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ICSGCE 2011: 2730 September 2011, Chengdu, China

A Review of Wind Power Forecasting Models

Xiaochen Wang a, b*, Peng Guoc, Xiaobin Huanga, b
a

School of Control Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China
b
Beijing Hua Dian Tian Ren Power Control Technique Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
c
School of Control Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, China.
.

Abstract
Rapid growth in wind power, as well as increase on wind generation, requires serious research in various fields.
Because wind power is weather dependent, it is variable and intermittent over various time-scales. Thus accurate
forecasting of wind power is recognized as a major contribution for reliable large-scale wind power integration. Wind
power forecasting methods can be used to plan unit commitment, scheduling and dispatch by system operators, and
maximize profit by electricity traders. In addition, a number of wind power models have been developed
internationally, such as WPMS, WPPT, Prediktor, ARMINES, Previento, WPFS Ver1.0 etc. This paper provides a
review on comparative analysis on the foremost forecasting models, associated with wind speed and power, based on
physical methods, statistical methods, hybrid methods over different time-scales. Furthermore, this paper gives
emphasis on the accuracy of these models and the source of major errors, thus problems and challenges associated
with wind power prediction are presented.
2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
(UESTC)

Keywords: Wind power forecasting; models for wind prediction; physical approaches; statistical approaches

1. Introduction
Wind energy is one of the RES characterized by the lowest cost of electricity production and the
largest resource available. Therefore, a number of countries are beginning to recognize that wind power
provides a significant opportunity for future power generation. As a result, the installed wind capacity
grows more than 30% each year. And according to wind energy and green peace organization plan, 12%
of all electricity generation should be achieved through wind power by 2020, with about 30GW [1].
As wind integration grows dramatically, the requirements for solving various problems, which include
effective market design, Electricity Market Clearing, real-time grid operations, ancillary service

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-15210800227

E-mail address: xiaochen_angel@126.com

1876-6102 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of University of Electronic Science and Technology of
China (UESTC). Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.10.103

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requirements and costs, competitive power quality, power system stability and reliability, transmission
capacity upgrades and standards of interconnection, become more challenging [2]-[4].
However, improved wind forecasting can be considered as one of the most efficient way to overcome
many of these problems. Forecasting tools can enhance the position of wind by dealing with the
intermittence nature of wind. Although wind energy may not be dispatched presently, the cost impacts of
wind can be reduced to a large extent if the wind energy can be scheduled making use of accurate wind
forecasting. Hence, the improvement of the performance of wind power and wind speed forecasting tool
has significant economic and technical impact as well on the system by increasing wind power
penetration.
Many studies have been devoted to the improvements of wind forecasting techniques by a number of
institutes and organizations with wide experience in the field. A number of models have been developed
and launched on wind farms in world-wide locations, such as WPMS, WPPT, Prediktor, ARMINES,
Previento, etc.. These models based on physical approaches, Statistical approaches and hybrid approaches
are installed by end-users for on-line operation and evaluation at a local, regional and national scale for
several years. To study the experience of elder generation as well as the precept of the mature patterns is
an essential comprehension of state of the art of prediction and energy management systems.
This paper presents a detailed review on existing tools used in wind speed and wind power prediction
over time-scales, and further identifies possible developments in the future. Generally speaking, wind
forecasting is predominantly focused on the immediate-short-term of minutes to the short-term of hours to
typically up to 1 day and to the long-term of up 2 days. As an example of immediate-short-term models,
WPMS provides wind power prediction for over 95% territories of the whole Germany now. Immediateshort-term wind forecasting models are discussed in Reference [5]. In addition, several models, which are
generally based on high precision numerical weather prediction (NWP), have been developed for shortterm wind forecasting, such as Predictor, Zephyr, AWPPS, Ewind [6]-[10]. Previento, which is based on
an hybrid approaches can provide wind forecasting for a time horizon up to 48 hours. More studies on
long-term forecasting models are involved in reference [11]-[14].

2. Classification of Wind Forecasting

Various methods classified according to time-scales or methodology, are available for wind
forecasting.
Actually, classification of wind forecasting approaches in terms of time-scale is unclear. However,
making reference to a great deal of studies in this field [15]-[16], wind forecasting can be separated based
on the prediction horizon into three categories:
Immediate-short-term (8hours-ahead) forecasting,
Short-term (day-ahead) forecasting,
Long-term (multiple-days-ahead) forecasting.
Moreover, as shown in Table 1, applications of specific time horizon in electricity systems are
consequential different.
Wind forecasting schemes can also be classified based on their methodology into two categories:
Physical approach (deterministic approach)
Physical method or deterministic method is based on lower atmosphere or numerical weather
prediction (NWP) using weather forecast data like temperature, pressure, surface roughness and obstacles.
In general, wind speed obtained from the local meteorological service and transformed to the wind
turbines at the wind farm is converted to wind power [17].
Statistical approach
Statistical method is based on vast amount of historical data without considering meteorological

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conditions. It usually involved artificial intelligence (neural networks, neuro-fuzzy networks) and time
series analysis approaches [18]-[19].
Hybrid approach
Hybrid method which combines physical methods and statistical methods particularly uses
weather forecasts and time series analysis.
Table 1. Time-horizon classification for wind forecasting
Time-scale
Immediate-short-term

Range
8hours-ahead

Short-term

Day-ahead

Long-term

Multiple-days-ahead

Applications
- Real-time grid operations
- Regulation actions
- Economic load dispatch planning
- Load reasonable decisions
- Operational security in electricity market
- Maintenance planning
- Operation management
- Optimal operating cost

3. Wind Forecasting Models

A general overview of wind forecasting models is presented in Table II. This section is divided into
three parts based on the time-scales, and for each of them, some typical models are described in detail
with consideration, input data, methods, characteristics ect..
3.1. Immediate-short-term forecasting
Models for immediate-short-term forecasting are generally based on statistical approaches, especially
ANN, because of the time-consuming of operating the NWP [20]-[21].
As one prominent example for immediate-short-term wind forecasting, WPMS have been modified for
operation in the ICT environments of different grid operators and carriers of large wind parks [22].
WPMS used artificial neural networks (ANN) which are trained with a large deal of historical data in
wind farm. Input data, the output data measured in wind farm and the meteorological parameters
forecasted were converted by a preprocessor into XML-format and transferred to the programme core,
consisting of prediction modules and transformation modules. The core IT makes the following
calculations in turn:
Table 2. Wind speed and power forecasting models
Model
WPMS
WPPT
Prediktor
Zephyr
WPFS Ver1.0
ANEMOS,
ARMINES
(AWPPS)
Ewind
Sipreolico
Previento
LocalPred
& RegioPred
WEPROG

Developer
ISET,Germany
IMM & DTU
Ris
Ris& IMM
Chinese Electric Power Science Institute

Time horizon
Immediate-short-term
Short-term
Short-term
Short-term
Short-term

Approach
Statistical
Statistical
Physical
Statistical&physical
Statistical&physical

26 partners from 7 countries

European Commission

Immediate-short-term short-term
Immediate-short-term Short-term

Statistical&physical
Statistical&physical

AWS Truewind
University Carlos III & Red Elctrica de Espaa
Oldenburg University
CENER

Short-term
Short-term
Long-term
Long-term

Statistical&physical
Statistical
Statistical&physical
Statistical&physical

UCC

Long-term

Statistical&physical

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Determination of current wind power feed-in for the entire control-rule-zone and for any grid region
and partial regions.
Compilation of the next-day-ahead forecasts of wind power feed-in for the rule-control-zone and for
grid regions based on forecasted meteorological parameters.
Calculation of immediate-short-term expected wind power feed-in for an interval of 1-8 hours for the
control-rule-zone and partial regions, based on meteorological parameters and power data measured.

3.2. Short term forecasting

Several tools have been developed for wind power forecasting for short-term-forecasting, such as
WPPT, Predictor, Zephyr, Ewind, WPFS Ver1.0, AWPPS. These models have been implemented by a
number of case studies in Spain, Germany, Denmark, Ireland, Greece and France [23].
One classical model with extensive application for this time-scale is The Wind Power Prediction Tool
(WPPT). It can be used for generating short-term (say up to 120 hoursactually 36 hours) predictions of
the wind power production. The system is very flexible because it can give prediction values as a total
covering not only a single wind farm (like the northern part of Jutland), but also a region (like the Horns
Rev off-shore wind farm). The system also provides reliable estimates of the uncertainty of the tools,
which is very important for optimal scheduling or trading. WPPT is based on advanced non-linear
statistical models. The set of models includes a semi-parametric power curve model for wind farms taking
into account both wind speed and direction, and dynamical forecasting models describing the dynamics of
the wind power and any diurnal variation, etc.
The models are self-calibrating and self-adaptive. As a result, they automatically adjust parameters
according to changes in the number of turbines and their characteristics, surroundings, the NWP models
and non-explicit characteristics of models like roughness, dirty blades.
WPPT based on artificial intelligence can automatically calibrate to the observed situation [24]. In the
minimal setup, the system requires online measurements of wind power. However, depending on the
configuration, the following data is taking into account:
Online measurements of wind power,
Aggregated energy readings form all (or almost all) turbines in a region (for regional forecasting),
Meteorological forecasts of wind speed and direction covering wind farms and regions,
Other measurements or predictions available like local wind speed, stability, number of active
turbines.
Another important tool is Prediktor developed by the meteorology research programme (MET).
However unlike WPPT, the basic idea behind Prediktor is to try to model as much as possible using
physical models. The system provides the expected production of wind farms up to typically 48 hours
every 6 hours. All it need is an on-line access to output from a NWP model. The basic steps are as
follows: the overall weather patterns are predicted by a NWP model. Such a model can only predict the
overall wind and get valid predictions at a specific location. And then these predictions are tailored as
necessary. This tailor-making is done by the WAsP model, which models the local influences, including
the effects of roughness, orography (ridges and hills), and obstacles together with the influence that the
wind turbines have on each other (that is the park effects).
Since no model can simulate nature perfectly, two MOS (model output statistics) filters are used in
Prediktor to correct short-comings. The wind power observed is used to adjust the parameters of these
filters. The final output of the model is the expected production of the wind farm every 3 hours over the
next 48 hours. Furthermore, Prediktor forecasts or will forecast in the near future for up to 50 wind farms
in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Denmark, Germany, France and Spain.
AWPPS is well worth mentioning in this fraction, which provides short-term forecasts for the power

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output of onshore and offshore wind farms for the next 48/72 hours with a time step of 1 hour (updates
every hour), for the next 4-6 hours with a time step of 10-15 min (updates every 10-15 min), and on-line
uncertainty assessment for these forecasts.
The Power Prediction Module provides forecasts for the output of each considered wind farm. The
core module is based on state-of-the-art adaptive fuzzy neural networks. This approach provides strong
advantages compared to classical neural networks or other statistical or physical techniques. The module
is enhanced with on-line adaptation capabilities for optimal performance [25]-[27].
The AWPPS is the only available tool that provides confidence intervals for wind power forecasts with
a predefined level of confidence (i.e. 85%, 90%, and 95%). The intervals are produced based on an
advanced approach appropriate to the wind prediction problem. The Prediction Risk Module permits to
predict the uncertainty based on the expected weather stability for the next 24 hours. In addition the online use of this module permits to develop appropriate strategies for maximising the value from the use of
power forecasts. The AWPPS includes a module for forecasting regional or national wind power based on
a sample of reference wind farms.
More and more attention has been pay to wind forecasting by Chinese researchers. And WPFS Ver1.0,
the first wind power forecasting model developed by Chinese electric power science institute has
launched in Heilongjiang Province recently.
The WPFS Ver1.0 system considered historical weather data, wind farm data and generation
parameters is based on both physical method (fresh wind farms) and statistical method (existed wind
farms). Fig. 1 shows the frame of WPFS Ver1.0, which includes five main modules.
NWP

User interface

Predition system database

EMS interface

Prediction program

Fig.1. Frame of WPFS Ver1.0 with Five basic modules communicated with each other. Prediction system database is the core
module of this system, and like WPPT, AWPPS and other hybrid models, NWP is taking into consideration.

3.3. Long term forecasting

A few studies has been done on long-term wind forecasting approaches. And prediction tools for this
time-scale are not abundance. Due to long ahead-forecasting duration, simple models can not meet the
requirements anymore, so use of NWP or hybrid NWP models is considered.
Modern wind power prediction tools provide forecasts for a time horizon of up to several days in
advance and are typically based on NWP. In other words, all the information about the future evolution of
the wind forecasting is provided by the NWP. The national weather services or private weather data
providers offers a broad range of different NWP data which are suitable for wind speed and wind power
forecasting. It is a trend of using NWP for long-term forecast in the future[28].
Previento is similar to Prediktor, but uses more stringent physical downscaling and specialized
upscaling. It provides a reliable prediction of the expected wind power for any sites and regions in
Germany, Europe and anywhere around the world up to 10 days in advance and with a time resolution of
up to 15 minutes. The wind power prediction rests on the optimal combination of different weather
models, while taking into account the local conditions of the wind farm surroundings as well as the NWP.

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The Previento system is based on a physical approach with input from a large scale weather prediction
model like Lokalmodell of the German Weather Service. It models the boundary layer with regard to
roughness, orography and wake effects. Important for the calculation of the wind speed at hubheight is
the daily variation of the thermal stratification of the atmosphere which is used to change the logarithmic
profile. Using the specific power characteristic of the turbine, the expected power output for single sites is
calculated. The total electricity produced by wind within a certain region is calculated on the basis of
selected wind farms.
3.4. Hybrid forecasting
It is universal for a tool to complete predictive functions in each aspect. ANEMOS is a hybrid wind
prediction tool considering various time horizons. In the frame of the project, emphasis is given on the
development of integrating high-resolution meteorological forecasts and appropriate prediction models
for the offshore [29]-[30]. For the offshore case, marine meteorology will be considered as well as
information by satellite-radar images. Furthermore, in order to estimate the benefit of forecasting in a
model of the Nord Pool electricity market, the WILMAR project supported by the European Commission
has developed the market model for the simulation of wind power forecasting. The aim of this project is
to develop accurate models that outperform considerably actual state-of-the-art, for onshore and offshore
wind resource forecasting with advanced physical, statistical, and combined approaches.
The project is designed with nine work-modules which address the technical targets as below:
Data collection and evaluation need,
Estimation of on-line operation,
Off-line evaluation of forecasting models,
Offshore forecasting,
Development of physical methods,
Development of statistical methods,
Development of ANEMOS forecasting platform,
Platform installation for on-line operation,
General dissemination and assessment.
This system will be installed by several utilities for on-line operation at onshore and offshore wind
farms for national wind prediction. The applications are characterised by different terrains and climates
surrounding wind farms. The on-line operation by the utilities will permit to validate the models and to
analyse how predictions can contribute to a competitive integration of wind energy in the developing
electricity market.
4. Accuracy and the Source of Error
In general, accurate and reliable forecasting models of wind forecasting are recognized as a major
contribution for increasing wind penetration. Customarily, models are assessed using mean error ,mean
absolute error (MAE), mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), histograms of the
frequency distribution of the error, the correlation coefficient, R, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)
and the coefficient of determination, R2 [31].
It is proved that the error of the prediction result will enlarge with larger time horizon. However, some
of the tools improved accuracy with increased input and considerations [31]. For example, as one of the
most mature commercial model for immediate-short-term prediction, WPMS has shown excellent
performance with the RMSE of 7%-19%. AWPPS was successfully adapted and validated for more than
35 onshore and offshore wind farms in Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and UK

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situated in different terrain types (flat or complex). The performance for single wind farm forecasting
ranges between 2-5% (of the nominal wind farm power) for one-hour ahead predictions and 10-15% for
48 hours ahead. The performance for regional forecasting is 8-10% for 24 hours ahead. On the Contrast,
The MAE of TureWind system is 10.8% of the name plate capacity for one-day ahead forecasting, and
11.7% for up one-day ahead. In china ,the forecast RMSE of WPFS is 16-19% with single wind farm
and 11.67% with a number of farms. However, it is not quite acceptable for Prediktor applied by NOAA,
a United States organizes, with the MAE of 2.4m/s.
For the first time, 11 different models ran the same case, and were evaluated using the same criteria 6
test cases in Spain, Denmark, Ireland and Germany with the same NWP input. As a result, no single
model was best in all cases, and forecasting accuracy gets worse in complex terrain.
Lots of factors can affect the predictive result in various aspects.
To transform the obtained weather information into the power of a wind turbine is the key problem in
wind forecasting, whereas, almost 80% error can be explained by the errors of NWP.
Fresh regime based stochastic models for the spatio- temporal corrections explains more than 20% of
the errors for a 2 hour prediction.
Large prediction errors are due to phase errors in the MET forecasts used as input for the tool like
WPPT.
Because running high resolution and large covered area both is numerically too expensive, only few
models are able to distinguish between sea and land and can adjust the resolution accordingly.
These recommendable measures are taken to reduce prediction errors: using a combination of
different NWP patterns, like ANEMOS, shorter forecast horizons leads to lower forecast errors and
increasing the spatial spread over a larger geographical region. It is expected to decrease the errors if
wind farms are grouped together for wind forecasting [32].
5. Conclusions
This paper provides a review on different tools with various techniques used for developing wind farm
power prediction considering different time scales. Several forecasting models, which have their own
characteristics, were discussed. In addition, emphasize was given on accuracy of prediction models and
the source of error. It is difficult to evaluate the performance of various models, as the existing
applications were in different ways. No forecasting model of them can perfect any condition, however ,
they has served as effective tools to maximize the power captured thus increasing the reliability of wind
power for wind farms. It is expected that these developed models can provide lots of experience and
inspires to other researchers.
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