Computer-Aided

Power System
Analysis
Ramasamy Natarajan
Practical Power Associates
Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.A.

MARCEL

H
D E K K E R

MARCEL DEKKER, INC.

NEW YORK BASEL

ISBN: 0-8247-0699-4
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Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

POWER ENGINEERING
Series Editors

H. Lee Willis
ABB Electric Systems Technology Institute
Raleigh, North Carolina

Anthony F. Sleva
Sleva Associates
Allentown, Pennsylvania

Mohammad Shahidehpour
Illinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, Illinois

1. Power Distribution Planning Reference Book, H. Lee Willis

2. Transmission Network Protection: Theory and Practice, Y. G. Paithankar
3. Electrical Insulation in Power Systems, N. H. Malik, A. A. AI-Arainy,
and M. I. Qureshi
4. Electrical Power Equipment Maintenance and Testing, Paul Gill
5. Protective Relaying: Principles and Applications, Second Edition, J.
Lewis Blackburn
6. Understanding Electric Utilities and De-Regulation, Lorrin Philipson
and H. Lee Willis
7. Electrical Power Cable Engineering, William A. Thue
8. Electric Systems, Dynamics, and Stability with Artificial Intelligence
Applications, James A. Momoh and Mohamed E. EI-Hawary
9. Insulation Coordination for Power Systems, Andrew R. Hileman
10. Distributed Power Generation: Planning and Evaluation, H. Lee Willis
and Walter G. Scott
11. Electric Power System Applications of Optimization, James A. Momoh
12. Aging Power Delivery Infrastructures, H. Lee Willis, Gregory V. Welch,
and Randall R. Schrieber
13. Restructured Electrical Power Systems: Operation, Trading, and Volatility, Mohammad Shahidehpour and Muwaffaq Alomoush
14. Electric Power Distribution Reliability, Richard E. Brown
15. Computer-Aided Power System Analysis, Ramasamy Natarajan
16. Power System Analysis: Short-Circuit Load Flow and Harmonics, J.
C. Das
17. Power Transformers: Principles and Applications, John J. Winders, Jr.

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION

Spatial Electric Load Forecasting: Second Edition, Revised and

Expanded, H. Lee Willis

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

This book is dedicated to the memory of my wife,

Karpagam Natarajan

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Series Introduction

Power engineering is the oldest and most traditional of the various areas within
electrical engineering, yet no other facet of modern technology is currently
experiencing a greater transformation or seeing more attention and interest from
the public and government. Power system engineers face more challenges than
ever in making their systems not only work well, but fit within the constraints and
rules set down by deregulation rules, and meet the needs of utility business
practices and consumer demand. Without exaggeration, one can say that modern
power engineers could not possibly meet these challenges without the aid of
computerized analysis and modeling tools, which permit them to explore
alternatives, evaluate designs, and diagnose and hone performance and cost with
precision.
Therefore, one of the reasons I am particularly delighted to see this latest addition
to Marcel Dekker's Power Engineering Series is its timeliness in covering this
very subject in a straightforward and accessible manner. Dr. Natarajan's
Computer-Aided Power Systems Analysis provides a very complete coverage of
basic computer analysis techniques for power systems. Its linear organization
makes it particularly suitable as a reference for practicing utility and industrial
power engineers involved in power flow, short-circuit, and equipment capability
engineering of transmission and distribution systems. In addition, it provides
sound treatment of numerous practical problems involved in day-to-day power
engineering, including flicker and harmonic analysis, insulation coordination,
grounding, EMF, relay, and a host of other computerized study applications.

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The second reason for my satisfaction in seeing this book added to the Power
Engineering Series is that I count the author among my good friends, and enjoyed
working with him from 1997 to 2001 when he was at ABB's Electric Systems
Technology Institute. Therefore, I am particularly proud to include ComputerAided Power System Analysis in this important group of books. Like all the
books in this series, Raj Natarajan's book provides modern power technology in
a context of proven, practical application; useful as a reference book as well as
for self-study and advanced classroom use. The series includes books covering
the entire field of power engineering, in all of its specialties and sub-genres, each
aimed at providing practicing power engineers with the knowledge and
techniques they need to meet the electric industry's challenges in the 21st
century.
H. Lee Willis

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Preface
Power system planning, design, and operations require careful analysis in order to
evaluate the overall performance, safety, efficiency, reliability, and economics.
Such analysis helps to identify the potential system deficiencies of a proposed
project. In an existing plant, the operating limits and possible increase in loading
levels can be evaluated. In the equipment failure analysis, the cause of the failure
and mitigating measures to improve the system performance can be studied. The
modern interconnected power systems are complex, with several thousand buses
and components. Therefore, manual calculation of the performance indices is time
consuming. The computational efforts are very much simplified due to the
availability of efficient programs and powerful personal computers.
The introduction of personal computers with graphic capabilities has reduced
computational costs. Also, the available software for various studies is becoming
better and the cost is coming down. However, the results produced by the programs
are sophisticated and require careful analysis.
Several power system studies are performed to evaluate the efficient operation of
the power delivery. Some of the important studies are impedance modeling, load
flow, short circuit, transient stability, motor starting, power factor correction,
harmonic analysis, flicker analysis, insulation coordination, cable ampacity,
grounding grid, effect of lightning surge, EMF analysis, data acquisition systems,
and protection coordination.

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

In this book, the nature of the study, a brief theory involved, practical examples,
criteria for the evaluation, data required for the analysis, and the output data are
described in a step-by-step manner for easy understanding. I was involved in the
above types of studies over several years for industrial power systems and utilities.
It is hoped that this book will be a useful tool for power system engineers in
industry, utilities, and consulting, and those involved in the evaluation of practical
power systems.
I wish to thank software manufacturers for providing me permission to use the
copyrighted material in this book, including the EMTP program from Dr. H. W.
Dommel, University of British Columbia, Canada; PSS/E program from Power
Technologies Inc., Schenectady, New York; Power Tools for Windows from SKM
System Analysis Inc., Manhattan Beach, California; SuperHarm and the TOP-the
output processor from the Electrotek Concepts, Knoxville, Tennessee; the EMTP
program from the DCG/EPRI version, User Support & Maintenance Center, One
Networks Inc, Canada; the Integrated Grounding System Design Program from Dr.
Sakis Meliopoulos, Georgia Tech, Atlanta; and the Corona and Field Effects
program from Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon. Also, the
reprint permission granted by various publishers and organizations is greatly
appreciated.
Finally, I wish to thank many great people who discussed the technical problems
presented in this book over the past several years. These include Dr. Sakis
Meliopoulos of Georgia Tech; Dr. T. Kneschke and Mr. K. Agarwal of LTK
Engineering Services; Mr. Rory Dwyer of ABB Power T&D Company; Dr. R.
Ramanathan of National Systems & Research Company; Mr. E. H. Camm of S&C
Electric Company; Mr. T. Laskowski and Mr. J. Wills of PTI; Mr. Lon Lindell of
SKM System Analysis; Dr. C. Croskey, Dr. R. V. Ramani, Dr. C. J. Bise, Mr. R.
Frantz and Dr. J. N. Tomlinson of Penn State; Dr. P. K. Sen, University of
Colorado; Dr. M. K. Pal, a Consultant from New Jersey; Dr. A. Chaudhary of
Cooper Power Systems; Dr. J. A. Martinez of Universiat Politechnica De
Catalunya, Spain; Dr. A. F. Imece of PowerServ and many more. Finally, sincere
thanks are due to Rita Lazazzaro and Barbara Mathieu of Marcel Dekker, Inc., for
their help in the preparation of this book.
Ramasamy Natarajan

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Contents
Series Introduction
Preface
1.
1.1

Introduction
Power System Studies

2.
2.1
2.2

Line Constants
Overhead Transmission Line Parameters
Impedance of Underground Cables

3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7

Power Flow Analysis

Introduction
The Power Flow Problem
The Solution Approach
Criteria for Evaluation
The System Data
Example IEEE Six Bus System
Conclusions

4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5

Short Circuit Studies

Introduction
Sources of Short Circuit Currents
System Impedance Data
Short Circuit Calculations
Computer- Aided Analysis

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

4.6

Limiting the Short Circuit Currents

5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

Transient Stability Analysis

Introduction
Steady State Stability
Transient Stability
Criteria for Stability
Power System Component Models
Simulation Considerations
Conclusions

6.
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

Motor Starting Studies

Introduction
Evaluation Criteria
Starting Methods
System Data
Voltage Drop Calculations
Calculation of Acceleration Time
Motor Starting with Limited-Capacity Generators
Computer-Aided Analysis
Conclusions

7.
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9

Power Factor Correction Studies

Introduction
System Description and Modeling
Acceptance Criteria
Frequency Scan Analysis
Voltage Magnification Analysis
Sustained Overvoltages
Switching Surge Analysis
Back-to-Back Switching
Summary and Conclusions

8.
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8

Harmonic Analysis
Harmonic Sources
System Response to Harmonics
System Model for Computer-Aided Analysis
Acceptance Criteria
Harmonic Filters
Harmonic Evaluation
Case Study
Summary and Conclusions

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9.
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7

Flicker Analysis
Sources of Flicker
Flicker Analysis
Flicker Criteria
Data for Flicker Analysis
Case Study - Arc Furnace Load
Minimizing the Flicker Effects
Summary

10.
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7

Insulation Coordination
Introduction
Modeling of the System
Simulation of Switching Surges
Voltage Acceptance Criteria
Insulation Coordination
Methods of Minimizing the Switching Transients
Conclusions

11.
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8

Cable Ampacity Analysis

Introduction
Theory of Heat Transfer
Thermal Resistances
Temperature Rise Calculations
Data Requirements
Specifications of the Software
Evaluation Criteria
Computer-Aided Analysis

12.
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6

Ground Grid Analysis

Introduction
Acceptance Criteria
Ground Grid Calculations
Computer-Aided Analysis
Improving the Performance of the Grounding Grids
Conclusions

13.
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5

Lightning Surge Analysis

Introduction
Types of Lightning Surges
System Model
Computer Model and Examples
Risk Assessment and Conclusions

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

14.
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7

EMF Studies
Background
What is Field Exposure?
Existing Guidelines on Field Levels
Fields Due to Overhead Lines
Fields Due to Underground Cables
The Relation Between Electric and Magnetic Fields
Conclusions

15.
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8

Data Acquisition Systems

Introduction
The Hardware Requirements
Data Acquisition Software
Data Communication
Data Analysis
Special Data Acquisition Systems
Practical Data Acquisition Examples
Conclusions

16.
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6

Relay Coordination Studies

Introduction
Approach to the Study
Acceptance Criteria
Computer-Aided Coordination Analysis
Data for Coordination Study
Conclusions

Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C

Conductor Data
Equipment Preferred Ratings
Equipment Test Voltages

Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.