CUK CONVERTER USING LM2611

Project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By
S.ANKUSH REDDY (08241A0259)
P.RAJ KUMAR (08241A0285)
N.SANTOSH KUMAR (08241A0296)
P.SIVA TARUN (08241A02A2)

Under the guidance of

Mr.SRIKANTH
Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY, BACHUPALLY, HYDERABAD-72
2012

GOKARAJU RANGARAJU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled CUK CONVERTER USING LM2611
that is being submitted by Mr. S.ANKUSH REDDY, Mr.P.RAJ KUMAR,
Mr.N.SANTOSH KUMAR and P.SIVA TARUN in partial fulfillment for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University is a record of bonafide work carried out by
him under my guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this project report have not
been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any graduation degree.

Mr.P.M.Sarma

Mr. SRIKANTH

HOD, EEE
GRIET, Hyderabad

Assistant Professor.
GRIET, Hyderabad
(Internal Guide)

Acknowledgement
This is to place on record my appreciation and deep gratitude to the persons without
whose support this project would never seen the light of day.

I have immense pleasure in expressing my thanks and deep sense of gratitude to my

guide MR. SRIKANTH, Assistant Professor Department of Electrical
Engineering, and G.R.I.E.T for his guidance throughout this project.

I also express my sincere thanks to Mr.P.M.Sarma, Head of the Department, and

Mr.M.Chakravarthy Associate Proffessor G.R.I.E.T for extending his help.

I express my gratitude to The Dr.S.N.Saxena, Project Supervisor G.R.I.E.T for his

valuable recommendations and for accepting this project report.

Finally I express my sincere gratitude to all the members of faculty and my friends
who contributed their valuable advice and helped to complete the project
successfully.

S.ANKUSH REDDY (08241A0259)

P.RAJ KUMAR (08241A0285)
N.SANTOSH KUMAR (08241A0296)
P.SIVA TARUN (08241A02A2)

Abstract
The CUK converter is a DC-DC converter. Switch-mode DC-DC converters are commonly
used to convert an unregulated DC input into a controlled DC output at a desired voltage
level. The voltage magnitude that is either greater or less than the input voltage magnitude.
It consists of dc input voltage source VS, input inductor L, controllable switch S, energy
transfer capacitor C, diode D, lter inductor L, lter capacitor C, and load resistance R. An
important advantage of this topology is a continuous current at both the input and the output
of the converter. Disadvantages of the Cuk converter are a high number of reactive
components and high current stresses on the switch, the diode, and the capacitor C. The main
waveforms in the converter are presented in Fig. 1. When the switch is on, the diode is off
and the capacitor C is discharged by the inductor L current. With the switch in the off state,
the diode conducts currents of the inductors L and L, whereas capacitor C is charged by the
inductor L current.
Analytic models for a bidirectional coupled-inductor Cuk converter operating in sliding mode
are described. Using a linear combination of the converter four state variable errors as a
general switching surface, the expression for the equivalent control is derived and the
coordinates of the equilibrium point are obtained. Particular cases of the general switching
surface are subsequently analyzed in detail: (1) surfaces for ideal line regulation, (2) surfaces
for ideal load regulation, and (3) surfaces for hysteretic current control. Simulation results
verifying the analytical predictions are presented

CONTENTS
S.NO TITLE

Page No.

a)

Abbreviations

Vi

b)

List of Figures

5i

c)

List of Tables

5i

1.

Introduction
1.1 History

1.2 Aim of this Project

1.3 Methodology
1.4 Outline
2.

DC-to-DC Converter
2.1 Definition
2.2 Usage
2.3 Conversion methods
2.3.1 Electronic
2.3.2 Electrochemical

2
2
2
2
2
5

3.

CUK Converter
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Principle of operation of isolated Cuk converter
3.3 Non Isolated Cuk converter
3.3.1 Principle of operation of Non Isolated Cuk converter
3.3.2 Continuous Mode
3.3.3 The two operating states.
3.3.3 Dis Continous Mode.

6
6
7
7
8
9
10
10

4.

Pulse Width Modulation.

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Principle
4.2.1 Delta
4.2.2 Delta-sigma
4.2.3 Space vector modulation
4.2.4 Direct torque control (DTC)
4.2.5 Time proportioning
4.2.6 Types
4.2.7 Spectrum
4.3 Applications
4.3.1 Telecommunications
4.3.2 Power delivery
4.3.3 Voltage regulation
4.3.4 Audio effects and amplification
IC LM2611
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Features
5.3 Applications
5.4 Typical application of LM2611
5.5 Connection Diagram And Pin Discription
5.5.1 Connection Diagram

11
11
12
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
19
19
19
19
20
21
21

5.

5.5.2 Ordering
5.5.3 Pin Description
5.5.4 Block Diagram
5.6 Absolute Max Ratings
5.7 Operating
5.8 Electrical Characteristics
5.9 Typical Performance Characteristics
5.10 Application Circuits Of LM2611 In Cuk Converter
5.11 Physical Dimensions

21
22
22
23
23
24
25
27
27

6.

Operation Of Cuk Converter

6.1 Output and input indicator
6.2 Switch current limit
6.3 Input capacitor
6.4 Output capacitor
6.5 Improving transient response
6.6 Hysteric mode
6.7 Thermal shutdown

28
28
30
31
31
31
33
34

7.

Simulation of Practical Circuit

7.1 Intoduction to PSIM software
7.1.1 Tool for Model-Based Design
7.2 The obtained wave forms
7.3 Simulation results
7.3.1 Inference
7.4 Simulation circuit of the CUK Converter

35
35
35
37
39
39
40

8.

Hardware Implementation
8.1 Circuit Specification
8.2 Circuit Description
8.2.1 Starting Power Supply
8.2.2 Complete circuit
8.3 Hardware Output Waveforms

41
41
41
41
42
42

9.

Applications
1.1 Digital cam
1.2 LCD Multiplex Ratio
1.3 LCD Bias

45
45
46
46

10

Conclusion and Scope for Future

48

11

REFERENCES

49

APPENDEX-A

50

APPENDEX-B

52

APPENDEX-C

53

Abbreviations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

IC : Integrated circuit
UC: Unitrode circuit
TL: Texas Laboratories
PWM: Pulse Width Modulation
SMPC: Switched Mode Power Converter
CCM: Continuous Conduction Mode
SM: Sliding Mode
HM: Hysteresis Modulation
PCB: Printed Circuit Board
DTC: Dead Time Control

LIST OF FIGURES
1. Fig.3.1 Basic schematic CUK converter
2. Fig.3.2 Schematic of a CUK converter
3. Fig.3.3 The two operating states of a non isolating cuk converter
4. Fig.4.1 A simple method to generate the PWM pulse train corresponding
to a given signal is the intersective PWM
5. Fig.4.2 Principle of Delta PWM
6. Fig.4.3 Principle of delta sigma PWM.
7. Fig.4.4 Waveforms of different types of pulses
8. Fig.5.1 Typical application of lm2611
9. Fig.5.2 Pin diagram
10. Fig.5.3 Block diagram
11. Fig.5.4 Typical Characteristics
12. Fig.5.5 Physical Dimensions
13. Fig.6.1 Operating cycle of a Cuk converter
14. Fig.6.2 Voltage and current wave forms in inductor L1
15. Fig.6.3 Voltage and current wave forms in inductor L2
16. Fig.6.4 Switch Current waveform in a Cuk Converter
18. Fig.6.5 Transient response of Cuk converter
19. Fig.7.1 Representation of a system in PSIM
20. Fig.7.2 Output Voltage waveform
21. Fig.7.3 Waveform near switch
22. Fig.7.4 Simulation circuit
23. Fig.8.1 Power Supply Board
24. Fig.8.2 Completely Soldered Hardware Circuit
25. Fig.8.3 Reference Voltage
26. Fig.8.4 PWM pulses
27. Fig.8.5 Varying Pulse width
28. Fig.8.6 Output DC Voltage

LIST OF TABLES
1. Table-2.1 Different Topologies
2. Table-5.1 Function Table
3. Table-5.2 Ordering Table
4. Table-5.3 Pin Description Table
5. Table-5.4 Electrical Characteristics
6. Table-7. Input voltage variation

10

1. INTRODUCTION
The ukconverter. Is a type of DC-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude that
is either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude.

1.1 HISTORY
It is named after Slobodan uk of the California Institute of Technology, who first
presented the design.

The Four BoostBuck Topologies

1.
2.
3.
4.

Boost-Buck Switching Converter

Cuk Converter
Coupled Inductor Cuk Converter
Integrated Magnetics Cuk Converter

1.2 Aim Of This Project

The initial aim of this project is to generate a DC voltage whose magnitude is greater
than or less than the input voltage magnitude.
Here we use LM2611 as the switching regulator.

1.3 Methodology
A CUK converter is designed using LM2611 IC which is used as a PWM switching
regulator. Where the whole circuit is used to obtain the desired DC output for the given DC
input.

1.4 Outline Of This Report

In this report, the following chapters will cover the different types of DC-DC converters,
PWM, LM2611IC, integration of lm2611 IC with CUK converter, applications of CUK
converter, future scope.

11

2. DC-TO-DC CONVERTER
2.1 DEFINITION
A DC-to-DC converter is an electronic circuit which converts a source of direct
current (DC) from one voltage level to another. It is a class of power converter.

2.2USAGE
DC-to-DC converters are important in portable electronic devices such as cellular
phones and laptop computers, which are supplied with power from batteries primarily. Such
electronic devices often contain several sub-circuits, each with its own voltage level
requirement different from that supplied by the battery or an external supply (sometimes
higher or lower than the supply voltage). Additionally, the battery voltage declines as its
stored power is drained. Switched DC-to-DC converters offer a method to increase voltage
from a partially lowered battery voltage thereby saving space instead of using multiple
batteries to accomplish the same thing.
Most DC-to- DC converters also regulate the output voltage. Some exceptions include
high-efficiency LED power sources, which are a kind of DC to DC converter that regulates
the current through the LEDs, and simple charge pumps which double or triple the input
voltage

2.3CONVERSION METHODS
2.3.1 Electronic
2.3.1.1Linear
Linear regulators can only output at lower voltages from the input. They are
very inefficient when the voltage drop is large and the current is high as they dissipate heat
equal to the product of the output current and the voltage drop; consequently they are not
normally used for large-drop high-current applications.
The inefficiency wastes power and requires higher-rated, and consequently more expensive
and larger, components. The heat dissipated by high-power supplies is a problem in itself as it
must be removed from the circuitry to prevent unacceptable temperature rises. They are
practical if the current is low, the power dissipated being small, although it may still be a
large fraction of the total power consumed. They are often used as part of a simple regulated
power supply for higher currents: a transformer generates a voltage which, when rectified, is
a little higher than that needed to bias the linear regulator. The linear regulator drops the
excess voltage, reducing hum-generating ripple current and providing a constant output
voltage independent of normal fluctuations of the unregulated input voltage from the
12

transformer / bridge rectifier circuit and of the load current. Linear regulators are
inexpensive, reliable if good heat sinking is used and much simpler than switching regulators.
As part of a power supply they may require a transformer, which is larger for a given power
level than that required by a switch-mode power supply. Linear regulators can provide a very
low-noise output voltage, and are very suitable for powering noise-sensitive low-power
analog and radio frequency circuits. A popular design approach is to use an LDO, Low Dropout Regulator that provides a local "point of load" DC supply to a low power circuit.

2.3.1.2Switched-mode conversion
Electronic switch-mode DC-to-DC converters convert one DC voltage level to
another, by storing the input energy temporarily and then releasing that energy to the output
at a different voltage. The storage may be in either magnetic field storage components
(inductors, transformers) or electric field storage components (capacitors). This conversion
method is more power efficient (often 75% to 98%) than linear voltage regulation (which
dissipates unwanted power as heat). This efficiency is beneficial to increasing the running
time of battery operated devices. The efficiency has increased since the late 1980s due to the
use of power FETs, which are able to switch at high frequency more efficiently than power
bipolar transistors, which incur more switching losses and require a more complicated drive
circuit. Another important innovation in DC-to-DC converters is the use of synchronous
rectification replacing the flywheel diode with a power FET with low "On" resistance,
thereby reducing switching losses. Most DC-to-DC converters are designed to move power in
only one direction, from the input to the output. However, all switching regulator topologies
can be made bi-directional by replacing all diodes with independently controlled active
rectification. A bi-directional converter can move power in either direction, which is useful in
applications requiring regenerative braking. Drawbacks of switching converters include
complexity, electronic noise (EMI / RFI) and to some extent cost, although this has come
down with advances in chip design. DC-to-DC converters are now available as integrated
circuits needing minimal additional components. DC-to-DC converters are also available as a
complete hybrid circuit component, ready for use within an electronic assembly.

2.3.1.2.1 Magnetic
In these DC-to-DC converters, energy is periodically stored into and released from
a magnetic field in an inductor or a transformer, typically in the range from 300 kHz to
10 MHz By adjusting the duty cycle of the charging voltage (that is, the ratio of on/off time),
the amount of power transferred can be controlled. Usually, this is applied to control the
output voltage, though it could be applied to control the input current, the output current, or
maintain a constant power. Transformer-based converters may provide isolation between the
input and the output. In general, the term "DC-to-DC converter" refers to one of these
switching converters. These circuits are the heart of a switched-mode power supply. Many
topologies exist. This table shows the most common.

13

Forward

Flyback

Energy goes from the input,

through the magnetics and to the

Energy goes from the input and stored in the magnetics

Later, it is released from the magnetics to the load

load, simultaneously

No
Step-down (Buck) - The output voltage is
transformer lower than the input voltage, and of the
same polarity

Non-inverting: The output voltage is the same polarity as the input

Step-up (Boost) - The output voltage is higher than the input voltage

SEPIC - The output voltage can be lower or higher than the input

Inverting: the output voltage is of the opposite polarity as the input

Non-

Inverting (Buck-Boost)

isolated

uk - Output current is continuous

True Buck-Boost - The output voltage is the same polarity as the input and can be lower or higher
Split-Pi (Boost-Buck) - Allows bidirectional voltage conversion with the output voltage the same polarity as the input and
can be lower or higher
With
transformer

May be

Half bridge - 2 transistors drive

Full bridge - 4 transist

Table-2.1 Different Topologies

14

isolated

In addition, each topology may be:

Hard switched - transistors switch quickly while exposed to both full voltage and full
current

Resonant - an LC circuit shapes the voltage across the transistor and current through it so
that the transistor switches when either the voltage or the current is zero

Magnetic DC-to-DC converters may be operated in two modes, according to the current in its
main magnetic component (inductor or transformer):

Continuous - the current fluctuates but never goes down to zero

Discontinuous - the current fluctuates during the cycle, going down to zero at or before
the end of each cycle

A converter may be designed to operate in Continuous mode at high power, and in

Discontinuous mode at low power.
The Half bridge and Fly back topologies are similar in that energy stored in the magnetic core
needs to be dissipated so that the core does not saturate. Power transmission in a
flybackcircuit is limited by the amount of energy that can be stored in the core, while forward
circuits are usually limited by the I/V characteristics of the switches.
Although MOSFET switches can tolerate simultaneous full current and voltage
(although thermal stress and electromigration can shorten the MTBF), bipolar switches
generally can't so require the use of a snubber (or two).
2.3.1.2.2 Capacitive
Switched capacitor converters rely on alternately connecting capacitors to the input
and output in differing topologies. For example, a switched-capacitor reducing converter
might charge two capacitors in series and then discharge them in parallel. This would
produce an output voltage of half the input voltage, but at twice the current (minus various
inefficiencies). Because they operate on discrete quantities of charge, these are also
sometimes referred to as charge pump converters. They are typically used in applications
requiring relatively small amounts of current, as at higher current loads the increased
efficiency and smaller size of switch-mode converters makes them a better choice. They are
also used at extremely high voltages, as magnetics would break down at such voltages

2.3.2Electrochemical
A further means of DC-to-DC conversion in the kilowatt to many Megawatts range is
presented by using redox flow batteries such as the vanadium redox battery, although this
technique has not been applied commercially to date.
15

3. CUK CONVERTER
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The circuit of the C`uk converter is shown in Fig. 13.12a. It consists of dc input
voltage source VS, input inductor L, controllable switch S, energy transfer capacitor C, diode
D, lter inductor L, lter capacitor C, and load resistance R. An important advantage of this
topology is a continuous current at both the input and the output of the converter.
Disadvantages of the C`uk converter are a high number of reactive
components and high current stresses on the switch, the diode, and the capacitor C. The main
waveforms in the converter are presented in Fig. 13.12b. When the switch is on, the diode is
off and the capacitor C is discharged by the inductor L current. With the switch in the off
state, the diode conducts currents of the inductors Land L, whereas capacitor C is charged by
the inductor L current.

Fig.3.1 Basic schematicC'UK converter

16

3.2PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF ISOLATED CUK

CONVERTER.
The basic principle of the Buck-Boost converter is fairly simple:

While in the On-state, the input voltage source is directly connected to the inductor (L1).
This results in accumulating energy in L1. In this stage, the capacitor C2 supplies energy
to the output load.

While in the Off-state, the inductor is connected to the output load and capacitor, so
energy is transferred from L to C and R.

Compared to the buck and boost converters, the characteristics of the Buck-Boost converter
are mainly:

polarity of the output voltage is opposite to that of the input;

The output voltage can vary continuously from 0 to

(for an ideal converter). The
output voltage ranges for a buck and a boost converter are respectively 0 to and
to
Fig.3.2Schematic of a CUK converter

3.3 NON ISOLATED CUK CONVERTER.

17

There are variations on the basic Cuk converter. For example, the coils may share
single magnetic core, which drops the output ripple, and adds efficiency. Because the power
transfer flows continuously via the capacitor, this type of switcher has minimized EMI
radiation. The Cuk converter enables the energy flow bidirectionally, by adding a diode and a
switch.

3.3.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF NON ISOLATED CUK

CONVERTER.
A non-isolated uk converter comprises two inductors, two capacitors, a switch
(usually a transistor), and a diode. Its schematic can be seen in figure 1. It is an inverting
converter, so the output voltage is negative with respect to the input voltage.
The capacitor C is used to transfer energy and is connected alternately to the input and
to the output of the converter via the commutation of the transistor and the diode (see figures
2 and 3).
The two inductors L1 and L2 are used to convert respectively the input voltage source
(Vi) and the output voltage source (Co) into current sources. Indeed, at a short time scale an
inductor can be considered as a current source as it maintains a constant current. This
conversion is necessary because if the capacitor were connected directly to the voltage
source, the current would be limited only by (parasitic) resistance, resulting in high energy
loss. Charging a capacitor with a current source (the inductor) prevents resistive current
limiting and its associated energy loss.
As with other converters (buck converter, boost converter, buck-boost converter) the
uk converter can either operate in continuous or discontinuous current mode. However,
unlike these converters, it can also operate in discontinuous voltage mode (i.e., the voltage
across the capacitor drops to zero during the commutation cycle).

Fig 3.3
THE TWO OPERATING STATES OF A NON-ISOLATING CUK CONVERTER

18

3.3.2 CONTINOUS MODE

In steady state, the energy stored in the inductors has to remain the same at the
beginning and at the end of a commutation cycle. The energy in an inductor is given by:

This implies that the current through the inductors has to be the same at the beginning
and the end of the commutation cycle. As the evolution of the current through an inductor is
related to the voltage across it:

it can be seen that the average value of the inductor voltages over a commutation
period have to be zero to satisfy the steady-state requirements.
If we consider that the capacitors C and Co are large enough for the voltage ripple across
them to be negligible, the inductor voltages become:

in the off-state, inductor L1 is connected in series with Vi and C (see figure 2).
Therefore
. As the diode D is forward biased (we consider zero voltage
drop), L2 is directly connected to the output capacitor. Therefore

in the on-state, inductor L1 is directly connected to the input source.

Therefore
. Inductor L2 is connected in series with C and the output capacitor,
so

19

The converter operates in on-state from t=0 to t=DT (D is the duty cycle), and in off state
from DT to T (that is, during a period equal to (1-D)T). The average values of VL1 and
VL2 are therefore:

As both average voltage have to be zero to satisfy the steady-state conditions we can write,
using the last equation:

So the average voltage across L1 becomes:

Which can be written as:

It can be seen that this relation is the same as that obtained for the Buck-boost converter.

3.3.3 The two operating states of a non-isolated uk converter. In this

figure, the diode and the switch are either replaced by a short circuit when
they are on or by an open circuit when they are off. It can be seen that
when in the Off state, the capacitor C is being charged by the input source
through the inductor L1. When in the On state, the capacitor C transfers
the energy to the output capacitor through the inductance L2.

3.3.4 DISCONTINOUS MODE

20

Like all DC-DC converters Cuk converters rely on the ability of the inductors in the
circuit to provide continuous current, in much the same way a capacitor in a rectifier filter
provides continuous voltage. If this inductor is too small or below the "critical inductance",
then the current will be discontinuous. This state of operation is usually not studied in much
depth, as it is not used beyond a demonstrating of why the minimum inductance is crucial.
The minimum inductance is given by:

Where

is the switching frequency.

4. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

4.1INTRODUCTION
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a commonly
used technique for controlling power to inertial electrical devices, made practical by modern
electronic power switches.
The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the
switch between supply and load on and off at a fast pace. The longer the switch is on
compared to the off periods, the higher the power supplied to the load is.
The PWM switching frequency has to be much faster than what would affect the load,
which is to say the device that uses the power. Typically switchings have to be done several
times a minute in an electric stove, 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer, from few kilohertz (kHz) to
21

tens of kHz for a motor drive and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers
and computer power supplies.
The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the regular interval or
'period' of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most
of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.
The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low.
When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no
voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus
in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of
their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle.
PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has
been used to convey information over a communications channel.

4.2PRINCIPLE
Pulse-width modulation uses a rectangular pulse wave whose pulse width is
modulated resulting in the variation of the average value of the waveform. If we consider a
pulse waveform f (t) with a low value ymin, a high value ymax and a duty cycle D (see figure 1),
the average value of the waveform is given by:

As f (t) is a pulse wave, its value is ymax for

and ymin for

The above expression then becomes:

This latter expression can be fairly simplified in many cases where ymin = 0 as
. From this, it is obvious that the average value of the signal ( ) is
directly dependent on the duty cycle D.

22

Fig.4.1A simple method to generate the PWM pulse train corresponding to a given signal is
the intersective PWM
The simplest way to generate a PWM signal is the intersective method, which requires
only a sawtooth or a triangle waveform (easily generated using a simple oscillator) and
a comparator. When the value of the reference signal (the green sine wave in figure 2) is
more than the modulation waveform (blue), the PWM signal (magenta) is in the high state,
otherwise it is in the low state.

4.2.1Delta
In the use of delta modulation for PWM control, the output signal is integrated, and
the result is compared with limits, which correspond to a reference signal offset by a
constant. Every time the integral of the output signal reaches one of the limits, the PWM
signal changes state.

Fig.4.2 Principle of Delta PWM

23

4.2.2Delta-Sigma
In delta-sigma modulation as a PWM control method, the output signal is subtracted
from a reference signal to form an error signal. This error is integrated, and when the integral
of the error exceeds the limits, the output changes state.

Fig.4.3Principle of delta sigma PWM.

4.2.3Space Vector Modulation

Space vector modulation is a PWM control algorithm for multi-phase AC generation,
in which the reference signal is sampled regularly; after each sample, non-zero active
switching vectors adjacent to the reference vector and one or more of the zero switching
vectors are selected for the appropriate fraction of the sampling period in order to synthesize
the reference signal as the average of the used vectors.

4.2.4Direct Torque Control (DTC)

Direct torque control is a method used to control AC motors. It is closely related with
the delta modulation (see above). Motor torque and magnetic flux are estimated and these are
controlled to stay within their hysteresis bands by turning on new combination of the device's
semiconductor switches each time either of the signal tries to deviate out of the band.

4.2.5Time proportioning
Many digital circuits can generate PWM signals (e.g. many microcontrollers have
PWM outputs). They normally use acounter that increments periodically (it is connected
directly or indirectly to the clock of the circuit) and is reset at the end of every period of the
24

PWM. When the counter value is more than the reference value, the PWM output changes
state from high to low (or low to high).This technique is referred to as time
proportioning, particularly as time-proportioning control which proportion of a fixed cycle
time is spent in the high state.
The incremented and periodically reset counter is the discrete version of the
intersecting method's sawtooth. The analog comparator of the intersecting method becomes a
simple integer comparison between the current counter value and the digital (possibly
digitized) reference value. The duty cycle can only be varied in discrete steps, as a function of
the counter resolution. However, a high-resolution counter can provide quite satisfactory
performance.

4.2.6 Types
Three types of pulse-width modulation (PWM) are possible:
1. The pulse center may be fixed in the center of the time window and both edges of
the pulse moved to compress or expand the width.
2. The lead edge can be held at the lead edge of the window and the tail edge
modulated.
3. The tail edge can be fixed and the lead edge modulated.

Fig.4.4 Waveforms of different types of pulses

4.2.7Spectrum
The resulting spectra (of the three cases) are similar, and each contains
a dc component, a base sideband containing the modulating signal and phase
modulated carriers at each harmonic of the frequency of the pulse. The amplitudes of the
25

harmonic groups are restricted by a sinx / x envelope (sinc function) and extend to infinity.On
the contrary, the delta modulation is a random process that produces continuous spectrum
without distinct harmonics.

4.3APPLICATIONS
4.3.1Telecommunications
In telecommunications, the widths of the pulses correspond to specific data values
encoded at one end and decoded at the other.
Pulses of various lengths (the information itself) will be sent at regular intervals
(the carrier frequency of the modulation).
The inclusion of a clock signal is not necessary, as the leading edge of the data signal
can be used as the clock if a small offset is added to the data value in order to avoid a data
value with a zero length pulse.

4.3.2Power Delivery
PWM can be used to adjust the total amount of power delivered to a load without
losses normally incurred when a power transfer is limited by resistive means. The drawback
is the pulsations defined by the duty cycle, switching frequency and properties of the load.
With a sufficiently high switching frequency and, when necessary, using additional
passive electronic filters the pulse train can be smoothed and average analog waveform
recovered.
High frequency PWM power control systems are easily realizable with semiconductor
switches. As has been already stated above almost no power is dissipated by the switch in
either on or off state. However, during the transitions between on and off states both voltage
and current are non-zero and thus considerable power is dissipated in the switches. Luckily,
the change of state between fully on and fully off is quite rapid (typically less than 100
nanoseconds) relative to typical on or off times, and so the average power dissipation is quite
low compared to the power being delivered even when high switching frequencies are used.
Modern semiconductor switches such as MOSFETs or Insulated-gate bipolar
transistors (IGBTs) are quite ideal components. Thus high efficiency controllers can be built.
Typically frequency converters used to control AC motors have efficiency that is better than
98 %. Switching power supplies have lower efficiency due to low output voltage levels (often
even less than 2 V for microprocessors are needed) but still more than 70-80 % efficiency can
be achieved.
Variable-speed fan controllers for computers usually use PWM, as it is far more
efficient when compared to a potentiometer or rheostat. (Neither of the latter is practical to
operate electronically; they would require a small drive motor.)
Light dimmers for home use employ a specific type of PWM control. Home-use light
dimmers typically include electronic circuitry which suppresses current flow during defined
portions of each cycle of the AC line voltage. Adjusting the brightness of light emitted by a
light source is then merely a matter of setting at what voltage (or phase) in the AC half cycle
26

the dimmer begins to provide electrical current to the light source (e.g. by using an electronic
switch such as a triac). In this case the PWM duty cycle is the ratio of the conduction time to
the duration of the half AC cycle defined by the frequency of the AC line voltage (50 Hz or
60 Hz depending on the country).
These rather simple types of dimmers can be effectively used with inert (or relatively
slow reacting) light sources such as incandescent lamps, for example, for which the
additional modulation in supplied electrical energy which is caused by the dimmer causes
only negligible additional fluctuations in the emitted light. Some other types of light sources
such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), however, turn on and off extremely rapidly and would
perceivably flicker if supplied with low frequency drive voltages. Perceivable flicker effects
from such rapid response light sources can be reduced by increasing the PWM frequency. If
the light fluctuations are sufficiently rapid, the human visual system can no longer resolve
them and the eye perceives the time average intensity without flicker (see flicker fusion
threshold).
In electric cookers, continuously-variable power is applied to the heating elements
such as the hob or the grill using a device known as a Simmerstat. This consists of a thermal
oscillator running at approximately two cycles per minute and the mechanism varies the duty
cycle according to the knob setting. The thermal time constant of the heating elements is
several minutes, so that the temperature fluctuations are too small to matter in practice.

4.3.3Voltage Regulation
PWM is also used in efficient voltage regulators. By switching voltage to the load
with the appropriate duty cycle, the output will approximate a voltage at the desired level.
The switching noise is usually filtered with an inductor and a capacitor.One method measures
the output voltage. When it is lower than the desired voltage, it turns on the switch. When the
output voltage is above the desired voltage, it turns off the switch.

4.3.4Audio Effects and Amplification

PWM is sometimes used in sound (music) synthesis, in particular subtractive
synthesis, as it gives a sound effect similar to chorus or slightly detuned oscillators played
together. (In fact, PWM is equivalent to the difference of two sawtooth waves.) The ratio
between the high and low level is typically modulated with a low frequency oscillator, or
LFO. In addition, varying the duty cycle of a pulse waveform in a subtractive-synthesis
instrument creates useful timbral variations. Some synthesizers have a duty-cycle trimmer for
their square-wave outputs, and that trimmer can be set by ear; the 50% point was distinctive,
because even-numbered harmonics essentially disappear at 50%.A new class of audio
27

amplifiers based on the PWM principle is becoming popular. Called "Class-D amplifiers",
these amplifiers produce a PWM equivalent of the analog input signal which is fed to
the loudspeaker via a suitable filter network to block the carrier and recover the original
audio. These amplifiers are characterized by very good efficiency figures ( 90%) and
compact size/light weight for large power outputs. For a few decades, industrial and military
PWM amplifiers have been in common use, often for driving servo motors. They offer very
good efficiency, commonly well above 90%. Field-gradient coils in MRI machines are driven
by relatively-high-power PWM amplifiers.Historically, a crude form of PWM has been used
to play back PCM digital sound on the PC speaker, which is driven by only two voltage
levels, typically 0 V and 5 V. By carefully timing the duration of the pulses, and by relying
on the speaker's physical filtering properties (limited frequency response, self-inductance,
etc.) it was possible to obtain an approximate playback of mono PCM samples, although at a
very low quality, and with greatly varying results between implementations.In more recent
times, the Direct Stream Digital sound encoding method was introduced, which uses a
generalized form of pulse-width modulation called pulse density modulation, at a high
enough sampling rate (typically in the order of MHz) to cover the whole acoustic frequencies
range with sufficient fidelity. This method is used in the SACD format, and reproduction of
the encoded audio signal is essentially similar to the method used in class-D amplifiers.

5. IC LM2611
5.1INTRODUCTION
The LM2611 is a current mode, PWM inverting switching regulator. Operating from a
2.7 - 14V supply, it is capable of producing a regulated negative output voltage of up to (36VIN(MAX)). The LM2611 utilizes an input and output inductor, which enables low voltage
ripple and RMS current on both the input and the output. With a switching frequency of
1.4MHz, the inductors and output capacitor can be physically small and low cost. High
efficiency is achieved through the use of a low RDS(ON)FET. The LM2611 features a
shutdown pin, which can be activated when the part is not needed to lower the Iq and save
battery life. A negative feedback (NFB) pin provides a simple method of setting the output
voltage, using just two resistors. Cycle-by-cycle current limiting and internal compensation
further simplify the use of the LM2611.

5.2 FEATURES
n 1.4MHz switching frequency
n Low RDS(ON) DMOS FET n 1mVp-p output ripple
n 5V at 300mA from 5V input
n Better regulation than a charge pump n Uses tiny capacitors and inductors
n Wide input range: 2.7V to 14V n Low shutdown current: <1uA n 5-lead SOT23 package
28

5.3 APPLICATIONS
n MR Head Bias
n Digital camera CCD bias n LCD bias
n GaAs FET bias
n Positive to negative conversion.

5.4 TYPICAL APPLICATION OF LM2611

29

Fig 5.1 typical application of lm2611

The LM2611 is available is a small SOT23-5 package. It comes in two grades:
Table-5.1 Function Table
Grade A

Grade B

Current Limit

1.2A

0.9A

0.5

0.7

DS(ON)

5.5 CONNECTION DIAGRAM AND PIN DISCRIPTION

5.5.1PIN DIAGRAM
30

Fig 5.2 pin diagram

5.5.2ORDERING
Table-5.2 Ordering Table

5.5.3 PIN DESCRIPTION

Table-5.3 Pin Description Table
31

Pin

Nam
e

SW

GND

Analog and power ground.

NFB

Negative feedback. Connect to output via external resistor divider to set

output voltage.

SHD
N

IN

Function
Drain of internal switch. Connect at the node of the input inductor and
Cuk capacitor.

Shutdown control input. VIN = Device on. Ground = Device in

shutdown.
Analog and power input. Filter out high frequency noise with a 0.1 F
ceramic capacitor
placed close to the pin.

5.5.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 5.3 Block diagram

5.6Absolute Maximum Ratings

If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the National
32

Semiconductor Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and specifications.

V

IN
14.5V
SW Voltage
0. 4V to 36V
NFB Voltage
+0. 4V to 6V
SHDN Voltage
0. 4V to 14.5V
Maximum Junction
125C
Temperature
Power Dissipation (Note
2)
Internally Limited
Lead Temperature
300C
ESD Susceptibility
Human Body Model
2kV
Machine Model
200V

5.7 Operating
condition
Operating Junction
Temperature Range
Storage Temperature
Supply Voltage
ja

40C to +125C
65C to +150C
2.7V to 14V
256C/W

5.8Electrical Characteristics
Specifications in standard type face are for TJ = 25C and those with boldface type
33

apply over the Temperature Range TJ = 40C to +85C, unless otherwise specified.
VIN = 5.0V and IL = 0A, unless otherwise specified.
Table 5.4 Electrical characteristics

Min
Symbol

Parameter

IN
SW

DSON

Max
Units

(Note 4)
V

Typ

Conditions

2.7
1
0.7

Input Voltage
Switch Current Limit

Grade A
Grade B
Switch ON Resistance Grade A

(Note 5)

(Note 4)
14
2

1.2
0.9
0.5

0.65

0.7

0.9

V
A

Grade B
SHDNTH Shutdown Threshold
I

SHDN

Shutdown Pin Bias

Current

Device enabled
Device disabled
SHDN = 0V
VSHDN = 5V
VIN = 3V

0.50

1.205

0.0
0.0
1.23

1.0
1.255

4.7

6.7

1.8

3.5

mA

270
0.024

500
1

A
A

NFB

Negative Feedback
Reference

NFB Pin Bias Current VNFB =1.23V

VSHDN = 5V,
Quiescent Current
Switching
VSHDN = 5V, Not
Switching
VSHDN = 0V
Reference Line
Regulation
2.7V VIN 14V

2.7

Switching Frequency
Maximum Duty Cycle
Switch Leakage
Not Switching
VSW = 5V

1.0
82

NFB

Iq

%VOUT/
VIN
fS
D
MAX
IL

1.5

0.02
1.4
88

%/V
1.8
1

Note 1: Absolute maximum ratings are limits beyond which damage to the device may
occur. Operating Ratings are conditions for which the device is intended tobe functional,
but device parameter specifications may not be guaranteed. For guaranteed specifications
and test conditions, see the Electrical Characteristics.
Note 2: The maximum allowable power dissipation is a function of the maximum
junction temperature, TJ(MAX), the junction-to-ambient thermal resistance,JA,and the
ambient temperature, TA. See the Electrical Characteristics table for the thermal
resistance of various layouts. The maximum allowable power dissipation
at any ambient temperature is calculated using: PD (MAX) = (TJ(MAX) TA)/JA.
Exceeding the maximum allowable power dissipation will cause excessive die
temperature, and the regulator will go into thermal shutdown.
Note 3: The human body model is a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a
1.5kresistor into each pin. The machine model is a 200pF capacitor dischargeddirectly
into each pin.
Note 4: All limits guaranteed at room temperature (standard typeface) and at temperature
extremes (bold typeface). All room temperature limits are 100% testedor guaranteed
through statistical analysis. All limits at temperature extremes are guaranteed via
34

MHz
%
A

correlation using standard Statistical Quality Control (SQC) methods. All limits are used
to calculate Average Outgoing Quality Level (AOQL).
Note 5: Typical numbers are at 25C and represent the expected value of the parameter.

5.9Typical Performance Characteristics

Fig 5.4 Typical Characteristics

35

36

5.10 APPLICATION CIRCUITS OF LM2611 IN CUK

CONVERTER
1.
2.
3.
4.

5V to -5V Inverting Converter

9V to -5V Inverting Converter
12V to -5V Inverting Converter
Operating with Separate Power and Biasing Supplies

37

5.11 Physical Dimensionsinches (millimeters)unless otherwise noted

Fig 5.5 Physical Dimensions

38

6. OPERATION OF CUK CONVERTER

Fig 6.1 Operating cycle of a Cuk converter

The LM2611 is a current mode, fixed frequency PWM switching regulator with a
1.23V reference that makes it ideal for use in a Cuk converter. The Cuk converter inverts
the input and can step up or step down the absolute value. Using inductors on both the input
and output, the Cuk con-verter produces very little input and output current ripple. This is a
significant advantage over other inverting topolo-gies such as the buck-boost and flyback.
The operating states of the Cuk converter are shown in Figure 1.During the first
cycle, the transistor switch is closedand the diode is open. L1 is charged by the source and L2
is charged by CCUK, while the output current is provided by L2. In the second cycle, L1
charges CCUK and L2 discharges through the load. By applying the volt-second balance to
either of the inductors, the relationship of VOUT to the duty cycle (D) is found to be:

The following sections review the steady-state design of the LM2611 Cuk converter.

6.1 Output and Input Inductor

Figure 2and Figure 3showthe steady-state voltage andcurrent waveforms for L1 and
L2, respectively. Referring to Figure 1(a),when the switch is closed, VINis applied acrossL1.
In the next cycle, the switch opens and the diode be-comes forward biased, and VOUT is
applied across L1 (the voltage across CCUK is VIN VOUT.

39

FIG 6.2 Voltage and current wave forms

The voltage and current waveforms of inductor L2 are shown in Figure 3. During the
first cycle of operation, when the switch is closed, VIN is applied across L2. When the switch
opens, VOUT is applied across L2.

40

The following equations define values given in Figure 2 and

Figure 3:
I
L2 = IOUT

Use these equations to choose correct core sizes for the inductors. The design of the
LM2611s internal compensa-tion assumes L1 and L2 are equal to 10 - 22 H, thus it
is recommended to stay within this range.

6.2 Switch Current Limit

The LM2611 incorporates a separate current limit compara-tor, making current limit
independent of any other variables. The current limit comparator measures the switch current
versus a reference that represents current limit. If at any time the switch current surpasses the
current limit, the switch opens until the next switching period. To determine the maxi-mum
load for a given set of conditions, both the input and output inductor currents must be
considered. The switch
current is equal to iL1 + iL2, and is drawn in Figure 4. In summary:

ISW(PEAK) must be less than the current limit (1.2A typical), but will also be limited by
the thermal resistivity of the
LM2611s SOT23-5 package (JA = 265C/W).

Fig 6.4 Switch Current waveform in a Cuk Converter

FIGURE 4. Switch Current Waveform in a Cuk Converter. The peak value is equal to
the sum of the average currents through L1 and L2 and the average-to-peak current
ripples through L1 and L2.
41

6.3 Input Capacitor

The input current waveform to a Cuk converter is continuous and triangular, as shown
in Figure 2. The input inductor insures that the input capacitor sees fairly low ripple currents. However, as the input inductor gets smaller, the input ripple goes up. The RMS current
in the input capacitor is given by:

The input capacitor should be capable of handling the RMS current. Although the
input capacitor is not so critical in a Cuk converter, a 10F or higher value good quality
capacitor prevents any impedance interactions with the input supply. A 0.1F or 1F ceramic
bypass capacitor is also recom-mended on the VIN pin (pin 5) of the IC. This capacitor must
be connected very close to pin 5 (within 0.2 inches).

6.4 Output Capacitor

Like the input current, the output current is also continuous, triangular, and has low
ripple (see IL2 in Figure 3). The output capacitor must be rated to handle its RMS current:

For example, ICOUT(RMS) can range from 30mA to 180mA with 10H L1,2 22H,
10V VOUT 3.3V, and 2.7V
VIN 30V (VIN may be 30V if using separate power and analog supplies, see Split
Supply Operation in the APPLI-CATIONS section). The worst case conditions are with L1,2,
VOUT(MAX), and VIN(MAX). Many capacitor technologies will provide this level of RMS
current, but ceramic capacitors are
ideally suited for the LM2611. Ceramic capacitors provide a good combination of
capacitance and equivalent series re-sistance (ESR) to keep the zero formed by the
capacitance and ESR at high frequencies. The ESR zero is calculated as:

A general rule of thumb is to keep fESR>80kHz for LM2611 Cuk designs. Low ESR
tantalum capacitors will usually be rated for at least 180mA in a voltage rating of 10V or
above. However the ESR in a tantalum capacitor (even in a low ESR tantalum capacitor) is
much higher than in a ceramic capacitor and could place fESR low enough to cause the LM2611 to run unstable.

6.5 Improving Transient Response/Compensation

The compensator in the LM2611 is internal. However, a zero-pole pair can be added
to the open loop frequency response by inserting a feed forward capacitor, CFF, in par-allel to
the top feedback resistor (RFB1). Phase margin and bandwidth can be improved with the
added zero-pole pair. This inturn will improve the transient response to a step load change
(see Figure 5 and Figure 6). The position of the zero-pole pair is a function of the feedback
42

resistors and the capacitor value:

(1)

(2)

The optimal position for this zero-pole pair will vary with
circuit parameters such as D, IOUT, COUT, L1, L2, and CCUK. For most cases, the value
for the zero frequency is between
5 kHz to 20 kHz. Notice how the pole position, p, is depen-dant on the feedback
resistors RFB1 and RFB2, and therefore also dependant on the output voltage. As the output
voltage becomes closer to 1.26V, the pole moves towards the zero, tending to cancel it out.
If the absolute magnitude of the output voltage is less than 3.3V, adding the zero-pole pair
will not have much effect on the response.
Fig 6.5 Transient response of Cuk converter

20018120

) LEVEL 3

FIGURE 5. 130mA to 400mA Transient Response of the circuit in Figure 9

with CFF= 1nF

43

) LEVEL 3

FIGURE 6. 130mA to 400mA Transient Response of the circuit in Figure 9 with CFF
disconnected

6.6 Hysteretic Mode

As the output current decreases, there will come a point when the energy stored in the
Cuk capacitor is more than the energy required by the load. The excess energy is absorbed by
the output capacitor, causing the output voltage to in-crease out of regulation. The LM2611
detects when this happens and enters a pulse skipping, or hysteretic mode. In hysteretic
mode, the output voltage ripple will increase, as illustrated in Figure 7 and Figure 8.

FIGURE 7. The LM2611 in PWM mode has very low ripple

44

THERMAL SHUTDOWN
If the junction temperature of the LM2611 exceeds 163C, it will enter the thermal
shutdown. In thermal shutdown, the part deactivates the driver and the switch turns off. The
switch remains off until the junction temperature drops to 155C,at which point the part
begins switching again. It will typically take 10ms for the junction temperature to drop from
163C to 155C

45

7. SIMULATION OF PRACTICAL CIRCUIT

7.1INTRODUCTION TO PSIM SOFTWARE
PSIM is the leading simulation and design software for power electronics, motor
drives, and dynamic system simulation. With fast simulation and easy-to-use interface, PSIM
provides a powerful and efficient environment to meet your simulation needs:
Aerospace and Defense
Automotive
Communications
Electronics and Signal Processing
Medical Instrumentation

7.1.1Tool for Model-Based Design

A system is represented in PSIM in the following way:

Fig 7.1 Representation of a system in PSIM

Based on this representation, a sensor must be used to send a power circuit quantity (it
could be voltage, current, torque, or speed sensor) into the control circuit. Similarly, a
switch controller or an interface block must be used to send a control circuit quantity
into the power circuit. Circuits should be built based on this convention.
The power circuit and the control circuit are solved separately, and there is one time
step delay between these two solutions.

46

The following are the power circuit elements:

- All the elements under the Elements/Power menu;
- All the elements under the Elements/Other/Probes menu;
- All the elements under the Elements/Sources menu
The following are the control circuit elements:
- All the elements under the Elements/Control menu;
- Independent voltage sources under the Elements/Sources/Voltage
menu, including dc source, single-phase and 3-phase sine source, triangular
source, square-wave source, step source, piecewise linear source, and random
source.
The following elements are common to both power and control circuits:
- ABC-DQ0 transformation blocks;
- External DLL blocks;
- Voltage probe in Elements/Other/Probes;
- Time element Time under the Elements/Sources menu;
The following are the sensor elements:
- All the elements under the Elements/Other/Sensors menu.
The following are the switch controllers and interface block:
- All the elements under the Elements/Other/Switch Controllers menu.
- Control-power interface block under the Elements/Other menu.
Based on this definition:
- All the RLC branches, switches, transformers, electric machines, and
mechanical loads are power elements.
- All the current sources, controlled voltage/current sources, and nonlinear
sources (such as "voltage source (multiplication)") are power elements.
- Switch gating blocks is a power element. Note that the gating block can be
connected to the gate node of a switch ONLY. It can not be connected to any
other elements.
- All the function blocks (such as multiplier, sine function block, etc.), sdomain and z-domain transfer function blocks and elements, and logic
elements are control elements.
- Op. amp. is an exception. Op. amp.is a subcircuit which is modeled using
voltage-controlled voltage source, resistor, diodes, and dc voltage sources.
47

Based on above definition, it is a power element. However, op. amp.is a

control element in the conventional sense. That is why op. amp. is placed
under the Elements/Control menu rather than under Elements/Power.
- The gate node of a controlled switch (such as MOSFET, IGBT) can be
connected to a switch gating block or the output of a switch controller ONLY.
It cannot be connected to any other elements.
In order to make the power-control interface easier and more transparent to
users, PSIM does allow a power circuit node to be connected directly to the input
node of a control element. In this case, a voltage sensor is inserted automatically by
the program.
However, PSIM does not allow the output node of a control element to be
connected directly to a power element. The user would have to connect a controlpower interface block from the control node to the power node. (Exception: Direct
connection of the control element output to a RLC branch is allowed. In this case, a
control-power interface block is inserted automatically by the program.)
We do not automatically insert control-power interface blocks for all other
elements because doing so might result in indiscriminate use of the power and control
elements in mixture (such as the case where an op. amp. is followed by a comparator
or a control element, which is followed by another op. amp., and another comparator).
In this case, the delay in the solution is more than one time step, and this could cause
problems in certain situations.

48

7.2 The obtained wave forms.

Fig.7.2 OutputVoltage waveform

Fig.7.3Waveformnear switch
49

The Output voltage gets lower than input voltage only when the ON-time of the PWM pulse
is less 50percent of the total time period.

7.3 Simulation Results

In the simulation variation of the output voltage,pulse width with input voltage, inductor,
capacitor are observed and noted down in the table as follows,

7.3.1 Inference
1. The Output voltage is directly proportional to the resistance R3 in the circuit.
2. Circuit works as a boost for pulse width greater than 50% and as a buck for less than
50% pulse width.

Input Voltage

Output voltage

Pulse width

12

-4.5

74.2%

10

-4.2

60.64%

-2.985

40.60%

-1.984

37.38%

-3

41.46%

Table-7.1 Input voltage

variation

50

7.4 The simulation circuit of the Cuk converter

Fig 7.4 Simulation circuit

51

8. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
8.1 CIRCUIT SPECIFICATION
This section covers a simple closed loop controlled Buck-Boost converter with the following
specifications.
Input: 5V
Output: INVERTED DC VOLTAGE
Topology:-CUK Converter using LM2611 IC
Controller: LM2611
Switching Frequency:50kHz
Protection: None

8.2CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
8.2.1 Starting Power Supply
The starting power supply is obtained from a 18V transformer connected to a rectifier circuit.
The rectifier circuit consists of 1000microfarad capacitors, 7805 voltage regulators for
obtaining positive voltage. Consists of 10nf capacitors and also jumpers to connect to the
circuit.

Fig.8.1.Power Supply Board

52

8.2.2 Complete circuit

Fig.8.2 Completely Soldered Hardware Circuit

8.3 HARDWARE OUTPUT WAVEFORMS

The waveforms obtained from the hardware circuit are shown below,

Fig.8.3 Reference Voltage

53

Fig.8.4 PWM pulses

Fig.8.5 Varying Pulse width

54

Fig.8.6 Output DC Voltage

55

9.APPLICATIONS
The CUK converter is used in.

MR Head Bias
Digital camera CCD bias
LCD bias
GaAs FET bias
Positive to negative conversion

The description of various applications are

9.1 Digital cam

What is a CCD?
In a digital camera the traditional photographic film is replaced by a Charge Coupled
Device (CCD).
A CCD is a mosaic of tiny light sensitive detectors called pixels or 'photosites'. The
pixels are arranged as a flat rectangular surface onto which an image is projected
using a camera or telescope lens. Each pixel accumulates an electrical charge
depending on the amount of light falling upon it.
When an image is 'captured' the electrical charge from each pixel is measured and
converted to a number (digitised) by the electronic circuits within the camera. These
numbers are transmitted to a computer (immediately or at some later time) where they
are used to control the brightness of points on the computer screen (screen pixels),
thus reproducing the original image projected onto the CCD.
Sets of numbers representing a complete image are stored in the computer as 'image
files'. There are many powerful software programs available to process these files and
enhance the image by adjusting the contrast, colour balance etc.
Signal and Noise
The efficiency with which CCD pixels can capture faint images is much better than
traditional photography, but there are problems that need to be understood. Most of
these are relate to 'noise'.
The variation in the brightness of pixels across the image shows the 'picture' to our
eyes. The greater the variation, the greater the contrast. However, variation can come
from:
Signal: Pixel variation due to the features of the object being photographed.
Noise: Pixel variation due to other unwanted causes.
For a good image we need to have a good signal-to-noise ratio. If there is too much
noise we will have an image with poor contrast, speckles or other unpleasant features.
(See this example of a noisy image of C/2004 Q4)
A CCD will introduce noise through bias, dark current, quantum noise and
inhomogeneities, each of which is described below. Modern, cooled cameras
developed for astrophotography will suffer relatively little from these problems, but
for long exposures they can still degrade image quality. Webcams and ordinary digital
cameras are generally very 'noisy'.

56

Bias (offset)

Each CCD pixel will have a certain minimum electrical charge even if the exposure is
of zero duration. This means that pixel values will always be greater than zero even for the
shortest exposures. This is called 'bias' or 'offset'.

9.2 LCD MULTIPLEX RATIO

The configuration for Liquid Crystal Display Multiplex Drive technique differs from
a Static Drive technique is that it uses more than a single "backplane" or segment common.
With this configuration, each segment control line can be connected to as many segments as
there are backplanes, providing that each of the segments that it is connected to are tied to a
separate backplanes. This method "Multiplexes" each of the segment control lines and
minimizes the number of interconnects. This is the method used with complex displays that
have limited interconnection surface area or available drive circuits. This reduction in the
number of external connections enhances device reliability and increases the potential display
density. The liability of a higher multiplex rate will effect display quality, operational
temperature range, and the increased complexity of drive circuitry (or perhaps
microprocessor software) may necessary for their operation.
The method of drive for multiplexed displays is essentially a time division multiplex
with the number of time divisions equal to twice the number of common planes used in a
given format. As is the case with conventional LCDs, in order to prevent irreversible
electrochemical action from destroying the display, the voltage at all segment locations must
be caused to reverse polarity periodically so that zero net DC voltage is applied. This is the
reason for the doubling in time divisions: Each common plane must be alternately driven with
a voltage pulse of opposite polarity.
As is the case with non multiplexed displays, the drive frequency should be chosen to be
above the flicker-fusion rate, i.e. >30 Hz. Since increasing the drive frequency significantly
above this value increases current demand by the CMOS drive electronics, and to prevent
problems due to the finite conductivity of the display segment and common electrodes, an
upper drive frequency limit of 60-90 Hz is recommended.

8.3 LCD BIAS

The control signals that drive an LCD are AC in nature. The basic configuration of
how to generate a waveform to control an LCD are covered in the sections "LCD Multiplex
Ratio (above)" and "LCD Static Drive Technology". But to control LCDs with a larger
multiplex ratio, we need to provide the waveform generator with multiple bias voltage level
points. The resulting waveform sent to the LCD segment/dot control lines and backplane
commons will contain a stair-stepped waveform that will maintain specific ac voltages across
any given segment/dot to keep it in it's "on" or "off" state (or in a grayscale module, states
between those two points). The LCD Bias number (example: 1/5 bias) will indicate how
many voltage reference points are created to drive a specific LCD. The table below shows the
relationship between the number of driving bias voltages and the display multiplex ratios
typically used:
Mux
RatioStatic1/21/31/41/71/81/111/121/141/161/241/321/64Biases23
57

1/2 Bias4
1/3 Bias5
1/4 Bias6
1/5 Bias
The necessary bias voltages are usually generated by the use of a resistor dividing
network, and example of which is shown below using Vdd at 5 volts, and the number of
resistors in the ladder determined using the table above.
The values of the resistors is determined by the required voltage reference points and possible
waveform distortion. Because an LCD is a capacitive load, the values should be decreased to
decrease distortion, or with larger displays, buffering the voltage reference points with opamps.

58

10. CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

We obtained an inverted voltage -1.64V with an input supply of 5V thus working as a
Cuk converter.

Future scope:
Development of multi-stage cuk converter for photo voltaic regulation
Analysis and design of multi-stage, multi-leave, DC-DC converter with input-output
bypass capacitor
Simulation and Hardware implementation of Incremental Conductance.
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) with Direct Control method using CUK
converter.
Power Factor Improvement Using DCM (Discontinuous Conduction mode) CUK
converter with Coupled Inductor.
Photovoltaic Power converter for military and space applications.
Dynamic Maximum power point tracking of Photo voltaic arrays using ripple
correlation control.

59

REFERENCES
1. Mohan/ unde land/ Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design.
2. Muhammad H.Rashid, Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and applications
3. MDSingh /Khanchandani, Power Electronics, Tata-Mcgrawhill publications.
4. Wikepedia.org, CUK converter,
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter#Inductor_coupling
5.www.datasheetcatalog.org,LM2611,<http://www.datasheetcatalog.org/datasheet/texasinstru
m-ents/LM2611.pdf>
1.

^ uk, Slobodan; Middlebrook, R. D. (June 8, 1976). "A General Unified Approach to Modelling
Switching-Converter Power Stages" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialists
Conference (Cleveland, OH.): pp.73-86. http://www.ee.bgu.ac.il/~kushnero/temp/guamicuk.pdf.
Retrieved on 2008-12-31.
DC-DC Converter Basics
The Four Boostbuck Topologies
How to Design the Transformer in a uk Converter
Topology Background

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter"

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the article
"Cuk_converter".

http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slua158/slua158.pdf
http://www.irf-japan.com/technical-info/appnotes/an-1077.pdf
http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM2611.pdf#page=1

60

APPENDEX-A

61

62

APPENDEX-B

63

APPENDEX-C

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