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Chemistry A
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Exciting resources developed in exclusive partnership

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Learning objectives are taken
from the specification to
highlight what students need
to know and understand.

s
13 Titration

1.1

By the end of thi

s spread, you

...
should be able to

ons.

uctured calculati

, and carry out str

dbase titrations

Perform aci

t reacts
e solution tha
tions
volume of on
Acidbaseetrtitic ra
measure the
analysis, you
ion.

with a

solut
During volum
nd, different
u react a
, in which yo
lume of a seco
etric analysis
measured vo
type of volum
ial
ec
sp
a
is
titration
se.
is is usually a
An acidbase
lution of a ba
o solutions. Th
acid with a so
one of the tw
solution of an
ncentration of
co
the
ow
kn
ation about
You must
d 1.1.7).
known inform
ion (see sprea
to find out un
standard solut
ndard solution
sta
s
thi
e
us
ion.
sis, you
second solut
In the analy
dissolved in the
the substance
:
be
y
ma
information
The unknown
solution
tration of the
the concen
ss
a molar ma
stallisation.
a formula
of water of cry
of molecules
the number
al flask.
s.
low
ion to a conic
fol
e of one solut
t a titration as
asured volum
You carry ou
you add a me
e,
ett
pip
til the reaction
a
un
te.
k
Using
ced in a buret
the conical flas
the
solution is pla
the solution in
The volume of
The other
te is added to
the titration.
ret
of
bu
int
po
the
d
in
the en
lled
ca
is
The solution
is
completed. Th
ured.
has just been
lume of the
rette is meas
d from the bu
cts with the vo
solution adde
that exactly rea
ion
lut
so
e
e of on
lum
vo
the
ow
You now kn
.
lution.
other solution
tor.
in the basic so
ing an indica
solution than
end point us
r in the acidic
lour
lou
co
co
t
the
We identify the
en
s
fer
dif
s. It also show
tor must be a
base indicator
The indica
the acidic
common acid
the colours in
n
me
ee
ng
so
tw
usi
of
is
be
rs
in
titration
the colou
int colour is
s acidbase
Table 1 lists
t this end po
Figure 1 Thi
. Methyl
int. Notice tha
as an indicator
at the end po
ns
methyl orange
acidic solutio
in
s.
red
ion
lut
ed
so
our
End point colour
and basic
orange is col
The end
in base
ns.
basic solutio
and yellow in
en orange.
our in betwe
ve
point is the col
ical flask abo
con
the
in
n
The solutio
nt
the end poi
d
che
rea
has

Colour in acid

Indicator
methyl orange

red

bromothymol blu
phenolphthalein

yellow

Colour

yellow
blue
pink

colourless

to the aqu
from the burette
e has been added
t the aqueous bas
s colourless.
* This assumes tha is complete when the solution goe
base, the titration
tors
mon acidbase
rs of some com

orange

green
pale pink*
eous acid. If acid

is added to

indica

sults
d examples:
titration re
n in the worke
knowns frsom
ttern, as show
Calculatintitrgatiun
low a set pa
on results fol
to work out.
;
Analysis of
that you need
ays the same
the unknown
o steps are alw
depending on
the first tw
ly to the
y be different,
ma
uctured similar
p
str
ste
be
rd
l
the thi
carry out wil
ions that you
lat
lcu
ca
y
an
y,
In AS chemistr
low.
examples be
steps yourself.
rk out these
y have to wo
For A2, you ma

28
.U1 M1.indd

28-29

In Exclusive Partnership

Text is structured in line with

the new OCR specification
by Unit and Module.

Modu

Atoms and reac

Titra

tion
n concentra
an unknow
Calculating
1:
e
pl
d
am
OH(aq) reacte
Worked ex

e Na
3 sodium hydroxid
3
50 mol dm
).
25.0 cm of 0.1
,
SO
on
4(aq
H
ati
titr
id,
2
a
ac
In
3
lfuric
.40 cm of su
)
exactly with 23
(aq)  2H2O(l
) }m Na2SO4
SO
4(aq
t reacted.
H

2
q)
l, of NaOH tha
2NaOH(a
mo
in
nt,
ou
the am
3
(a) Calculate
25.0
__
5s10 mol
___
V
0 s 00  3.7
__ 0.15
10
s ___
.
n(NaOH) c 1000
that was used
in mol, of H2SO4
}}m
the amount,
 H2SO4(aq)
q)
H(a
(b) Calculate
2NaO
}}m
 1 mol
3 mol
equation
l
mo
2
10
uation
eq
3 mol 1.875s
m
fro
les
mo
id.
3.75s10
3 of the sulfuric ac
les
actual mo
tion, in mol dm
3
3 mol dm
the concentra
3
00
10
10
s
_
1
s
(c) Calculate
___
8.0
___



s10
___
1.875___


__ ___
n s__10
__00
___ 23.40
__

c(H2SO4)  V

Worked exam

ating an

ple 2: Calcul

Sample pages from OCR AS Chemistry A Student Book.

Notes
:

For (a), we use

3
)
cm__
V (in___
___
1000
the balanced equ
For (b), we use
cting quantities
work out the rea
ali.
acid and alk
H
cts with 1 mol
2 mol NaOH rea
V
cs_

n
:
nge
rra
For (c), we rea

s
amount, n  c

Hence, c 

lution up to
d made the so
l dm3
HX in water an
st 0.0614 mo
g of an acid3
ain
94
ag
2.7
ion
d
lut
lve
so
this so
reach
of
to
ed
cm
ed
.0
A student dis
ne
25
d
) were
3
3
student titrate
of Na2CO3(aq
250 cm . The
). 23.45 cm
te Na2CO3(aq
na
rbo
ca
m
sodiu
.
the end point
on is:
for this reacti
The equation
(g)  H2O(l)
aX(aq)  CO2
X(aq) }m 2N
2H
that reacted.

)
(aq
l, of Na2CO3
Na2CO3
mo
in
nt,
ou
the am
3
(a) Calculate
23.45
___  1.44s10 mol
___

s
V
14 1000
__ 0.06
s ___
the titration.
n(Na2CO3) c 1000
in
that was used
in mol, of HX
}}m
the amount,
 2 HX(aq)
)
(aq
(b) Calculate
CO
Na2 3
}}m
 2 mol
equation
3 mol
1 mol
3
3
m equation
l 2.88s10
250 cm
moles fro
1.44s10 mo
make up the
to
les
that was used
actual mo
in mol, of HX
nt,
ou
am
the
(c) Calculate
3 mol
2
l
solution.
3  2.88s10 mo
ins 2.88s10
3
HX(aq) conta
cm
s2.88s10
.0
25
contains 101
3
ion
.
lut
HX
so
id
0 cm
the ac
25
of
,
l
the
,
mo
So
g

tion, in
the concentra
1
(d) Calculate
____  97.0 g mol
___94
m ___2.7
m_ so, M  _ n_  8 s 102
_
2.8
n 
M

Notes

the steps a
For (a) and (b),
rked exam
as in the first wo
example, h
In this worked
steps. You
are two further
these in a
helped through
le up by a
For (c), we sca
t, in mol,
find the amoun
3
n that w
250 cm solutio
nge:
rra
rea
we
For (d),
__
___ss,
___ma
amount, n  molar ma
m_
_
Hence, M  n
In this example,

n below.

concentratio

tly
reacted exac
1 to calculate
Questions
m hydroxide
rked example
aqueous sodiu
method in Wo
3

3
1 Use the
25 mol dm
25.0 cm of 0.1
In a titration, 3
ic acid.
of hydrochlor
cm
O(l)
.75
22
with
NaCl(aq)  H2
OH(aq) }m
H X.
ic acid.
HCl(aq)  Na
ss of the acid 2
the hydrochlor
of
n
tio
e the molar ma
tra
en
nc
solution up to
le 2 to calculat
Find the co
and made the 3 dium
Worked examp
ter
in
wa
d
in
tho
X,
me
H
so
2 Use the
g of an acid, 2
0.125 mol dm
solved 1.571
lution against
end point.
A student dis
cm3 of this so
ed to reach the
3
e titrated 25.0
(aq) were need
3
OH
Na
of
250 cm . Sh
.30 cm
21
).
(aq
OH
hydroxide, Na
ction is:
O(l)
n for this rea
Na X(aq)  2H2
The equatio
H2X(aq) }m 2

q)
H(a
aO
2N

Questions students should

be able to answer after
studying each spread.

0
100__
n s___
___
V

Worked
student
should b

olar mass
unknown m

the unknown

Table 1 Colou

935 chemistry

Dave Gent and Rob Ritchie

Series Editor: Rob Ritchie

the mass of HX

is 2.7

34

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End-of-module summary
pages help students link
together all the topics
within each module.

1.1

Atoms and reactions summar

y

Dave Gent and Rob Ritchie

Series Editor: Rob Ritchie

Practi ce quest ions

1 How many protons,

Practice q

neutrons and electrons

are in the
following atoms and ions
?

(a)

Moles

(c)

Mass
n = mass, m
molar mass, M

(e)
(g)

ctions

Gas volumes

Moles

3
V
n = (in dm ) = V (in cm3)
24.0
24 000

uation to
of the

Solutions
n = c V (in dm3) = c  V (in cm3)
1 000

Acids

Carbonate

d examples show
Salt
CO2
H20
ts how calculations
be set out.

Metal

Base

Base
Alkali
soluble base
OH

Salt
H20
Salt
H2

Reduction
Gain of electrons
Decrease in oxidation
number

m __
___
ass, M

3 Use Ar values from

the Perio

dic Table to calculate the

relative formula mass of
the following:
(a) Cr2O3;
(b) Rb2S;
(c) Zn(OH)2;
(d) (NH4)2CO3;
(e) Fe3(PO4)2.

(a) 6 mol MnO ;

2
(c) 0.60 mol Ag SO .
2
4

5 Calculate the amo

unt,

(a) 8.823 g CaI ;

2
(c) 7.50 g Cu(NO ) .
32

(b) 0.25 mol Ga O ;

2 3

in mol, in:
(b) 48.55 g K CrO ;
2
4

formula for the compoun

d of
carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen atoms with the
composition
by mass: C, 40.0%; H,
6.7%; O, 53.3%; M 90.
r

8 (a) At RTP, what

amount,

794 g.

in mol dm3, for the follow

ing
solutions:
(a) 0.75 moles dissolved
in 5 dm3 of solution;
(b) 0.450 moles disso
lved in 100 cm3 of solut
ion.

ing equations:
(a) P4(s) + O2(g) }m P
2O5(s)
(b) C5H12(l) + O (aq) }m
2
CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(c) NaOH(aq) + H PO
3
4(aq) }m Na2HPO (aq)
+ H2O(l).
4

12 Define the terms:

(a) acid;

(b) base;

in mol, of gas molecules

are in:
(i) 84 dm3;
(ii) 300 cm3;
(iii) 10 dm3?
(b) At RTP, what is the
volume, in dm3, of:
(i) 12 mol CO (g);
2
(ii) 0.175 mol N (g);
2
(iii) 2.55 g NO(g)?

9 Find the amount,

in mol,

of solute dissolved in the

following
solutions:
(a) 2 dm3 of a 0.225 mol
dm3 solution;
(b) 25 cm3 of a 0.175
mol dm3 solution.

(c) alkali.

13 Write balanced equa

tions

for the following acid reac

tions:
(a) nitric acid and iron(
III) hydroxide.
(b) sulfuric acid and copp
er(II) carbonate.
(c) hydrochloric acid and
aluminium.

14 What is the oxida

tion

g, in:

7 Determine the mole

cular

Oxidation
Loss of electrons
Increase in
oxidation number

10 Find the concentra

tion,

11 Balance each of the

follow

atomic mass, A , to 4 signi

r
ficant
figures, for the following.
(a) Lithium containing:
7.42%6Li and 92.58%7
Li.
(b) Lead containing: 204
Pb, 1.1%; 206Pb, 24.9%;
207
Pb, 21.7%; 208Pb, 52.3
%.

formula of the compoun

d formed
when 1.472 g of tungsten
reacts with 0.384 g of oxyg
en.

Redox

a factor of 10 to
, of HX in the
was made up.

18
O;
8
64
30 Zn;
79
35 Br ;

6 Determine the emp

irical

Redox

are the same

mple.
however, there
u would be
an AS exam.

(d)
(f)

4 Calculate the mas

s, in

Acid
proton donor

H2SO4
3
)
cm__
V (in___
___
1000

(b)

2 Calculate the relat

ive

ule 1

ations

11
B;
5
30
14 Si;
23
+
11 Na ;
45
3+
21 Sc .

Mo

Atoms and

In Exclusive Partnership

following?
(a) Cu;
(d) MgSO4;

(g) (NH4)3PO4.

state of each species in

(b) I2;
(e) PbCO3;

the

(c) CH4;
(f) Cr2O7 2;

15 From the experime

ntal

results below, work out

the formula
of the hydrated salt.
Mass of ZnSO xH O =
4
8.985 g
2
Mass of ZnSO = 5.047
4
g

16 Lithium carbonat
e decompo

ses with heat:

Li2CO3(s) }m Li O(s) +
CO2(g)
2
What volume of CO , mea
sured at RTP, is formed
2
by the
decomposition of 5.71
95 g of Li2CO ?
3

17 Calcium carbonat
e reac

ts with nitric acid:

Na2CO3(s) + 2HNO m
2NaNO3(aq) + H O(l) +
3
CO (g)
2
0.371 g of Na CO reac
2
ts with an excess of HNO 2
3
The final volume of the
3.
solution is 25.0 cm3.
(a) What volume of CO
,
mea
sured at RTP, is formed?
2
(b) What is the concentra
tion, in mol dm3, of NaN
O3
formed?

18 In the redox reac

tions

below, use oxidation num

bers to find
out what has been oxidi
sed and what has been
reduced.
(a) N2 + 3H2 m 2NH
3
(b) 3Mg + 2Fe(NO ) m
3Mg(NO3)2 + 2Fe
33
(c) MnO2 + 4HCl m MnC
l2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

M1.indd 34-35

35

Practice exam questions provided

at the end of each module.
Answers are in the back of the book.
29
7:26 am
10/3/08 11:2

t
Dont forge
our A2
resources
e
coming in th
m!
Autumn ter

Sample pages from

OCR AS Chemistry A
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10/3/08 11:28:15

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AS

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SZ CD
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Teacher Reso

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ldwin
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he
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In Ex

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sive Pa

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Wood
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hie
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GCE Chemis

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This revis
ion guide
is tailored
endorsed
to the OCR
by
specificat
examiners OCR for GCE Chem
ion and exclu
and teach
istry A. It
ers, givin
is written
g you:
by experiencsively
ed
complete
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content orga
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ion and exammodule and unit to
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s
bite-sized
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chun
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revision time ks of informatio
n to make
it easier to
quick-chec
organise
k
your
knowledge revision questions
so that you
easily
can test your
hints and
tips from
own
examiners
lots of pract
to help you
ice exam-style
avoid comm
all the answ
questions
on errors
for each unit
ers to ques
right track
tions so that
.
you can chec
k that your
Titles in this
e on the
series:
OCR AS Chem
OCR A2 Chem istry student book
OCR AS Chem istry student book and exam caf CD-R
OM
and
exam caf
978 0 43569
OCR A2 Chem istry Teacher Supp
CD-ROM
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OCR AS Chem istry Teacher Supp ort CD-ROM
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Revision Guides

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AS

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y endorsed

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Second
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l Clearly written and well designed to aid revision.

In Exclusive

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l Written by experienced examiners and tailored to the new specification.

l Packed with examiner tips.
l Targeted at ensuring understanding with quick-check questions on each topic

and end of unit exam-style questions.
Provides students with lots
of opportunities to see
problems worked through
and the answers are
provided step by step.

Clearly linked to the specification.

valent
ssible. In a co
nes the
far apart as po
l atom determi
so they are as
und the centra
el each other
aro
rep
irs
irs
pa
pa
on
on
ctr
Electr
er of ele
mb
nu
the
,
ion
compound or
molecule.
shape of the

Key words
air
v electron-p
repulsion
d
v covalent bon
v lone pair

CO2
ble bonds)
(in fact two dou

linear

rs
2 electron pai

Module 2

example

Shape

rs

Number of pai

+
exaMple
J WOrked
mple H3O :
an ion, for exa

180

180

Bond angle

trigonal

rs

3 electron pai

BF3

F
F

F
120

B
F
F
120

Bond angle
H

4 electron pai

rs

tetrahedral

CH4
+
NH4

H
109.5
C

H
H

Bond angle

rs
6 electron pai

octahedral

SF6

109.5

F
F

F
F

Bond angle

Quick che
H

ck 1

N
H
H
107
H


Bond angle 107

Sample pages from OCR

AS Chemistry Revision Guide.

10

90

electron pairs
out how the
l us that:
s by working
s of molecule
ion theory tel
pe
uls
sha
rep
t
ir
en
-pa
fer
dif
es of electron
We know the
ssible
space. The rul
po
in
as
es
art
elv
ap
ms
as far
arrange the
er so they are
ir (BP)
repel each oth
a bonding pa
atoms is called
v electron pairs
between two
lone pair (LP)
a
red
led
sha
ir
cal
is
pa
)
t shared
v an electron
atom only (no
.
g pair on one
BP repulsion
v a non-bondin
ules.
repulsion > BP
BP
LP
ter, H2O, molec
>
ion
, NH3, and wa
nia
mo
v LPLP repuls
am
s of the
pe
sha
the
lain
These rules exp
y
e up a basicall
re
these will tak
NH3
shared pairs mo
electrons, so
so it repels the
s four pairs of
ir,
ha
pa
m
The
e
ato
lon
10
en
a
pair is
9.5 to 7.
10
on
The nitrog
m
ctr
fro
ele
d
e
pe. But on
gle is decrease
tetrahedral sha
d the bond an
pair would, an
pyramidal.
than a bonding
is described as
ule
lec
mo
the
final shape of

24

Number of
electrons

H
O

H 104.5

H
.5

Bond angle 104

Examiner tip
e the
Dont confus
molecule
shape of the
pe the
sha
the
h
wit
adopt.
rs
pai
electron

Quick che

ck 2

atom

shape of
To work out the
approach this
6
two ways to
are
Oxygen
STep 1 There
3
ens
problem.
Three hydrog
the
of
m
gra
dia
1
dot-and-cross
e charge
either draw a
itiv
e);
Pos
sit
po
e diagram op
8
molecule (se
ber
the
num
at
s
al
Tot
ctron
number of ele
or count up the
d
ge
an
m.
arr
central ato
t. They will be
pairs will adop
ctrons.
pe the electron
ele
sha
of
at
irs
pa
wh
r
e
are fou
STep 2 Se
because there
pair.
tetrahedrally
Yes, one lone
any lone pairs.
are
re
repel the
the
if
see
lone pair will
the
t
STep 3 Now
tha
u
er, and the
ory tells yo
y repel each oth
ir repulsion the
the
-pa
n
on
tha
ctr
Ele
gly
stron
STep 4
as NH3.
a little more
d bond angle
bonding pairs
same shape an
uld have the
of 107.
molecule sho
gle
an
nd
bo
e with a
ramidal shap
+
H O has a py

on theory
n-pair repulsi

Module 2

ctro
lecules ele

rahedral
a basically tet
se will take up
repelled more
H2O
ctrons, so the
shared pairs are
four pairs of ele
the
s
so
ha
m
irs,
pa
gle
ato
e
an is
The oxygen
on pairs are lon
The final bond
than in NH3.
o of the electr
in H2O is less
shape. But tw
ar.
gle
ine
an
n-l
nd
no
bo
as
and the
scribed
than in NH3,
molecule is de
al shape of the
104.5. The fin

lecules
Shapes of mo epulsion theory
r
electron-pair

UNIT

Shapes of mo

s?
all located
multiple bond
ctron pairs are
s
the bonding ele
ir of electron
triple) bonds,
e bonding pa
on
(or
le
as
d
ub
un
do
s
co
ha
ore they
ref
the
If a molecule
d
an
bonding atoms
shape.
between the
working out the
tral atom for
around the cen
e table). The
is O=C=O (se
, so the final
t the bonding
CO2
ch as possible
CO2 shows tha
mu
of
as
m
er
gra
oth
dia
oss
l repel each
A dot-and-cr
uble bonds wil
do
the
in
irs
e
electron pa
ear.
is sulfur dioxid
molecule is lin
good example
shape of the
uble bonds? A
lecule with do
mo
ar
ine
n-l
no
What about a
3).
eck question
(see quick ch

What about

k QUeSTION
QUICk CHeC

molecules:
the following
bond angles in
and predict the
OCl2
pes
b
sha
the
1 Sketch
d CCl4
up 6)
a PCl3
s:
that Se is in Gro
following ion
c SeF6 (note
d angles in the
bon
the
t
dic
PCl6
pes and pre
b
sha
the
tch
+
2 Ske
+
d NH4
a PCl4
te.

diagram opposi
c NH2
shown in the
SO
2 is
for
m
gra
nd-cross dia
?
t-a
ule
do
lec
The
mo
3
shape of the
a What is the
d angle.
roximate bon
b Give the app

Enables students to
check their knowledge
and understanding.
Answers are provided at
the back of the book.

Quick che

ck 3

Hints and tips help

students avoid
common errors.

25

$IFNJTUSZ

AS

Exclusively endorsed by OCR for GCE Chemistry A

$IFNJTUSZ

Summary of contents

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Dave Gent and Rob Ritchie

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A2
Chemistry A

Dave Gent and Rob

Ritchie
Series Editor: Rob
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Partnership

Contents

Contents
76
78
searching
1 The Periodic Table:
80
nd
beyo
and
deleev
2 The Periodic Table: Men
82
Table
3 The modern Periodic
gies and atomic
2
eriodicity: ionisation ener
4 P
84
4
radii
85
ts
6
5 Periodicity: boiling poin
88
x reactions
8
6 Group 2 elements: redo
90
ions
react
ds:
10
poun
com
2
p
7 Grou
92
12
ents: redox reactions
p 7 elem
vi8 GrouMod
94
ule 3 The Peri halidTab
e tests
14
le
7 elements: uses andodic
76
9 Grou1p The
Periodic Table: searching
16
for order 96
questions
78
ticeTable
2 The
pracdic
andPerio
mary
Sum
: Mendele
98
ev
18
and

beyo
tions
nd
ques
on
80
3 odul
e exam
mod
ern inati
Periodic Table
2 End-of-mThe
20
82
4 Periodicity: ionisation
4
enerand
gies and atomic
22
rgy
ene
ins,
radii
Cha
2
24 6 UNIT
84
5 Periodicit
(F322)
26 8 resources y: boiling points
85
6 Group 2 elem
tsxand
entscep
c con
: redo
reactions
28 10 Module 1 Basi
100 88
7
Grou
p
2
s pounds: reactions
30 12 hydrocarboncom
102 90
8 Group 7 elements nic chemistry
32 14
1 9Introduction to orga: redox reactions
104 92
Group 7 elem
ents
bons
: uses and halide tests
16
ocar
hydr
2 Naming
34
94
l
tiona
ds with func
Sum
18
poun
mary
com
g
and
amin
prac
N

3
tice
36
questions
106
96
End20
of-m
ps odule examination ques
grou
108
98
compoundstions
22
4 Formulae of organic
110
3824
skeletal formulae
and ins,
IT tural
2 Cha
Struc
5UN
ene
112
rgy
ps
and
4026
grou
l
tiona
ulae and func
form(F3
res
ourtalces
6 Skele
22)
114
42
28
7 Isom
Mod
115
uleerism
1 Basic con
44
tsreact
their
andions
30
ents andcep
reag
nic
8 Orga
hyd
118
rocarbons
46
32
from crude oil
bons
ocar
Hydr
100
9
1 Introduction to orga
120
48
nic chemistry
34
ocarbons as fuels
Hydring
102
10
2
122
Nam
hydrocarfuels
50
e
bons
futur
the
of
and
36
il fuels
104
11
3 NFoss
124
amin
g compounds
52
es l
with
of alkan
functiona
ions
react
on
tituti
Subs
12groups
126
54
nes
Alke
106
13
4
128
3856
Formulae of organic com
tions of alkenes pounds
Reac
108
514Struc
130
4058
tural and skeletal form
of alkenes
ions
ulae
react
tion
addi
er
Furth
110132
615Skele
42 60
tal formulae andine
brom functional groups
and
nes
Alke
112
16
7 Isomerism
134
44 62
es
strial importance of alken
Indu
114136
8 17
46 64
Orga
nic reagents and their
reactions
er chemistry
115138
48 66 9 18
HydrPolym
ocarbons from crudwith
e
wast
ers dealing e oilour
118 140
19 Polym
50 68 10 Hydr
ocarbons as fuels mer waste
r uses of poly
120
20 ilOthe
52 70 11 Foss
fuels and fuels of the futur
142
e
122
tice questions
prac
54 72 12 Subs
maryonand
Sumtituti
react
ions of alkanes tions
144
ques
124
56 74 13 Alke
nes
of-module examination
End126
14 Reactions of alken
58
es
128
15 Further addition react
60
ions of alkenes
130
16 Alkenes and brom
62
ine
132
17 Industrial importanc
64
e of alkenes
18Samples
66
Polymer chemistry
pages from
OCR 134
136
19 Polymers dealing
68
with A
our Student
AS
Chemistry
Book.
waste
138
20 Other uses of poly
70
mer waste
140
72
Summary and practice
questions
142
74
End-of-module examinati
on questions
144

vi

Introduction

and
UNIT 1 Atoms, bonds
groups (F321)
s
tion

Table
Module 3 The Periodic
for order

Module 1 Atoms and reac Contents

1 The changing atom
2 Atomic structure
3 Atomic masses
Introduction
e and the mole
4 Amount of substanc
UN
s ofITform
1 ula
5 Type
Atoms, bonds and
volumes
gas(F3
s and
gro
6 Mole
ups
21)
ions
s and
7 Mole
Mod
ulesolut
1 Atoms and reaction
s
tions
equa
ical
8 Chem
1 The changing atom
ions
and react
9 Mole
2 sAtom
ic structure
s
base
and ic
10 Acid
3 sAtom
masses
11 Salts
4 Amount of substanc
allisation e and the mole
r of cryst
12 Wate
5 Type
s of formula
tionss and
13 Titra
6 Mole
gas volumes
number
ation
14 Oxid
7 Mole
s and solutions
ions
x react
15 Redo
8 Chem
ical equations
tice questions
prac
and
Mole
s and
Sum9mary
reactions
ination questions
e exam
10of-m
Acidodul
s and
Endbases
11 ule
Salts2 Electrons, bonding and
Mod
12 Wateer of crystallisa
tion
structur
13 Titrations
1 Evidence for shells
14 Oxidsation
numals
ber
2 Shell and orbit
15 Redoshell
s and
ionsenergy levels
3 Sub- x react
Periodic Table
Sum
maryrons
andand
practhe
4 Elect
tice questions
chemical bonding
ion to
Endduct
of-m
intro
odul
e exam
5 An
ination questions
ing
Mod
6 Ionic
ule 2bond
Electrons, bonding and
Ionseand the Periodic Table
7 ctur
stru
lent bonding
Cova
1 8Evide
nce
for shells
er covalent bonding
Furth
2 9Shell
s and
orbitals
es of molecules and ions
Shap
310
Subshell
s and energy level
s rity
pola
ronegativity and
Elect
4 11
Elect
rons
and the Periodic
cular forces Table
5 12
An Inter
intromole
duction to chemical bond
ing
ogen bonding
6 13
IonicHydr
bond
ing
llic bonding and structure
14 Meta
7 Ions
and the
Periodic Table
pounds
com
ionic
of
ture
Struc
15 lent bonding
8 Cova
ds
tures of covalent compoun
16 Struc
9 Furth
er cova
lent bonding
practice questions
and cules
10 Shap
mary
Sumes
of mole
and ions

e examination questions
odul
11 Elect
of-m
rone
Endgativ
ity and polarity
12 Intermolecular force
s
13 Hydr
iv ogen bonding
14 Metallic bonding and
structure
4-5
chemistry.prelims.indd
935
15 Structure of ionic com
pounds
16 Structures of cova
lent compounds
Summary and practice
questions
End-of-module examinati
on questions

iv

198
$H i
8 Enthalpy changes from ci
200
$H
9 Enthalpy changes from f
202
146
ry
theo
s of reaction collision
Rate
10
204
148
ol
lysts
Cata
11
206
1 Making and using alcoh
150
e of catalysts
12 Economic importanc
208
2 Properties of alcohols
152
ibution
of alcohols
distr
n
ation
man
oxid
Boltz
and
The
ion
13
210
3 Combust
154
dration of alcohols
equilibrium
dehy
ical
and
ion
Chem
14
ificat
Ester
212
4
156
stry
genoalkanes
15 Equilibrium and indu
5 Introduction to halo
158
214
alkanes
practice questions
6 Reactions of halogeno
and
mary
160
Sum
216
the environment
on questions
7 Halogenoalkanes and
162
End-of-module examinati
8 Percentage yield
Contents
218
164
s
urce
Module 4 Reso
9 Atom economy
220
166
t global warming
1 The greenhouse effec
10 Infrared spectroscopy
222
168
ps
grou
l
Module Alco
func, tiona
opy:hols
halogenoalkanes170
2 Climate change
11 Infrared spec2trosc
224
se effect i
8 Enth
and ana
etry
the gree
channhou
lysis
to alpy
trom
ges from
$H
12 Mass spec
226 198
172 1463 Solutions
istry
chem
nic
9 Enthalpy changes from ci
orga
in
1
Maki
etry
ng
and using alcohol
4 The ozone layer
$Hf
13 Mass spectrom
228 200
174
rns
patte
148
entation
10e Rate
fragm
2
s
Prop
of
etry:
react
etion
ertie
trom
ion
depl
s
of
spec

alcoh
collis
ass
Ozon

ols
ion theory
14 M
230 202
176 150 5
11 Cata air pollution
3 Commec
sms oxid
busthani
ion and
6 Controllinglysts
15 Reaction
ation of alcohols
232 204
178 152
12 nEcon
4 Esterification and
omic
istryimportance of catalysts
chem
tions
Gree
dehy
ques
7
tice
drati
234 206
prac
on
of
and
alcoh
ols 180 154
Summary
13
ur
The
5 Introduction to halo
savio
Boltz

and
man
n
tions
n
villai
distr

quesalkanes
ibution
8 CO2
odule examinationgeno
End-of-m
236 208
156
14 Chemical equilibriu tions
6 Reactions of halogeno
m
ques
tice
alkanes
and prac
mary
182158 Sum15
238210
Equilibrium and indu
7 Halogenoalkanes and
questions
on
stry
inati
rgy
the
exam
e
Ene
envir
3
odul
onm
ent
Mod8ule
212
184160 End-of-m
Percentage yield
Summary and practice
240
alpy
ques
1 Enth
tions
186162
9 Atom economy
214
ic reactions
Ends odule examination
of-m
wer
Ans
hermic and endotherm
210Exot
ques
tions
188
164

258
Infrared specletrosc
216
rams
alpy profi diagopy
311Enth
sary
Glos
190
166
Mod
Infrared specalpy
ule 4 Resources
opy:ges
262
functional groups
dard enth troscchan
412Stan
Sheet
192
168
218
ata
le/D
1
Mass spectrom
Tab
The
ges
gree
odic
chan
nhou
Peri
alpy
se effect global warm
enth
rmination ofetry
5 Dete
ing
264
194
170
220
13
2 Climate change
Mass spectrom
ion
bust
of com
in orga
nic
alpy changeetry
chemistry
x
Inde
6 Enth
196
172
222
14
3 Solutions to the gree
Mass spectromsetry: fragm
nhou
alpie
enta
se
enth
effec
tion
t
patterns 174
7 Bond
224
15
4 The ozone layer
Reaction mechanisms
176
226
5 Ozone depletion
Summary and practice
questions
228
6 Controlling air pollu
178
End-of-module examinati
tion
on questions
230
7
Gree
n
chemistry
180
232
8 CO2 villain and savio
Module 3 Energy
ur
234
182
1 Enthalpy
Summary and practice
questions
184
236
2 Exothermic and endo
End-of-module examinati
thermic reactions
on questions
186
238
3 Enthalpy profile diag
rams
Answers
188
4 Standard enthalpy chan
ges
240
190
5 Determination of enth
Glossary
alpy changes
192
6 Enthalpy change of
258
combustion
Periodic Table/Data She
194
7 Bond enthalpies
et
262
196
Index
264 v

anes

genoalk
Module 2 Alcohols, halo
and analysis

10/3/08 11:23:32 am

935 chemistry.prelim

s.indd 4-5

v
10/3/08 11:23:32 am

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