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because calcite itself is stable under most crustal conditions these rocks
may not develop new minerals during metamorphism. However, many
limestones contain other constituents such as detrital grains or diagenetic
dolomite, and these may react extensively with calcite during
metamorphism. Marly sediments containing a mixture of carbonate and
silicate components are also common, and there is a complete spectrum
possible between purely carbonate and purely silicate sediments.
Metamorphic rocks reflect the variability of the sedimentary record, and so
also include both pure marbles and a range of metasediments with variable
proportions of carbonate. However, it is also not unusual, especially at
medium to high grades, to find metasediments that are rich Ca-or Ca-Mgsilicates (such as zoisite, grossular, amphibole or diopside) but which
contain little or no carbonate. These rocks are known as calc-silicates, and in
many cases are probably the products of metamorphism of originally
carbonate. Bearing sediments. We infer this because calcite and dolomite
are the major Ca- and constituents of sediments, and the reactions in which
they participate typically involve breakdown of carbonates with loss of CO2
in the production of silicates. Skarns are a variety of calc-silicate rock
formed by metasomatic interaction between marble and silicate rock. The
most spectacular examples result from intrusion of granite into marble.
In practice, therefore, it becomes convenient for the description of
metamorphosed calcareous sediments to divide them into two categories:
marbles in which carbonates are abundant; and calc-silicates with little or no
carbonate. The possible range in mineralogy of calc-silicates is very large,
since it depends on the precise mixture of sedimentary components in the
original layer as well as being susceptible to metasomatic interactions with
adjacent layers. For this reason, no attempt will be made here to provide a
comprehensive guide to the mineralogy of calc-silicates, even though they
are often sensitive indicators of metamorphic grade. However, some
examples of the types of mineralogical zoning most commonly found are
outlined later in the chapter. The compositions of the phases discussed in
this chapter are listed in the Glossary.
CALCITE MARBLES
The term marble is used for metamorphosed calcareous rocks in with
carbonate minerals dominate. Many marbles are composed only of calcite
with minor quartz and phyllosilicates, originally of detrital origin. There is
sometimes graphite derived from organic debris, and pyrite is also a
common accessory. The mineral assemblage in a marble of this type
provides few clues as to the conditions of formation, since calcite is stable at
all but the highest pressures, and even where aragonite does form during
burial, it is likely in most cases to change back completely to calcite during
uplift, except at very low temperatures. At very high temperatures and low
pressures, calcite may react with any quartz present it produce calcium
silicate, wollastonite. Despite the lack if mineralogical reaction in calcite
marbles, they are susceptible to extensive textural changes due to
recrystallization of calcite to produce a coarser grain size and often a
preferred orientation.
Lie H2O, CO2 forms a supercritical fluid under metamorphic conditions, with
a density that is broadly similar to that of supercritical water, though slightly
greater under most metamorphic conditions.
Reaction was studied experimentally by Harker and turtle. In their work the
pressure of the fluid in the experimental capsule CO2 was equal to the total.
P-T diagram to show the stability limits of calcite quartz. Curves for calcite
quartz breakdown are given for various values of XCO2 and for PCO2=1bar.
Data of Johannes and puhan
CO2 supercritical fluids are completely miscible (except where the aqueous
fluid contains large amounts of dissolved salts). Hence the partial pressure
due to the CO2 in a mixed H2O-CO2 fluid may be very much less than the
total fluid pressure, even if Pfluid=Plithostatic. Fluid composition is
conveniently expressed in terms of the mole fraction of CO2 or XCO2:
Note that rocks containing all four of these solid phases are not uncommon.
They might be expected where insufficient water was added to the marble