Royal and noble ranks

Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and

nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Although they vary over time and between geographic regions (for example, one regions prince might be equal to
anothers grand duke), the following is a reasonably comprehensive list that provides information on both general
ranks and specic dierences.

Caesar, whose great-nephew and adopted son

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus became the rst
emperor of Rome. Augustus four successors
were each made the adoptive son of his predecessor, and were therefore legally entitled to
use Caesar as a constituent of their names;
after Nero, however, the familial link of the
Julio-Claudian dynasty was disrupted and use
of the word Caesar continued as a title only.

Ranks and titles

1.1

Tsar / Czar / Csar / Tzar, derived from Caesar, the feminine form Tsarina, primarily used
in Bulgaria, and after that in Russia and other
Slavic countries.

Sovereign

Kaiser, derived from Caesar, primarily used

in Germanic countries.

Main articles: Monarch and Sovereign

Basileus, from Mycenaean Greek meaning

chieftain, later used for the Roman emperors of the Byzantine period.

The word monarch is derived from the Greek

, monrkhs, sole ruler (from ,
mnos, single or sole, and , rkhn,
archon, leader, ruler, chief, the word being
the present participle of the verb , rkhein,
to rule, to lead, this from the noun , arkh,
beginning, authority, principle) through the
Latinized form monarcha.

Samraat, (Sanskrit: samr or samrj) is an Ancient Indian title sometimes translated into modern English as Emperor. The
feminine form is Samrj.
Chhatrapati, (Devanagari: ) is the
Indian royal title equivalent to an Emperor.
The word Chhatrapati is from Sanskrit
chatra (roof or umbrella) and pati (master/Owner/ruler); Chhatrapati thus indicates a
person who gives shade to his followers and
protects their success.

The word sovereign is derived from the Latin above.

Autocrat is derived from the Greek :
(self) and (to hold power), and
may be translated as one who rules by himself.

Common titles for European and Near Eastern monarchs

High royal titles
King of Kings mostly used in Christian contexts to
denote Jesus Christ or the Christian Roman emperors of the Late Empire and Byzantine periods.

Note that many titles listed may also be used by lesser nobles non-sovereigns depending on the historical period
and state. The sovereign titles listed below are grouped
together into categories roughly according to their degree
of dignity; these being: imperial, high royal, royal, others
(princely, ducal, more), and religious.

Shahanshah, literally King of Kings a corruption of the Middle Persian hn h,

meaning Kings King. Used in Persia and
surrounding countries.

Imperial titles

Taewang, literally Supreme King, a Korean

title for the rulers of the Goguryeo Empire and
later dynasties such as the Kingdom of Joseon.

Emperor, from the Latin Imperator, meaning

commander or one who commands. In English,
the feminine form is Empress (the Latin is imperatrix). The realm of an emperor or empress is termed
an Empire. Other words meaning Emperor include:

Ngus Ngst, title of the Emperors of

Ethiopia, meaning King of Kings.
Mansa, title of the Emperors of the Mali Empire, meaning King of Kings.

Caesar, the appellation of Roman emperors derived from the Roman dictator Julius

Mepe-Mepeta, Georgian for King of Kings.

1

1 RANKS AND TITLES

Khagan, derived from Khan of Khans, meaning king of kings in the Mongol Empire and
the Ottoman Empire.
High king, A king who rules over lesser kings.
Mahrja, Sanskrit for a great king or high
king.
Padishah, Persian pd master and shh
king. Used in the Ottoman Empire.
Anax, from Mycenaean wanax for High
King. Outranked Basileus in Mycenaean usage.
Nam-Lugal High kings of ancient Sumer
(Mesopotamia).
Pharaoh, Man of the Great House (Palace)"
used in Ancient Egypt to denote the High
kings of the upper and lower kingdoms of the
Nile river valley.
Ard R, Gaelic for high king, most notably
used for high kings of Ireland and high kings
of Scotland.
Bretwalda, high kings of Anglo-Saxon England.
Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the ocial title of
the Malaysian head of state, and means He
who is Made Supreme Lord and is generally
glossed in English as king. The oceholder
is elected from among the heads of the nine
royal states, so the oce may also be analogous
to that of a high king.

Royal titles
King, from the Germanic *kuningaz, roughly meaning son of the people. (See: Germanic kingship) [1] The realm of a King is termed a Kingdom
(sovereign kings are ranked above vassal kings)
Rex Latin for ruler. Cognate with Raja, R,
Reign, Regina, etc.
Raja, Indian for ruler and King.. Cognate
with Latin Rex, Gaelic R, etc.
Rana, was used to be a title for martial
sovereignty of Rajput kings in India.
Deshmukh, Indian for ruler and king.
R, Gaelic title meaning king, of which there
were several grades, the highest being Ard R
(High king). Cognate with Indian Raja, Latin
Rex, and ancient Gaulish rix.
Khan, from the Turco-Mongol word for
lord, like Duke it was originally a military
rank. A Khans realm is called a Khanate.

Lamane, master of the land or chief owner

of the soil in old Serer language were the ancient hereditary kings and landed gentry of the
Serer people found in Senegal, the Gambia and
Mauritania. The Lamanes were guardians of
Serer religion and many of them have been
canonized as Holy Saints (Pangool).
Oba, the Yoruba word for King or Ruler of a
kingdom or city-state. It is used across all the
traditional Yoruba lands, as well as by the Edo,
throughout Nigeria, Benin, and Togo.
Shah, Persian word for King, from IndoEuropean for he who rules
Sultan, from Arabic and originally referring
to one who had power, more recently used
as synonym for King.
Malik, Arabic for King.
Tlatoani, Ruler of the atlepetl or city state in
ancient Mexico. Title of the Aztec Emperors.
The word literally means speaker in Nahuatl,
but may be translated into English as king.
Ajaw, In Maya meaning lord, ruler, king
or leader. Was the title of the ruler in the
Classic Maya polity. A variant being the title of K'inich Ajaw or Great Sun King as it
was used to refer to the founder of the Copn
dynasty, K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo'.
Lakan, Filipino title (mostly on the island of
Luzon) which, together with the term Datu in
the Visayas and Mindanao, is an equivalent of
Raja and thus glossed as king or sovereign
prince.
Tuanku, literally My Lord, the title of the
kings of the nine Royal states of Malaysia; all
princes and princesses of the Royal Families
also receive the appellation Tengku,
Maad a Sinig, King of Sine, a pre-colonial
kingdom of the Serer people. From the old
Serer title Maad (king).
Maad Saloum, King of Saloum, a precolonial kingdom of the Serer people.
Ratu, A Fijian chiey title that is also found
in Javanese culture.
Teigne, King of Baol, previously a precolonial Serer kingdom.
Nizam, The word is derived from the Arabic language Nizm (), meaning order,
arrangement. Nizm-ul-mulk was a title rst
used in Urdu around 1600 to mean Governor
of the realm or Deputy for the Whole Empire.
Queen, from the Germanic *kwoeniz, or *kwenon,
wife"; cognate of Greek , gyn, woman";
from PIE *gn, woman. The female equivalent
of a King, or the consort of a King; a Queens realm
is also a kingdom.

1.1

Sovereign

Rani, Indian for Queen. See Raja, above.

Shahbanu, Persian for Empress. See Shah,
above.
Sultana, Arabic for Queen.
above.

See Sultan,

Malika, Arabic for Queen.

Ix-ajaw, See Ajaw above, it was a title was
also given to women, though generally prexed
with the sign Ix (woman) to indicate their
gender.

Mir, According to the book Persian Inscriptions on

Indian Monuments, Mir is most probably an Arabized form of Pir. Pir in Old Persian and Sanskrit
means the old, the wise man, the chief and the great
leader. It was Arabized as Mir then, with Al(A)
(Arabic denite article), it was pronounced as Amir.
Bey, or Beg/Baig, Turkish for Chieftain.
Begum, female royal and aristocratic title
from Central and South Asia.
Beylerbey, Bey of Beys.

Diyan, Filipino feminine equivalent of

Datu. See Datu

Atabeg, word is a compound of two Turkic

words: ata, ancestor, and beg.

Hara, Filipino feminine equivalent of Raha.

See Raja, above.

Beg Khan, concatenation of Baig and Khan.

Princely, ducal, and other sovereign titles

Grand Prince
Prince, from the Latin princeps, meaning rst
citizen. The feminine form is Princess. Variant forms include the German Frst and Russian
Tsarevich () and the feninine form Tsarevna
().
Bai, Filipino feminine equivalent of a prince.
Ginoo, Ancient Filipino equivalent to noble
man or prince (now used in the form "Ginong" as the analogue to "mister").
Morza, a Tartar title usually translated as
prince, it ranked below a Khan. The title was
borrowed from Persian and Indian appellation
Mirza added to the names of certain nobles,
which itself derived from Emir.
Knyaz, a title found in most Slavic languages,
denoting a ruling or noble rank. It is usually
translated into English as Duke.

Khagan Bek, title used by Khazars.

Buumi, rst in line to the throne in Serer precolonial kingdoms.
Thilas, second in line to the throne in Serer precolonial kingdoms.
Loul, third in line to the throne in Serer country.
Dey, title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers and Tripoli under the Ottoman Empire from
1671 onwards.
Sahib, name of Arabic origin meaning holder,
master or owner.
Zamindar, were considered to be equivalent to
lords and barons in some cases they were seen as
independent, sovereign princes.
Jagir, also spelled as Jageer (Devanagari: ,
Persian: , ja- meaning place, -gir meaning
keeping, holding) The feudal owner/lord of the Jagir were called Jagirdar or Jageerdar
Sardar, also spelled as Sirdar, Sardaar or Serdar,
is a title of nobility (sir-, sar/sair- means head or
authority and -dr means holder in Sanskrit and
Avestan)

Despot, Greek for lord, master, initially an appellation for the Byzantine emperor, later the senior
court title, awarded to sons and close relatives of the
emperor. In the 13th-15th centuries borne by au- Religious titles
tonomous and independent rulers in the Balkans.
Pope, derived from Latin and Italian papa, the fa Duke, from the Latin Dux, meaning leader, a
miliar form of father (also "Supreme Ponti of
military rank in the late Roman Empire. Variant
the Universal Church and Vicar of Christ); once
forms include Doge, and Duce; it has also been
wielding substantial secular power as the ruler of the
modied into Archduke (meaning chief Duke),
Papal States and leader of Christendom, the Pope is
Grand Duke (literally large, or big Duke), Vice
also the absolute ruler of the sovereign state Vatican
Duke (deputy Duke), etc. The female equivalent
City
is Duchess
Caliph, was the ruler of the caliphate, an Islamic
Emir, often rendered Amir in older English usage;
title indicating the successor to Muhammad. Both
from the Arabic to command. The female form is
a religious and a secular leader; the Ottoman sulEmira (Amirah). Emir is the root of the English
tans continued to use Caliph as another of their timilitary rank Admiral
tles. However, in later Ottoman times the religious

1 RANKS AND TITLES

function was practically exorcised by the Sheikh lIslam; after the establishment of the Turkish Republic, a solely religious Caliphate, held by members of
the Sultans family, was established for a short period of time.
Saltigue, the high priests and priestesses of the
Serer people. They are the diviners in Serer religion.

1.2

Other sovereigns, royals, peerage, and

major nobility

Main articles: Royal family, Peerage, Nobility and

Imperial immediacy
Several ranks were widely used (for more than a thousand years in Europe alone) for both sovereign rulers and
non-sovereigns. Additional knowledge about the territory
and historic period is required to know whether the rank
holder was a sovereign or non-sovereign. However, joint
precedence among rank holders often greatly depended
on whether a rank holder was sovereign, whether of the
same rank or not. This situation was most widely exemplied by the Holy Roman Empire (HRE) in Europe.
Almost all of the following ranks were commonly both
sovereign and non-sovereign within the HRE. Outside of
the HRE, the most common sovereign rank of these below was that of Prince. Within the HRE, those holding
the following ranks who were also sovereigns had (enjoyed) what was known as an immediate relationship with
the Emperor. Those holding non-sovereign ranks held
only a mediate relationship (meaning that the civil hierarchy upwards was mediated by one or more intermediaries
between the rank holder and the Emperor).

Duke, ruler[1] of a duchy,[2] also for junior members

of ducal and some grand ducal families
Prince, Prinz in German; junior members of a royal,
grand ducal, ruling ducal or princely, or mediatised
family. The title of Frst was usually reserved,
from the 19th century, for rulers of principalities
the smallest sovereign entities (e.g., Liechtenstein,
Lippe, Schwarzburg, Waldeck-and-Pyrmont) -- and
for heads of high-ranking, noble but non-ruling families (Bismarck, Clary und Aldringen, Dietrichstein,
Henckel von Donnersmarck, Kinsky, Paar, Pless,
Thun und Hohenstein, etc.). Cadets of these latter
families were generally not allowed to use Prinz, being accorded only the style of count (Graf) or, occasionally, that of Frst (Wrede, Paly d'Erdod) even
though it was also a ruling title. Exceptional use
of Prinz was permitted for some morganatic families (e.g., Battenberg, Montenuovo) and a few others
(Carolath-Beuthen, Biron von Kurland).
In particular Crown prince, Kronprinz in German, was reserved for the heir apparent of an
emperor or king
Dauphin, title of the crown prince of the royal family of France
Infante, title of the cadet members of the royal families of Portugal and Spain
Elector, Kurfrst in German, a rank for those
who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, usually
sovereign of a state (e.g. the Margrave of Brandenburg, an elector, called the Elector of Brandenburg)
Marquess, Margrave, or Marquis was the ruler of
a marquessate, margraviate, or march
Landgrave, a German title, ruler of a landgraviate

Titles
Archduke, ruler of an archduchy; used by the rulers
of Austria; it was also used by the Habsburgs and
Habsburg-Lorraines of the Holy Roman Empire,
Austrian Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire for imperial family members of the dynasty,
each retaining it as a subsidiary title when founding
sovereign cadet branches by acquiring thrones under dierent titles (e.g., Tuscany, Modena); it was
also used for those ruling some Habsburg territories such as those that became the modern BeNeLux
(Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) nations
Grand Prince, ruler of a grand principality; a title primarily used in the medieval Russian principalities; it was also used by the Romanovs of the
Russian Empire for members of the imperial family,
although more commonly translated into English as
Grand Duke

Count, theoretically the ruler of a county; known as

an Earl in modern Britain; known as a Serdar in
Montenegro and Serbia
Viscount (vice-count), theoretically the ruler of a
viscounty or viscountcy
Freiherr, holder of an allodial barony. Freiherr
coming from the German Free-Man
Baron, theoretically the ruler of a barony some
barons in some countries may have been free
barons (liber baro) and as such, regarded (themselves) as higher barons.
Regarding the titles of duke and prince: in Germany,
a sovereign duke (Herzog) outranks a sovereign prince
(Frst). A cadet prince (Prinz) who belongs to an imperial or royal dynasty, however, may outrank a duke who is
the cadet of a reigning house e.g. Wurttemberg, Bavaria,
Mecklenburg or Oldenburg. The children of a ruling

1.3

Minor nobility, gentry, and other aristocracy

grand duke might be titled duke (Mecklenburg, Oldenburg) or prince (Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Saxe-Weimar)
in accordance with the customs of the dynasty.
Children of ruling dukes and of ruling princes (Frst)
were, however, all titled prince (Prinz). The heir apparent
to a ruling or mediatised title would usually prepend the
prex Erb- (hereditary) to his or her title, e.g. Erbherzog,
Erbprinz, Erbgraf, to distinguish their status from that
of their junior siblings. Children of a mediatised Frst
were either Prinzen or Grafen, depending upon whether
the princely title was limited to descent by masculine
primogeniture or not. In the German non-sovereign nobility, a duke (Herzog) still ranked higher than a prince
(Frst).

1.3

Minor nobility, gentry, and other aristocracy

Main articles: Aristocracy (class) and Gentry

The distinction between the ranks of the major nobility
(listed above) and the minor nobility, listed here, was not
always a sharp one in all nations. But the precedence of
the ranks of a Baronet or a Knight is quite generally accepted for where this distinction exists for most nations.
Here the rank of Baronet (ranking above a Knight) is
taken as the highest rank among the ranks of the minor
nobility or gentry that are listed below.
Titles
Baronet is a hereditary title ranking below Baron
but above Knight; this title is granted only in the
British Isles and does not confer nobility.
Dominus was the Latin title of the feudal, superior
and mesne, lords, and also an ecclesiastical and academical title (equivalent of Lord)
Vidame, a minor French aristocrat
Vavasour, also a petty French feudal lord

5
Principala the aristocratic class of Filipino nobles, through whom the Spanish Monarchs ruled the
Philippines during the colonial period (c. 1600s to
1898).
Edler is a minor aristocrat in Germany and Austria
during those countries respective imperial periods.
Jonkheer is an honoric for members of noble
Dutch families that never received a title; An untitled noblewoman is styled Jonkvrouw, though the
wife of a Jonkheer is a Mevrouw or, sometimes,
Freule, which could also be used by daughters of the
same
Skartabel is a minor Polish aristocrat.
Scottish Baron is a hereditary feudal nobility dignity, outside the Scots peerage, recognised by Lord
Lyon as a member of the Scots noblesse and ranking below a Knight but above a Scottish Laird[3][4]
in the British system. However, Scottish Barons on
the European continent are considered and treated
equal to European barons.
Laird is a Scottish hereditary feudal dignity ranking
below a Scottish Baron but above an Esquire
Esquire is a rank of gentry originally derived from
Squire and indicating the status of an attendant
to a knight or an apprentice knight; it ranks below Knight (or in Scotland below Laird) but above
Gentleman[5][6]
Junker is a noble honoric, meaning young nobleman or otherwise young lord
Gentleman is the basic rank of gentry, historically primarily associated with land or manorial
lords; within British Commonwealth nations it is
also roughly equivalent to some minor nobility of
some continental European nations[7]
Bibi, means Miss in Urdu and is frequently used as a
respectful title for women in South Asia when added
to the given name

Seigneur or Knight of the Manor rules a smaller

local ef
In Germany, the constitution of the Weimar Republic in
Knight is the basic rank of the aristocratic system 1919 ceased to accord privileges to members of dynastic
and noble families. Their titles henceforth became legal
Patrician is a dignity of minor nobility or gentry parts of the family name, and traditional forms of address
(most often being hereditary) usually ranking below (e.g., Hoheit or "Durchlaucht") ceased to be accorded
Knight but above Esquire
to them by governmental entities. The last title was con Fidalgo or Hidalgo is a minor Portuguese and ferred on 12 November 1918 to Kurt von Klefeld. The
Spanish aristocrat (respectively; from lho d'algo, actual rank of a title-holder in Germany depended not
lit. son of wealth, mediaeval Galician-Portuguese only on the nominal rank of the title, but also the degree
algo = wealth, riches, fortune, nowadays algo = of sovereignty exercised, the rank of the title-holders
suzerain, and the length of time the family possessed its
something)
status within the nobility (Uradel, Briefadel, altfrstliche,
Nobile (aristocracy) is an Italian title of nobility for neufrstliche, see: German nobility). Thus, any reigning
prestigious families that never received a title
sovereign ranks higher than any deposed or mediatized

sovereign (e.g., the Frst of Waldeck, sovereign until

1918, was higher than the Duke of Arenberg, head of a
mediatized family, although Herzog is nominally a higher
title than Frst). However, former holders of higher titles
in extant monarchies retained their relative rank, i.e., a
queen dowager of Belgium outranks the reigning Prince
of Liechtenstein. Members of a formerly sovereign or
mediatized house rank higher than the nobility. Among
the nobility, those whose titles derive from the Holy Roman Empire rank higher than the holder of an equivalent
title granted by one of the German monarchs after 1806.
In Austria, nobility titles may no longer be used since
1918.[8]
In Switzerland, nobility titles are prohibited and are not
recognized as part of the family name.

Corresponding
languages

titles

between

Below is a comparative table of corresponding royal and

noble titles in various European countries. Quite often, a
Latin 3rd declension noun formed a distinctive feminine
title by adding -issa to its base, but usually the 3rd declension noun was used for both male and female nobles,
except for Imperator and Rex. 3rd declension nouns are
italicized in this chart. See Royal and noble styles to learn
how to address holders of these titles properly.

See also

[3] Ruling of the Court of the Lord Lyon (26/2/1948, Vol.

IV, page 26): With regard to the words 'untitled nobility'
employed in certain recent birthbrieves in relation to the
(Minor) Baronage of Scotland, Finds and Declares that the
(Minor) Barons of Scotland are, and have been both in this
nobiliary Court and in the Court of Session recognised as
a 'titled nobility' and that the estait of the Baronage (i.e.
Barones Minores) are of the ancient Feudal Nobility of
Scotland.
[4] There are actually three Scottish dignities that are types of
a Scottish Baron; these are (in descending order of rank):
Scottish feudal Earl, Scottish Feudal Lord, and Scottish
feudal Baron (the general name for the dignity listed above
among the ranks of aristocratic gentry).
[5] The meaning of the title Esquire became (and remains)
quite diuse, and may indicate anything from no aristocratic status, to some ocial government civil appointment, or (more historically) the son of a knight or noble
who had no other title above just Gentleman.
[6] In the United States, where there is no nobility, the title
esquire is sometimes arrogated (without any governmental
authorization) by lawyers admitted to the state bar.
[7] Larence, Sir James Henry (1827) [rst published 1824].
The nobility of the British Gentry or the political ranks and
dignities of the British Empire compared with those on the
continent (2nd ed.). London: T.Hookham -- Simpkin and
Marshall. Retrieved 2013-01-06.
[8] RIS Dokument. bka.gv.at.
[9] Prince (Prinz in German, Prins in Swedish, Prinssi in
Finnish, Principe in Spanish) can also be a title of junior members of royal houses. In the British system, for
example, prince is not a rank of nobility but a title held
exclusively by members of the royal family.

Clergy, Ecclesiastical Addresses, Prince of the

church

[10] Does not confer nobility in the British system.

Courtesy title

[11] Non-hereditary. Does not confer nobility in the British

system. See also squire and esquire.

False titles of nobility

Forms of address in the United Kingdom
Nobiliary particle
Petty kingdom
Royal and noble styles

REFERENCES

References

[1] Loss of sovereignty or ef does not necessarily lead to loss

of title. The position in the ranking table is however accordingly adjusted. The occurrence of efs has changed
from time to time, and from country to country. For instance, dukes in England rarely had a duchy to rule.
[2] A duke who is not actually or formerly sovereign, or a
member of a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty, such
as British, French, Portuguese, Spanish and most Italian
dukes, is a non-dynastic noble ranking above a marquis.

[12] Latin titles are for etymological comparisons. They do not

accurately reect their medieval counterparts.
[13] The title Markz was not used in Bohemia and thus referred only to foreign nobility, while the title Markrab
(the same as the German Markgraf) is connected only to
a few historical territories (including the former marches
on the borders of the Holy Roman Empire, or Moravia).
[14] Finland accorded the noble ranks of Ruhtinas, Kreivi, Vapaaherra and Aatelinen. The titles Suurherttua, Arkkiherttua, Vaaliruhtinas, Prinssi, Markiisi, Jaarli, Varakreivi,
Paroni, and Baronetti were not granted in Finland, though
they are used of foreign titleholders. Keisari, Kuningas,
Suuriruhtinas, Prinssi, and Herttua have been used as ocial titles of members of the dynasties that ruled Finland,
though not granted as titles of nobility. Some feudallybased privileges in landowning, connected to nobily related lordship, existed into the nineteenth century; and
efs were common in the late medieval and early modern
eras. The title Ritari was not commonly used except in the
context of knightly orders. The lowest, untitled level of

hereditary nobility was that of the Aatelinen (i.e. noble).

[15] No noble titles were granted after 1906 when the unicameral legislatures (Eduskunta) were established, removing the constitutional status of the so-called First Estate.
However, noble ranks were granted in Finland until 1917
(there, the lowest, untitled level of hereditary nobility was
Aatelinen, or noble"; it was in essence a rank, not a
title).
[16] In central Europe, the title of Frst or kne (e.g. Frst
von Liechtenstein) ranks below the title of a duke (e.g.
Duke of Brunswick). The title of Vizegraf was not used
in German-speaking countries, and the titles of Ritter and
Edler were not commonly used.
[17] In the German system by rank approximately equal to
Landgraf and Pfalzgraf.
[18] The vitz title was introduced in Hungary after 1920.
In preceding ages simply meant a warrior or a courageous
man.
[19] In keeping with the principle of equality among noblemen,
no noble titles (with few exceptions) below that of prince
were allowed in Poland. The titles in italics are simply
Polish translations of western titles which were granted to
some Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, especially after
the partitions. Instead of hereditary titles, the Polish nobility developed and used a set of titles based on oces
held. See "szlachta" for more info on Polish nobility.
[20] In Portugal, a baron or viscount who was a "grandee of
the kingdom (Portuguese: Grandes do Reino) was called
a baron with grandness (Portuguese: Baro com Grandeza) or viscount with grandness (Portuguese: Visconde
com Grandeza); each of these grandees was ranked as
equal to a count.
[21] For domestic Russian nobility, only the titles Kniaz and
Boyar were used before the 18th century, when Graf was
added.

External links
Hereditary titles
Unequal and Morganatic Marriages in German Law
Noble, Princely, Royal, and Imperial Titles
British noble titles
Fake titles

6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1

Text

Royal and noble ranks Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks?oldid=676275247 Contributors: Andres, John K,

Lord Emsworth, Mackensen, Jni, Robbot, Altenmann, Romanm, Halibutt, Kallgan, Zumbo, Kpalion, AdamJacobMuller, Piotrus, Emax,
Avihu, Kevin Rector, Thorwald, Mapple, Gonzalo Diethelm, -jkb-, Joaopais, Man vyi, Kvaks, Poli, Pedro Aguiar, David de Cooman,
Deacon of Pndapetzim, Stephan Leeds, Cosal, Nuno Tavares, Woohookitty, Mazca, Tabletop, RicJac, Waldir, BD2412, Choess, Le AnhHuy, WhyBeNormal, Xerex, Bgwhite, EamonnPKeane, RussBot, Danbarnesdavies, DanMS, Stijn Calle, Countakeshi, Alex43223, Rallette, Baranxtu, Roitr, SmackBot, Charles, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kimon, Kintetsubualo, Gilliam, The Gnome, Betacommand, Bluebot,
Cush, Jprg1966, Hibernian, Colonies Chris, Metallurgist, Cplakidas, Sahil.amin, Esrever, Osteck, Phuzion, Lucio Di Madaura, JoeBot,
CmdrObot, Rwammang, Pelagus~enwiki, Imladjov, Gogo Dodo, Ameliorate!, PKT, JamesAM, Suedois, Widefox, Fayenatic london,
JAnDbot, Gazilion, Demophon, Magioladitis, Mclay1, TheCormac, Berig, Al-Iskandar Tzaraath, Schmloof, FlieGerFaUstMe262, JamesyWamesy, R'n'B, Manu rocks, Neutron Jack, McSly, Bundesamt, HighKing, Nuvy, VolkovBot, Firstorm, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT,
Yellow-lab, Kww, SEJustice, Mazarin07, Dirkbb, Solicitr, J.M.Domingo, TheAncientEmperor, Lastingwar, Pacemanscoop, RobertBlacknut, Marcinjeske, Tomas e, SchreiberBike, L.smitheld, MasterOfHisOwnDomain, DumZiBoT, Jackowaco, XLinkBot, Facts707, FactStraight, Addbot, Paul Davidson, MissingNo38, Download, AnnaFrance, Kajaro, TriniMuoz, , Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, AnomieBOT,
Cantanchorus, ArthurBot, Enok, Lele giannoni, Mttll, MerlLinkBot, Reignerok, Kevin Cousins, BlaF, DrilBot, Buddhaamaatya, Hockeyninja101, The History Ninja, Qwertyuiop1994, NKanngaz, Tamsier, Nora lives, Fatih Demirci, AlexanderCharlote, Lotje, ki2bucuk,
777sms, John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, GoingBatty, TuHan-Bot, Iaki Salazar, Uwman84, Zoupan, ClueBot NG, Nisetpdajsankha,
Widr, Swansnic, Electriccatsh2, SlaveShip, Bibliographe, Doglover0415, PhnomPencil, MusikAnimal, Davidiad, Cold Season, AcoCar, Pskelkar74, Formidable Moi, Mogism, Isarra (HG), MajorLaky, Faizan, I am One of Many, Perjanik13, Jodosma, Dunbog, Str123,
Maatyn, Samatict, Sam Sailor, SJ Defender, F.gerschler, Count robertdjacoby, Thegreatmuka, CecyWiki, Malus20o, Kariemil, Qordnlrns,
Aude9331, Hyfjtc, WyattAlex, KasparBot and Anonymous: 260

6.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
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src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Crown_of_prince_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.svg/22px-Crown_
of_prince_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire.svg.png' width='22' height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
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Empire.svg. Original artist: Tom Lemmens
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6.3

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