCC codes. The spreading codes which are used at
. (1)
the transmitter are used at the receiver to retrieve the data at the
receiver side.
2.2 MIMO MC-CDMA system
Then the parallel data streams are converted to serial
2.2(a) Transmitter: Figure 1(a) shows the transmitter data by using a serial to parallel converter. Then the data is
block diagram. The binary data is modulated using quadrature decoded by QPSK demodulation technique.
phase shift keying (QPSK) generating a single stream of
The local correlators used at the receiver side
symbols. This single stream is then converted in to multiple correlates the received data from the channel with the flock of
parallel stream of symbols by serial to parallel converter. Then codes of particular user.
these parallel streams are spreaded by CRCCC which will be
discussed in section III.
III.
SREADING CODE
The spreaded streams are subsequently mapped onto
3.1 Gold code: These are PN sequences which are
multiple transmit antennas according to the OSTBC [5]. The randomly generated by a linear shift register. Gold codes are
number of parallel streams is equal to the number of transmit produced from preferred pair of M-sequences. Gold codes have
antennas.
better auto correlation and cross correlation properties than
The CRCC codes are composed of K flocks of Walsh codes and other PN sequences. Figure 3 gives the
sequences [1]. Each sequence will have M element codes each example of the gold sequence.
of length N, thus each flock will be of length KN. Then
spreaded parallel streams are mapped to the multiple antennas.
The data rate and throughput will be increased as the
number of antennas increases.

Figure 3:A Gold Sequence generator with p1(x)=1+x2+x5 and

p2(x)=1+x+x2+x4+x5

Figure 2: Block diagram of (a) transmitter, (b) receiver of MIMO MC-CDMA

system.

Cyclic prefix (CP) is prepended to each stream before

they are passed through the channel. Because of CP the there
will be only small loss in sprectral efficiency.
The data will be passed through different channel
models. Here Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and
Rayleigh Flat fading are used.

The system is simulated by using Gold sequences as

spreading code and BER performance is analyzed. The BER
performance is better compared to Walsh codes. The
orthogonality of the Walsh codes reduces as the number of
users increases.
But the disadvantage with gold sequence is the
orthogonality of the spreading code reduces as the length of the
code increases.
3.2 Cyclically Rotated Complete Complementary Codes
The selection of spreading code is important for
CDMA type system. The spreading code should be orthogonal
and should have perfect auto-correlation and cross correlation
properties. If the spreading codes are not orthogonal the data
will not be retrieved perfectly at the receiver. This results in
reduction of throughput and increased BER.
The CRCC codes are produced by real environment
adapted linearization (REAL) approach [2],[8]. The REAL
approach generates interference free codes with perfect autocorrelation and cross correlation properties.
The procedure to generate the CRCC codes was
shown in [2]. The OCC codes which are produced will have K
flock. Flock is nothing but set of codes. Each flock will have
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IJRITCC | June 2015, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 3 Issue: 6

ISSN: 2321-8169
4218 4222

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
M element codes each of length N, thus KN codes will be
produced.
C1={C11,C12,C13,., C1M}.(2)
C2={C21,C22,C23,,C2M}.(3)

CK={CK1,CK2,CK3,...,CKM}.(4)
Further these codes are rotated to maximize the throughput
Cn=11= {C111,C121,C131,C141}.(5)
Cn=21= {C112,C122,C132,C142}. (6)
.
Cn=L1=

{C11 ,C12L,C13L,C14L}. (7)

Where L equals to the elementary code length. The
orthogonality and perfect correlation properties of the codes are
not destroyed the cyclic shifting operation. The cyclic rotation Figure 5: comparing the BER Vs SNR graphs of CRCC, Gold, and Walsh codes
is possible because of the perfect auto correlation and cross
correlation properties of OCC codes. Because of perfect
orthogonality property of these codes MAI free operation is
possible. The inter symbol interference will be reduced (ISI).
The advantages of CRCC codes over traditional
CDMA codes are, the orthogonality depends on the set of codes
called flock instead of single code. These codes have perfect
correlation properties. The simulation results shows that CRCC
codes achieves better BER performance and increased
throughput than Gold and Walsh codes.
For a good system the Bit Error Rate should be low
and should achieve high throughput. This system will be
simulated by Gold codes and CRCC codes. The performance
will be compared by increasing the antennas. The simulation
results shows that the system
IV.

RESULTS
Figure 6: SNR Vs Throughput graph of gold code

Figure 4: SNR Vs BER graph of CRCC codes

Figure 7: SNR Vs Throughput of CRCC codes

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International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication

Volume: 3 Issue: 6

ISSN: 2321-8169
4218 4222

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
V.

RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

Spreading
code

Number
of
antennas

SNR(dB)

Bit
Error
Rate

Throughput

Gold code

2x2

0.2

0.82

Gold code

4x4

0.05

0.95

CRCCC

2x2

0.04

0.96

CRCCC

4x4

0.01

0.99

[10] Madhvi Jangalwa, Vrinda Tokekar, Performance Analysis of MCCDMA system, 1st intl conf. on Recent advances in information
technology, IEEE 2012.
[11] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%E2%80%93time_block_code.
[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access.

Table1: Result analysis of CRCC codes and gold codes

From figures 4 and 5 we can conclude that the CRCC

codes achieve better BER performance than Gold and Walsh
codes. From figures 6 and 7 we can conclude that CRCC codes
achieves high throughput than Gold codes. From figures 4,5,6,7
we can say that the system with 4x4 antenna performs better
compared to system with 2x2 antenna.
VI.

CONCLUSION

The implementation of MIMO MC-CDMA system

employing CRCCCs has been presented. From the simulation
results we can conclude that the systems using CRCCCs
performs better than the systems using Gold codes.
BER performance of the system employing CRCCCs
with 4x4 antennas is better than the system with 2x2 antennas.
The system employing CRCCCs with 4x4 antennas
achieved better throughput compared to 2x2 antenna and other
conventional techniques.
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