AUSTENITIC 304

STAINLESS STEEL FOR

CRYOGENIC LNG
APPLICATIONS
DEPOK, NOVEMBER 2014
OLEH:
1. AHMAD FAQIH A
2. AGUS BUDIONO

Outlines
Definition Of Cryogenic Material
y g
Fluid Properties
p
Cryogenic
Material Characteristic for Cryogenic Application
Cryogenic Material : What is Austenitic Stainless Steel
Austenitic Stainless Steel family and Development
SS 304 Family - Chemical Composition
SS 304 Application on Cryogenic Condition
Cryogenic Application - LNG Storage Tank
Corrosion Resistance on SS 304
Strengthening behavior on SS 304
SS A304 Mechanical
M h i l properties
ti att Low
L
T
Temperature
t
Material Testing Method
Development of new cryogenic material (low nickel steel)
Conclusion

Definition Of Cryogenic Material

Cryogenics is the study of the production and behaviour of materials
at very low temperatures (below 150 C, 238 F or 123 K)
Cryogenic liquids (also known as cryogens) are gases at normal
temperatures and pressures. However, at low temperatures, they are
in their liquid
q
state. These liquids
q
are extremelyy cold and have boiling
g
points less than -150C (- 238F). Even the vapors and gases
released from cryogenic liquids are very cold
Cryogenic Materials are selected material with properties of material
suitable exposed to extreme low temperature product (suitable for
Cryogenic liquids application).
application)

Cryogenic Fluid Properties

Common Cryogenic Fluids

Cryogenic
Fluids

Element

Liquid Helium

He4

Liquid
q
Hydrogen
y g

H2

Liquid Neon

Ne

Liquid Nitrogen

N2

Liquid Argon

Ar

Liquid Oxygen

O2

Liquid Methane

CH4

Applications
low temperature coolant;
superconductivity; He refrigeration
Used as rocket fuel; materials
processing fusion reactors
processing,
Refrigerant for intermediate temperature
Used for cryogenic conditioning, high Tc
superconductor cooling
Used for inert atmosphere during
material processing
p
g
Used as rocket fuel (shuttle), medical
gas storage, steel making
LNG Composition,
Composition Used as a fuel

Material Characteristic for Cryogenic

Application
Heat Capacity or thermal capacity is ratio of the heat added to
(or subtracted from) an object to the resulting temperature
change
h
Thermal Expansion and Contraction is characteristic of material
tend to expand or contract when subjected to changes in
temperature
Conductivities (Electrical and Thermal) is intensive property of a
material that indicates its ability to conduct electric current and
heat
Mechanical Properties is result of the physical properties
inherent to each material and determined through a series of
standardized
d d d mechanical
h
l tests

Cryogenic Material : What is Austenitic

Stainless Steel ?
Austenitic Stainless Steel containing chromium and nickel identified as
300 series type. Alloys containing chromium, nickel and manganese are
identified as 200 series type. Stainless steel in the austenitic group have
diff
different
compositions
ii
and
d properties,
i
b
but
many common
characteristic.

Crystal&microstructure

1.
2.

3
3.
4.
5.
6.

Theyy can be hardenened byy cold working,

g, but not byy
heat treatment.
In the annealed condition, all are essentialy
nonmagnetic, although some may become slightly
magnetic by cold work. (details in next slide)
Excellent corrosion resistance,
resistance
increase strength as result of good work,
unusualy good formability.
Wide range application, room temperature, high
temperature and cryogenic temperature

A t iti St i l
AusteniticStainlessSteelfamily
St l f il
304
LowerCfor
b
bettercorrosion

i
resistancein
weldfabrication

SS304Development

SS 304 Family - Chemical Composition

CompositionSS304

Mn

Si

Cr

Ni

0.08

2.00

0.045

0.03

1.00

18/20

8/10.5

Mo

CompositionSS304L

Mn

Si

Cr

Ni

0.033

2.00

0.045
45

0.033

1.00

18/20
/

8/10.5
/ 5

Mo

CompositionSS304N

M
Mn

Si

C
Cr

Ni

0.03

2.00

0.045

0.03

1.00

18/20

8/10.5

Mo

N
0.1/0.16

CompositionSSS30430

Mn

Si

Cr

Ni

0.03

2.00

0.045

0.03

1.00

18/20

8/10.5

Mo

SS 304 Application on Cryogenic Condition

SS304ApplicationonCryogenicCondition

Cu
3/4

SS 304 Application on Cryogenic Condition

SS304ApplicationonCryogenicCondition

LNGProcess

Cryogenictemperature
Application

What is the difference between LNG, CNG,

NGL, LPG, and GTL?

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG),

Natural Gas Liquids (NGL),
(NGL) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG),
(LPG) and
Gas to Liquids (GTL).

MaterialforLNGApplication
pp

9%NickelSteel(firstdevelopedin1946byINCO)
AusteniticStainlessSteel
36%NickelSteel
Aluminumalloy
LowNickelSteel(latestdevelopment)

260,000tonsof9%nickelsteelhavebeen

manufacturedandshippedout fromjapan

BS13458

Accepted materials of construction that have already been proven suitable for pressure
strengthening for operating temperatures of not less than 196 C are the austenitic
stainless steels. When material is delivered in a workhardened condition, the material
should have an elongation
g
at fracture A55 of not less than 35 %.

CryogenicApplication
y g
pp
LNGStorage
g Tank

161celcius

9%NiSteel

LNGtanker
k

Pipeline

DOsandDONTsforSS3014forLNGapplication
(
)
(reference:BS13458&API620)
WorkHardening
Appropriateweldingprocedure
Heattreatmentisnotrequired
Impacttestisnotrequired

Why should be Work hardened ?

Improve strength of material

ie :
cold rolling, roll
straightening, uniaxial stretching in a stretching machine or other types of cold work.

Work-hardened material can be used in order to

th deformation
the
d f
ti

reduce or eliminate

due to strengthening of the pressure vessel. It is primarily

used in cylinders for internal pressure.

The increase
as in the p
proof
oo strength
s
g of a work-hardened
material is about the same in all directions. The proof

strength of work-hardened plate should be determined on samples taken across the

direction of rolling or stretching respectively.
respectively

BUT it Does not significantly affect the resistance to

general corrosion.

WhatisEffectofCroncorrosion
What
is Effect of Cr on corrosion
resistance?
HigherCrwill

improvecorrosion
resistance
SS304showexcellent
corrosionresistance
duetocr content
18/20%
Howevermusttake
carewhenweldingto
avoidlossof
corrosionresistance
onweldingarea(
welddecay)

What is strengthening behavior on SS 304

SS 304 steels exhibit considerable workhardening upon deformation while
retaining
the
i i
h characteristics
h
i i off the
h material.
i l The
Th stress required
i d for
f further
f h
deformation increases continuously as the deformation increases
increases. Thus, a
stress/strain curve for austenitic steel does not have the flow region typical of
carbon
b and
d lowalloy
l
ll steels.
t l Compare
C
th stress/strain
the
t
/ t i curves in
i below
b l Figures
Fi

MECHANICALPROPERTIESATLOWTEMPERATURE

Impact

strength keep remain the same at lower

temperature
Dimension stability at low temperature
Tensile strength considerably not decrease at low
temperature

TestMethod

LatestDevelopmentnews
p
With expanding natural gas market, the demand for
materials used for LNG storage tanks is increasing.
increasing
Although there are several options, such as 9% nickel
steel, austenitic stainless steel, 36% nickel steel and
aluminum alloy, all of them are expensive due to the
additive alloying elements. Then, the development of
new steel,
steel which includes low nickel
nickel, was intended,
intended and
67% nickel steel has been developed based on the
special
p
heat treatment ((Ltreatment),
), TMCP ((Thermo
mechanical control process), and the chemical
compositions adjustment.

TestandResult
Astheresultsoffracturepropertyevaluationincluding
p p y
g

largescalefracturetestssuchastheduplexESSOtestand
thewideplatetensiletest,

itwasdemonstratedthat67%Nisteelhasgood

characteristicsregardingbrittlefractureinitiationand
propagationinbasemetalplatesandweldedjoints.
i i b
l l
d ld dj i

Thissteelisintendedforapplyingtothevariousfields

suchasLNGfuelledships,LNGFPSOsinadditiontoland
b dLNG t
basedLNGstoragetanks.
t k

Historyy
1946:9%NiSteeldevelopedbyInco,ithasexcellentlow

temperaturetoughnessat 1960C(operationcryogenic)

1960:NSSMClaunchedresearch6%Nisteel,additionMn to

compensateNiandMo&Tungstentoavoidtemper
p
g
p
embrittlement,standardised in1970asASTMA645/A645Mbut
brittlecrackpropagationresistancewasnotconcerned

<1970s:onlybrittlecrackinitiationpropertythatwastakeninto

considerationforLNGtanks

1980s:Brittlecrackpropagationresistancehadbeenalso

concernedalongwithbrittlecrackinitiationproperty

 ResearchprojectbyUS,Europe&Japanthenconcluded

9%Nisteelhasadequatebrittlepropagationresistanceat
0C)>becomemost
1620C(absorbedenergy60Jat196
( b b d
) b
dominantmaterialforLNGtanks

Newdevelopment67.5%NiSteelasalternative9%Ni

Steel forlowercostandresourceconservation

Method:(1)TMCP thermomechanicalrolling(TMR),

Acceleratedcooling(AC)anddirectquenchingand
g( )
q
g
tempering(DQT) excellentbalanceofstrengthand
toughness.(2)LTreatmentisinsertedbetweendirect
quenchingandtempering

After the completion of the approval process by the Ministry of

Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan in 2010, the actual

application
li ti
f above
for
b
ground
d LNG storage
t
t k is
tanks
i now in
i
progress

Lownickel (6.07.5%Ni) steel has been developed as an

alternative to 9% nickel steel for the purpose of cost and resource

conservation. Superior fracture resistance to brittle crack
i i i i and
initiation
d propagation
i properties
i are accomplished
li h d through
h
h
advanced TMCP. The steel plates, which were manufactured at
the plate mills at Kashima Works and Nagoya Works, along with
their welded joints,
joints revealed good characteristics.
characteristics Throughout
the standardizations, which are now being drawn up in JIS and
ASTM, the newly developed steel has been worked to promote
practical realization.
realization

 LTreatment:increaseretainedaustenitecontentand

itsstability
Directquenching:amplifytheimprovementeffect

Sc e at c a u actu g p ocesses
Schematicmanufacturingprocesses

CTODTestResult

Charpy
py TestResultofweldedjoints
j

CTODTestResultofweldedjoints
j

Crossweldnotch,wideplate
Cross
weld notch wide plate
tensileTestResult

Conclusion
In future,
future cryogenic application is very important related to trend
of oil and gas from gas distribution to LNG distribution.
SS 304/304L is austenitic SS material which commonly and
applicable for cryogenic application especially for LNG
application.
Development of cryogenic material in Indonesia is special
challenge for material scientist to support LNG development

ThankYou