Pratyaya in Sanskrit

Tyya>
Suffixes
Pratyaya or suffix is added at the end of verbal root to transform the verbal
root into indeclinable, imperfect verb, definite verb, past tense of verb, present
continuous tense of verb and so on.
The following are some important suffixes:
Tyya>
1. tumn
u !
8. zt&
2. KTva
7. Kt
3. Lyp!
6. Ktvt!
4. AnIyr!
1. for doing
2. having done
3. having done
4. to be done
-
-
-
-:
5. tVyt!
5. must be done
6. did
7. has been done
8. doing
-:
-
-:
-
9.1
u u n-!Tyy>
1 tm
The suffix tum! is added to the verbs to indicate the purpose of action.
Example: ram> piQtu< iv*aly< gCDit, Rma goes to school in order to study.
Once the tu mu n ! - Tyy is added to the verbal derivative, it becomes an
indeclinable, which means that the word will be the same in all genders, cases
and numbers.
Here are a few examples:

1.
piQtum!
To read
17. vKtum!
To speak
2.
ri]tum!
To protect
18. AagNtum!
To come
3.
yaictum!
To beg
19. gNtum!
To go
4.
g&hItum!
To hold
20. patum!
To drink
5.
leiotum!
To write
21. aetum!
To hear
6.
vistum!
To live
22. htuRm!
To snatch
7.
xaivtum!
To run
23. ttuRm!
To cross
8.
ivmaeictum!
To release
24. ktuRm!
To do
9.
ivtum!
To become
25. hNtum!
To kill
10. baeixtum!
To teach
26. lBxum!
To get
11. jIivtum!
To live
27. Iiftum!
To play
12. jiLptum!
To blabber
28. pittum!
To fall
13. icNtiytum!
To think
29. Swatum!
To stand
14. oaidtum!
To eat
30. mtuRm!
To die
15. iniNdtum!
To criticise
31. paliytum!
To nurture
16. d{fiytum!
To punish
32. AicRtum!
To worship
9.22 KTva-Tyy>
The suffix Tva is added only to roots that are not prefixed by upasarga. It
denotes the sense of adverbial past participle (prefix). After having completed
an action, if the subject does another action, then, the KTva suffix is added to
the completed action.
Example: ram> piQTva Iiftu< gCDit, Having read, Rma goes to play.
The verbal forms formed with KTva suffix are also indeclinables.

1.
piQTva
Having read
16. icNtiyTva Having thought
2.
ilioTva
Having written
17. imilTva
Having met
3.
xaivTva
Having run
18. UTva
Having been
4.
%idTva
Having risen
19. hTva
Having killed
5.
%i;Tva
Having lived
20. gTva
Having gone
6.
hisTva
Having laughed
21. pITva
Having drunk
7.
ri]Tva
Having protected
22. nTva
Having prostrated
8.
g&hITva
Having held
23. Sm&Tva
Having remembered
9.
]iyTva
Having eaten
24. ijTva
Having conquered
10. g[iyTva
Having counted
25. :qva
Having looked
11. caeriyTva
Having stolen
26. uTva
Having heard
12. rciyTva
Having composed
27. kTva
Having done
13. yaciyTva
Having begged
28. TyKTva
Having given up
14. tafiyTva
Having beaten
29. mTva
Having considered
15. kwiyTva
Having told
30. AiqTva
Having Wandered
3 Lyp!-Tyy
Lyp!-Tyy has the same function as KTva-Tyy, but the only difference is that, in
Lyp!-Tyy (y) is suffixed when the verbal form has an upasarga prefixed to it.
Example: When the Lyp! is added to }a, which has the iv upasarga, it becomes
iv}ay.
iv + }a + Lyp! = iv}ay Having known
Without upasarga, }a becomes }aTva.
Here are a few more examples:

1.
Aa
AahUy
Having called
2.
in
bNx!
inbXy
Having bound
3.
Aa
da
Aaday
Having brought
4.
eTy
Having reached
5.
Aa
AapUyR
Having filled up
6.
ivz!
ivZy
Having entered
7.
iv
lI
ivlIy
Having dissolved
8.
sm!
Sm&
s<Sm&Ty
Having thought well
9.
Aix
AxITy
Having got
10. Aa
p&CD!
Aap&CD!y
Having asked
11. in
mJj!
inmJJy
Having sunk
12. %d!
Swa
%Tway
Having got up
13. ins!
ic
iniTy
Having decided
14. sm!
s<SkTy
Having purified
15.
vc!
aeCy
Having told
16.
Aa
h!
Aa
Having climbed
17.
Aa
mN!
AamNy
Having discussed
18.
nm!
[My
Having prostrated
19.
Aa
gm!
AagTy/AagMy
Having come
9.44 AnIyr! Tyy>

When the AnIyr!!-Tyy is added to the verbal root, the potential passive participle
is formed. It conveys a sense of 'necessity' or 'command'.
Example: Imaray[> Smr[Iy>, Lord Nryaa is to be remembered.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender
pQnIy>
Feminine Gender
pQnIya
Neuter Gender
pQnIym!
Here are a few more examples:

1.
kr[Iym!
To be done
6.
hsnIym!
Have to laugh
2.
pQnIym!
To be read
7.
vdnIym!
To be spoken
3.
gmnIym!
Have to go
8.
vcnIym!
To be spoken
4.
vhnIym!
To be carried
9.
danIym!
To be given
5.
hnnIym!
To be killed
10. dzRnIym!
To be seen
11. v[Iym!
To be heard
16. oadnIym!
to be eaten
12. ednIym!
To be split
17. jynIym!
to be conquered
13. inNdnIym!
To be condemned 18. yaejnIym!
to be linked
14. TyjnIym!
To be given up
19. nynIym!
to be carried
15. aejnIym!
To be consumed
20. Smr[Iym!
to be remembered
9.55 tVyt! Tyy>

The usage of tVyt!-Tyy is similar to AnIyr!-Tyy. The only speciality is that
the aspects of 'necessity' and 'command' are stressed more in the tVyt!-Tyy
than AnIyr!-Tyy.
Example: ktRVy< dEvmaikm! , The religious rites ought to be done.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender
piQtVy>
Feminine Gender
piQtVya
Neuter Gender
piQtVym!

1.
piQtVym!
Must be read
6. ktRVym!
2.
ai;tVym!
Must be spoken
7.
3.
aeKtVym!
Must be enjoyed
8. datVym!
Must be given
4.
ointVym!
Must be dug
9.
aetVym!
Must be heard
5.
baeixtVym!
Must be educated
10. maijRtVym!
Must be purified
11. sihtVym!
Must be borne
19. hNtVym!
Must be killed
12. leiotVym!
Must be written
20. SnatVym!
Must be bathed
13. tirtVym!
Must be crossed over
21. }atVym!
Must be known
14. IiftVym!
Must be played
22. Vym!
Must be seen
15. kwiytVym!
Must be told
23. netVym!
Must be carried
16. ri]tVym!
Must be protected
24. patVym!
Must be drunk
17. jetVym!
Must be conquered
25. gNtVym!
Must be gone
18. SwatVym!
Must be positioned
26. vVym!
Must be spoken
Must be done
TyKtVym! Must be given up
6 Ktvt-! Tyy>
9.6
The past active participle is formed by adding the suffix Ktvt! to the verbal
root and has the same meaning as that of the verbal past tense.
Example: ram> iv*aly< gtvan! (AgCDt! ), Rma went to school.
Thus gtvan! and AgCDt! mean one and the same.
The derivates formed using this suffix agree with the noun in gender, number
and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender
piQtvan!
Feminine Gender
piQtvtI
Neuter Gender
piQtvt!!

1. gtvan!
Went
4. p&van!
Asked
2. ktvan!
Did
5. xaivtvan!
Ran
3 . iSwtvan!
Stood
6. piQtvan!
Read
7.
nmSktvan! Prostrated
17.
utvan!
Heard
8.
g&hItvan!
Held
18.
pItvan!
Drank
9.
%Ktvan!
Told
19.
ijtvan!
Conquered
10. van!
Looked
20. iliotvan!
Wrote
11. oaidtvan!
Ate
21. AahUtvan!
Called
12. Aiqtvan!
Roamed
22. nItvan!
Carried
13. Swaiptvan!
Established
23. AanItvan!
Brought
14. TyKtvan!
Gave up
24. iciNttvan!
Thought
15. ei;tvan!
Sent
25. Aacirtvan!
Did
16. i]Ptvan!
Threw
26. }atvan!
Knew
9.77 Kt-Tyy>
The past passive participle is formed by adding Kt-Tyy to the transitive verbal
roots.
Example: rav[> ht>, Rvaa has been killed.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in
gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender
kt>
Feminine Gender
kta
Neuter Gender
ktm!

1. kt>
Has been done
3.
gt>
Has been gone
2. ut>
Has been heard
4.
>
Has been looked
5. pIt>
Has been drunk
10. ijt>
Has been conquered
6. nIt>
Has been carried
11. iliot>
Has been written
7. piQt>
Has been read
12. kiwt>
Has been told
8. taift>
Has been beaten
13. TyKt>
Has been given up
9. ht>
Has been killed
14. }at>
Has been known
9.88 zt&-Tyy>
The present participle is formed by adding zt&-Tyy to the verbal root. This
has the sense of present continuous tense.
Example: ram> gayn! gCDit, Rma goes singing.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun
in gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender
kvRn!
Feminine Gender
kvRNtI
Neuter Gender
kvRt!

1. kvRn!
Doing
5. z&{vn!
Hearing
2. gCDn!
Going
6. Tyjn!
Giving up
3 . AagCDn!
Coming
7. xavn!
Running
4. pQn!
Reading
8. palyn!
Protecting

Pratyaya in Sanskrit

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Pratyaya in Sanskrit

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Tyya>

Here are a few examples:

Here are a few examples:

16. icNtiyTva Having thought

Here are a few more examples:

Having thought well

9.44 AnIyr! Tyy>

Here are a few more examples:

To be condemned 18. yaejnIym!

9.55 tVyt! Tyy>

Here are a few examples:

Must be crossed over

TyKtVym! Must be given up

Here are a few examples:

Here are a few examples:

Has been done

Has been gone

Has been heard

Has been looked

Has been drunk

Has been conquered

Has been carried

Has been written

Has been read

Has been told

Has been beaten

Has been given up

Has been killed

Has been known

Here are a few examples:

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