1. Settlement in civil eng.

Parlance means gradual downward movement due to

vertical stress.
2. Turbine catenary. It is the curve formed by the rotors when they are placed in
respective bearing locations. A long shaft naturally bends downwards under
its own weight to form a catenary. During rotation, it revolves around its
curved centre line. Rotor alignment should ensure minimum bending moment
at shaft couplings. During erection initially, bearings are set at appropriate
heights to form catenary.

3. Thrust bearing provides fixed location of rotors in relation to that of cylinders.

As HP-LP and Gen rotors are solidly coupled, only one thrust bearing is
required. Location of Thrust bearing is where blade-cylinder clearances are
minimum and temperature is highest.
4. For centrifugal pump, Q rpm, Q H, Q

Power

5. For reciprocating pump, Q rpm, Q discharge pressure, Q power.

6. Centrifugal pump is chosen for high flow and low head, reciprocating pump
for low flow and high head. For low flow and high head conditions, efficiency
of reciprocating pumps is 90% whereas for centrifugal pumps about 40%.
7. Efficiency and flow of centrifugal pumps decreases as head increases.
8. For Reciprocating pumps, the delivery capacity is nearly constant over its
discharge pressure range.

pd

Discharge

9. PD pumps create flow Pressure is developed by systems response to the

flow. If discharge flange connections are open, fluid discharges at
atmospheric pressure.
10.Centrifugal pumps create pressure. This is done by imparting velocity to the
fluid and then converting it to pressure in volute. If discharge flange
connections are open, fluid discharges at developed pressure.
11.
12.If a pipeline is shut and restarted, centrifugal pump may not be able to
deliver required pressure. PD pumps will be able to supply required flow.

13.Speed droop- It is the % change in the reference speed setting from no-load
to full load.
% Droop= No load speed-Full load rated speed *100
Full load rated speed

Parallel Plant Operation If the load of a single generator becomes so large

that its rating is exceeded, you should add another generator in parallel to
increase the power available for the generating station. Before two ac
generators can be paralleled, the following conditions have to be fulfilled:
1. Their terminal voltages have to be equal.
2. Their frequencies have to be equal.
3. Their voltages have to be in phase.
When two generators are operating so that the requirements are satisfied, they
are said to be in synchronism. Generating plants may be operated in parallel on
an isolated bus (two or more generators supplying camp or base load) or on an
infinite bus (one or more generators paralleled to a utility grid).One of the
primary considerations in paralleling generator sets is achieving the proper
division of load. That can be accomplished by providing the governor of the
generator with speed droop. That would result in a regulation of the system. The
relationship of REGULATION to LOAD DIVISION is best explained by referring to
a speed versus load curve of the governor. For simplicity,. we will refer to the
normal speed as 100 percent speed and full load as 100percent load. In the
controlled system, we will be concerned with two types of governor operations:
isochronous and speed droop. The operation of the isochronous governor
(0percent speed droop) can be explained by comparing speed versus load. as
shown in figure 3-3. If the governor were set to maintain the speed
represented byline A and connected to an increasing isolated load, the speed
would remain constant. The isochronous governor will maintain the desired
output frequency, regardless of load changes if the capacity of the engines not
exceeded. The speed-droop governor (100 percent speed droop) has a similar

set of curves. but they are slanted. as shown in figure 3-4. If a speeddroop governor we reconnected to an increasing isolated load, the speed would
drop (line A. fig. 3-4) until the maximum engine capacity is reached. Now lets
imagine that we connect the speed-droop governor (slave machine) to a utility
bus so large that our engine cannot change the bus frequency (an Figure 3-3.
Isochronous governor curve. Figure 3-4.Speed-droop governor curve. Infinite
bus). Remember that the speed of the engine is no longer determined by the
speed setting but by the frequency of the infinite bus. In this case, if we should
change the speed setting, we would cause a change in load, not in speed. To
parallel the generator set, we are required to have a speed setting on line A (fig.
3-4). at which the no-load speed is equal to the bus frequency. Once the set is
paralleled. if we increase the speed setting to line B. we do not change the
speed. but we pick up approximately a half-load. Another increase in speed
setting to line C will fully, load the engine. If the generator set is fully loaded and
the main breaker is opened, the no-load speed would be 4 percent above
synchronous speed. This governor would be defined as having 4 percent speed
droop. Paralleling an isochronous governor to an infinite bus would be
impractical because any difference in speed setting would cause the
generator load to change constantly. A speed setting slightly higher than the bus
frequency would cause the engine to go to full-load position. Similarly, if the
speed setting were slightly below synchronous speed, the engine would go to noload position. Setting speed droop on hydraulic governors is accomplished by
adjusting the speed-droop knob located on the governor body. Setting the
knob to position No. 5 does not mean 5 percent drop. Each of the settings on the
knob represents a percentage of the total governor droop. If the governor has a
maximum of 4 percent droop. the No. 5 position would be 50 percent of 4
percent droop. Setting speed droops on solid-state electronic governors is
accomplished by placing the UNIT-PARALLEL switch in the PARALLEL
position. The governor speed droop is factory set, and no further
adjustments are necessary.
14.Load angle is the angle between stator magnetic field and rotor magnetic
field. Stator field lags behind rotor field. If this angle is beyond 90C, the
generator will slip out of pole. Power developed by generator depends on sine
of the load angle.
15.Pole slipping protection occurs when rotor and stator magnetic field fall out of
synchronization due to transient torque. Generator is most susceptible to pole
slipping protection in under excited condition as rotor field strength is very
weak. Hence stability limit is given in capability curve in under excited
condition
16.Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between voltage and
current. (It is the ratio of real power consumed by the load to the apparent
power supplied to it). Higher power factor means lower current drawn by the

load. Pf controller intends to reduce the phase difference between current

and voltage.
17.Each SG of 220 Mwe is rated 180 MW. (Th); 540-400MW; 700-540MW.
18.There is no pre-heater in 700 Mwe SG. This has reduced the secondary side
pressure to 44 kg/cm2. Otherwise, secondary side pressure would go up to 55
kg/cm2.
19.If pre-heaters removed in 220 Mwe SGs , secondary side pressure would fall
to 32 kg/cm2.
20.Pre heaters account for 27 MWe thermal in 220 Mwe. 13% of load with just
8% area.
21.Over ranging of transmitters Max load which can be applied without causing
permanent change in its performance specification
22.DP valve out procedure: Initial state: HP LP valves open and Equalizing valve
close.
1. Close LP 2. Open Equalizing Valve 3. Close HP.
DP valve in Procedure: Initial State: HP, LP valves close and Equalizing close
1. Open Equalizing valve- This ensures zero differential
2. Open HP slowly, check for leakages on both sides
3. Close Equalizing valve- This locks up pressure on both sides
4. Open LP valve.

23. Gadolinium V/S Boron.

Absorption Cross section- 4400 barns (Gd) | 760(B)
Mk effectiveness- 23mk/ppm (Gd) |

6.5 mk/ppm

Rate of removal - Faster (Gd) ; Slower (B)

Solubility- High solubility (Hence Less precipitation) (Gd)
Conductivity- High Conductivity ( Hence D2 excursions are more )(Gd)

IX column requirement- 4 times lesser in Gd . ( one IX column removes 4

ppm). This along with quick burn up rate of Gd (comparable with Xe-135 build
up) results in 15 times lesser IX requirements.
24.Why superheated steam is not used in nuclear turbines?
Why use superheated steam? To improve thermodynamic efficiency. To
produce super heated steam, extra energy is required to be transferred to
saturated steam. Where does this extra energy come from? From primary
coolant. For that we need to increase the primary coolant temperature. That
means, to keep primary coolant in sub cooled regime, we need to increase
the primary system pressure also, and else boiling may take place. If boiling
takes place, heat transfer from fuel to coolant gets retarded and fuel centre
line temperature limitation occurs. Further, there is a limit to water
temperature. Water beyond 375C, becomes indistinguishable with steam
(critical temperature).
We may produce steam at lower pressures and then heat it but that does
not improve thermodynamic efficiency.
25.Fissile nuclide- A nuclide which undergoes fission with neutron of any
energy. A sustained chain reaction is possible. U-235, U-233 and Pu-239 are
three nuclides that undergo fission in thermal energy spectra.
26.Fertile material- A nuclide which produces a fissile material. Th-232 (U-233) ,
U-238(Pu-239) and U-234 (U-235)
27. Fissionable material- A nuclide which undergoes fission with high neutrons
only. U-238,
28.A moderator material must have low mass, high scattering cross section and
low absorption cross section. Common moderators are Water, Heavy water,
Graphite and beryllium.

Clean , cold reactor state is having more reactivity : Clean- Absence of poisons ;
Cold- highest density hence more thermalization.
Void co-efficient can be made ve by making the reactor under moderated. When
void is generated in coolant, its density is decreased and hence its moderating
property. If the reactor is undermoderated, this causes, less thermalization and
hence decreases in neutron flux.